Journal of Burma Studies最新文献

Preparing the Coup in Myanmar: The Military's Strategy for Undermining the National League for Democracy Government 缅甸政变的准备：军方削弱全国民主联盟政府的战略

Journal of Burma Studies Pub Date : 2023-07-24 DOI: 10.1353/jbs.2023.a902625

M. Gravers

引用次数: 0

Assessing the Effectiveness of Japanese Official Development Aid in Myanmar: A Case Study of the Grant Assistance for Grassroots Projects in the Chin State Education Sector 评估日本对缅甸官方发展援助的有效性——以钦邦教育部门基层项目赠款援助为例

Journal of Burma Studies Pub Date : 2023-07-24 DOI: 10.1353/jbs.2023.a902621

Khen Suan Khai

引用次数: 0

Tolerant Tea Shops: The Social Construction of Forbearance in Child Labor 宽容茶铺：禁止童工的社会建构

Journal of Burma Studies Pub Date : 2023-07-24 DOI: 10.1353/jbs.2023.a902622

N. Win, A. Naing

{"title":"Tolerant Tea Shops: The Social Construction of Forbearance in Child Labor","authors":"N. Win, A. Naing","doi":"10.1353/jbs.2023.a902622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jbs.2023.a902622","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Urban expansion is associated with the emergence and transformation of marginal labor. In this context, labor migration from rural areas increasingly includes younger migrants, as generational agricultural vocations decline. This, in turn, challenges conceptions of child labor, where younger migrants are engaged in labor which is spatially remote from their families. In Mandalay, Myanmar's second largest city, urbanization has drawn in large numbers of children from rural areas. Many of those children supply labor in nonformal contexts. One such practice is the hospitality industry, where young children are sent to work in the many tea shops in the city, supplying labor in exchange for lodging, food, and nominal wages. In such settings, their labor is provided not only away from parental control but also outside of formal employment structures. The spatial arrangements of tea shops reflect an \"in-betweenness\" which occupies a liminal place between formal and informal, neither a home, nor a \"restaurant,\" and where the boundaries of public and private space are blurred. This in-betweenness enables a context for tolerance and forbearance of child labor, which is viewed by patrons as a benevolent welfare arrangement, rather than as waged employment; the same patrons would view these children very differently if they saw them at work in a place classified as a restaurant. This example highlights how the contexts of space and place intersect with cultural values to give specific local framings of social issues.","PeriodicalId":53638,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Burma Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46747448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Editor's Note 编者按

Journal of Burma Studies Pub Date : 2023-07-24 DOI: 10.1353/jbs.2023.a902619

J. M. Ferguson

引用次数: 0

Citizens and Land: Socioeconomic Effects of Relocation and Resettlement by the Thilawa Special Economic Zone 公民与土地:迪拉瓦经济特区搬迁安置的社会经济效应

Journal of Burma Studies Pub Date : 2023-07-24 DOI: 10.1353/jbs.2023.a902623

Michael B. Griffiths

{"title":"Citizens and Land: Socioeconomic Effects of Relocation and Resettlement by the Thilawa Special Economic Zone","authors":"Michael B. Griffiths","doi":"10.1353/jbs.2023.a902623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jbs.2023.a902623","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Special economic zones (SEZs) attract investment and political support based on promises of both macroeconomic growth and local economic benefit. Myanmar has numerous SEZs, including those in Thilawa, Dawei, and Kyaukphyu. Recent SEZ legislation requires investors and administrators to maintain the standard of living of communities displaced by the SEZ development. This paper studies the socioeconomic impact on households which have been relocated by the Thilawa SEZ, comparing them with those which remained in their original communities. Relocated households have experienced significantly higher rates of unemployment, debt, and lack of livelihood/income diversity. Due to a greater reliance on food purchases and income insufficiency, relocated households reported higher rates of food insecurity, and nearly one-third reported having taken out loans to meet food shortages in the past year. Overall, the pattern of coping amongst relocated households demonstrates significantly lower levels of resilience than non-relocated households, which results in a rapid erosion of economic capital, and subsequently a decline in future coping capacity. These findings challenge the assumptions around capital-based compensation approaches to relocation programs and argue instead that the process of relocation is best compared to a shock transition to an urban state, characterized by a rupturing of the relationship to land. The ensuing precarity demands a high level of adaptive capacity, which, in turn, requires not only new skills but access to resources, markets, and welfare mechanisms, many of which are not available. If SEZs are to fulfill both the wider economic promise and the legal requirements, a radically different approach to the processes of relocation is needed.","PeriodicalId":53638,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Burma Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45806793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Politics of Banana Planting in Waingmaw Township Waingmaw镇香蕉种植政治

Journal of Burma Studies Pub Date : 2023-07-24 DOI: 10.1353/jbs.2023.a902624

Wah Wah, A. Naing

{"title":"The Politics of Banana Planting in Waingmaw Township","authors":"Wah Wah, A. Naing","doi":"10.1353/jbs.2023.a902624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jbs.2023.a902624","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Since 2018, a steady stream of media reports has described the rapid expansion of tissue banana plantations in the Waingmaw area of Kachin State in Northeast Myanmar, noting the widespread environmental degradation and disenfranchisement of local residents. We conducted field research in two villages connected to banana plantations, interviewing residents, plantation workers, government officials, and health workers. Using assemblage theory, we analyze the local political ecology of food production, and how the particularities of local geography, especially in peripheral regions, result in different practical political settlements. These settlements involve a range of different actors including ethnic armed organizations, foreign merchants, government officials, and local brokers. Arrangements of power in border areas are implicit and negotiated, rather than explicit and formalized. These are appropriated through new spatial arrangements (e.g., banana plantations) and spatial relationships (e.g., migrant workers from Rakhine State) in which older identities and modes of living are redefined. A key component of this frontier assemblage is the banana itself, in particular, the practice of cultivating imported tissue strains which are reliant on imported technology and fertilizers. This, in turn, influences the form of the assemblage and power relations within it, illustrating the critical role of material and technological elements within assemblages.","PeriodicalId":53638,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Burma Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41372760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Decision-Making, Irregular Migration, and Benefits: A Case of Chin Migrant Workers in Malaysia 决策、非正常移民与福利——以马来西亚华人移民为例

Journal of Burma Studies Pub Date : 2023-07-24 DOI: 10.1353/jbs.2023.a902620

Tual Sawn Khai

{"title":"Decision-Making, Irregular Migration, and Benefits: A Case of Chin Migrant Workers in Malaysia","authors":"Tual Sawn Khai","doi":"10.1353/jbs.2023.a902620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jbs.2023.a902620","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Malaysia is a primary destination country for many economic migrants from Myanmar, including those from Chin State. Their remittances are essential sources of income for their families' survival. However, the diversity of workers' migration experiences, the challenges to finding regular migration pathways, and finally, the benefits of working in Malaysia remain unclear. This study employed nongovernmental referrals and snowball sampling to explore the above research questions. Findings indicate that the primary driving factors for Chin people's migration are poverty, a decline in agricultural production due to climate change, and a lack of employment opportunities at home. In addition, in Myanmar, people in Chin State experience structural discrimination based on ethnicity, religious affiliation, military oppression, and human rights violations. Barriers to regular migration include: (1) access to broker services; (2) the high cost of a legal work permit; (3) complicated paperwork and lengthy bureaucratic procedure; (4) geographical challenges to accessing the registration center; and (5) the high cost of living in the city while waiting for application results. For many, the irregular migration journey is a huge sacrifice, though female migrants are especially vulnerable, including to sexual harassment by brokers. However, the higher wages they can earn in Malaysia sometimes enable them to repay their debts and support their family's basic needs and welfare. The findings suggest that the national and local governments must enhance the socioeconomic conditions of the Chin people to minimize the \"push factors\" as well as streamline the regular migration process to facilitate those who choose to migrate.","PeriodicalId":53638,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Burma Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46837761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

About the Cover 关于封面

Journal of Burma Studies Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1353/jbs.2023.0007

引用次数: 0

The Gendered Rebel: Challenging Gendered Norms through Punk in Urban Yangon 性别反叛者：仰光城市朋克对性别规范的挑战

Journal of Burma Studies Pub Date : 2023-04-18 DOI: 10.1353/jbs.2023.0004

C. Hirsch

引用次数: 0

La réforme politique en Birmanie pendant le premier moment colonial (1819–1878) by Aurore Candier (review) 第一个殖民时期（1819-1878年）缅甸的政治改革，奥罗尔·坎迪尔（评论）

Journal of Burma Studies Pub Date : 2023-04-18 DOI: 10.1353/jbs.2023.0006

Penny Edwards

引用次数: 0