{"title":"Editors’ Introduction","authors":"D. Herzberg, L. Richert, N. Campbell","doi":"10.1086/710804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/710804","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53627,"journal":{"name":"The social history of alcohol and drugs","volume":"34 1","pages":"193 - 195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/710804","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49277388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“Tropical Stupor”: Drug Regulation, Public Surveys, and State-Building in Brazil (1930–1950)","authors":"M. B. Moura","doi":"10.1086/710669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/710669","url":null,"abstract":"This article shows how drugs were defined as an object of state knowledge in Brazil during the first half of the twentieth century. Focusing on the work of the National Commission of Narcotics Control between the 1930s and the 1950s, I highlight two main dimensions of this process. First, in relation to the effort to regulate the legal drug market and to control medico-scientific professions, the commission designed a set of statistical and accounting procedures, as well as a process of administrative control and inspections that led to an accumulation of data on drug use and medical practices. Second, in relation to the effort to eradicate cannabis cultivation and consumption in Brazil, a series of surveys and inspections were conducted to identify the origin of cannabis usage, locating it in the customs of the so-called backward populations of the north/northeast regions of Brazil, especially in relation to former slave culture. This process produced a considerable amount of ethnographical and statistical data on cannabis, creating both a public-health and nation-building issue in Brazil.","PeriodicalId":53627,"journal":{"name":"The social history of alcohol and drugs","volume":"34 1","pages":"320-351"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/710669","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60713522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Just Say Know: A Social History of How Naloxone Came to Matter","authors":"N. Campbell","doi":"10.1086/707540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/707540","url":null,"abstract":"This keynote speech for “Changing Minds: Societies, States, the Science and Psychoactive Substances in History,” the annual meeting of the Alcohol and Drugs History Society, was delivered on Thursday, June 13, 2019, at Shanghai University in China. Drawing attention to the knowledge questions embedded in the harm reduction movement, this talk examines how naloxone—a narcotic antagonist approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1971 to reverse opioid overdose—came to matter for the harm reduction movement in the United States. The talk situated naloxone as a “technology of solidarity” useful for animating lively selves, in contrast with previous uses of narcotic antagonists for surveillance and social control. During the 1990s and early 2000s, activists, advocates, and researchers moved naloxone from its relatively settled status within a medical enclave to the unsettled status of a commodity for mass distribution.","PeriodicalId":53627,"journal":{"name":"The social history of alcohol and drugs","volume":"34 1","pages":"196 - 214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/707540","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44701374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Monopoly Option: Obsolescent or a “Best Buy” in Alcohol and Other Drug Control?","authors":"R. Room","doi":"10.1086/707513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/707513","url":null,"abstract":"Given the attractive but problematic nature of psychoactive substances, legal markets in them are commonly subject to government controls, both as a source of revenue and to control levels of use and harm. One control option is government monopolization of all or part of the market. The diverse modern histories of monopolization for tobacco, opium, and alcohol are described, along with evidence on monopolies’ substantial effectiveness in raising revenue and in minimizing harms. Interests and arguments opposing monopolies are described. Monopolization has decreased in the neoliberal era, but the monopoly option has benefits for public health and the public interest.","PeriodicalId":53627,"journal":{"name":"The social history of alcohol and drugs","volume":"34 1","pages":"215 - 232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/707513","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47764834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reframing Bummer Trips: Scientific and Cultural Explanations to Adverse Reactions to Psychedelic Drug Use","authors":"E. Dyck, C. Elcock","doi":"10.1086/707512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/707512","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of a bad or bummer trip has been used to capture the imagination of public health advisors and drug regulators, especially for producing warnings against taking drugs that cause physical and psychological harm. Psychedelics emerged in the 1960s public health literature as frequently causing bad trips, with violent and fearful outbursts from users causing harm to themselves and others. The fear and anxiety allegedly generated by a chemical reaction in the body, however, was understood differently by contemporary psychedelic scientists in the 1950s and 1960s. Confronting fear or facing trauma played an important role in psychotherapy, and psychedelic therapists offered an alternative interpretation on the bad trip that imbued it with healthful benefits. This article considers the historical tension surrounding the competing interpretations of bummer trips, probing more deeply into the implications of avoiding fear, trauma, or anxiety in the psychotherapeutic encounter. Ultimately, by considering cases presented at different psychedelic clinics in North America and comparing those with news, personal testimonies, and regulatory outcomes in the United States, we argue that the specter of the bad trip was used strategically to galvanize public support for a prohibition on psychedelics. Moreover, by removing psychedelics from active research, the field of psychotherapy in some jurisdictions moved away from addressing core ideas about fear and trauma through confrontation.","PeriodicalId":53627,"journal":{"name":"The social history of alcohol and drugs","volume":"34 1","pages":"271 - 296"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/707512","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60710228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mexico, Shanghai, and Drug History’s Global Turn","authors":"Isaac Campos","doi":"10.1086/707680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/707680","url":null,"abstract":"This essay introduces the field of Mexican drug history and the five essays that follow in this special issue. Through a brief review of some major points of interest and contention over more than five hundred years of history, it argues that the related scholarship is coming into its own and should be of considerable interest to drug historians worldwide.","PeriodicalId":53627,"journal":{"name":"The social history of alcohol and drugs","volume":"34 1","pages":"3 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/707680","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44498750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Small Distinction with a Big Difference: Prohibiting “Drugs” but Not Alcohol, from the Conquest to Constitutional Law","authors":"José Domingo Schievenini","doi":"10.1086/707681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/707681","url":null,"abstract":"This essay traces the origins, explores the context, and analyzes the consequences of a governmental campaign based on wording that appears in Article 73 of the Mexican Constitution of 1917. Article 73 was—and remains—the legal basis for a complex governmental strategy that, as of its inception, has given shape to a juridical framework that is applied unevenly and in a differentiated manner to drug and alcohol policy in Mexico. Based on an analysis of the most relevant alcohol and drugs norms promulgated during the last five centuries in what is now Mexico, this essay aims to review the historical process that led, first, to a national “campaign” and, subsequently, to a public policy that, on the one hand, attempted to control problems relating to alcoholic beverages through an administrative approach, but which, on the other, endeavored to suppress—through the implementation of a punitive juridical scheme—what the Mexican government abstractly conceptualized as drugs “that poison the individual and degenerate the race.”","PeriodicalId":53627,"journal":{"name":"The social history of alcohol and drugs","volume":"34 1","pages":"15 - 47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/707681","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45385773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ryan Stoa, Craft Weed: Family Farming and the Future of the Marijuana Industry. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2018.","authors":"David A. Guba","doi":"10.1086/708100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/708100","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53627,"journal":{"name":"The social history of alcohol and drugs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/708100","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48077913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The History of Inhalant Use in Mexico City, 1960–1980","authors":"Sarah E. Beckhart","doi":"10.1086/707644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/707644","url":null,"abstract":"This essay introduces the primary consumers and drugs of Mexico City’s drug culture between 1960 and 1980: children and industrial chemicals. There was an unprecedented rise of drug consumption among Mexican children and adolescents from all socioeconomic classes. In addition, the most common drugs minors consumed were marijuana and toxic inhalants. To deal with this concern, the Mexican state further criminalized any behavior relating to marijuana use. However, police records expose the detention of a far greater number of children who consumed toxic inhalants, a legal substance. Why was this the case? Why did the Mexican state criminalize one drug but prosecute the consumers of another? By the 1960s, marijuana, barbiturates, LSD, cocaine, opium, and its derivatives were criminalized under Mexican law. Inhalants were not. Government documents from the Mexican health department, judicial records, and medical journals show how the consumption of inhalants resulted in numerous medical and criminology discussions over their negative effects on public health, yet never categorized inhalants as illegal drugs. I unravel the contradiction inherent in the Mexican legal and sanitary system regarding drug laws that define certain drugs as licit, but prosecute the consumer.","PeriodicalId":53627,"journal":{"name":"The social history of alcohol and drugs","volume":"34 1","pages":"114 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/707644","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47349016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Emily Dufton, Grass Roots: The Rise and Fall and Rise of Marijuana in America. New York: Basic Books, 2017.","authors":"Kyle Bridge","doi":"10.1086/707086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/707086","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53627,"journal":{"name":"The social history of alcohol and drugs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/707086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44752581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}