{"title":"Solutions: how adaptive changes in cellular fluids enable marine life to cope with abiotic stressors.","authors":"George N Somero","doi":"10.1007/s42995-022-00140-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42995-022-00140-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The seas confront organisms with a suite of abiotic stressors that pose challenges for physiological activity. Variations in temperature, hydrostatic pressure, and salinity have potential to disrupt structures, and functions of all molecular systems on which life depends. During evolution, sequences of nucleic acids and proteins are adaptively modified to \"fit\" these macromolecules for function under the particular abiotic conditions of the habitat. Complementing these macromolecular adaptations are alterations in compositions of solutions that bathe macromolecules and affect stabilities of their higher order structures. A primary result of these \"micromolecular\" adaptations is preservation of optimal balances between conformational rigidity and flexibility of macromolecules. Micromolecular adaptations involve several families of organic osmolytes, with varying effects on macromolecular stability. A given type of osmolyte generally has similar effects on DNA, RNA, proteins and membranes; thus, adaptive regulation of cellular osmolyte pools has a global effect on macromolecules. These effects are mediated largely through influences of osmolytes and macromolecules on water structure and activity. Acclimatory micromolecular responses are often critical in enabling organisms to cope with environmental changes during their lifetimes, for example, during vertical migration in the water column. A species' breadth of environmental tolerance may depend on how effectively it can vary the osmolyte composition of its cellular fluids in the face of stress. Micromolecular adaptations remain an under-appreciated aspect of evolution and acclimatization. Further study can lead to a better understanding of determinants of environmental tolerance ranges and to biotechnological advances in designing improved stabilizers for biological materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":53218,"journal":{"name":"Marine Life Science & Technology","volume":"4 3","pages":"389-413"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10077225/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9384057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mingjian Liu, Yujie Liu, Tengteng Zhang, Borong Lu, Feng Gao, Jing Gu, Saleh A Al-Farraj, Xiaozhong Hu, Weibo Song
{"title":"Integrative studies on the taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of four new <i>Pleuronema</i> species (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Scuticociliatia).","authors":"Mingjian Liu, Yujie Liu, Tengteng Zhang, Borong Lu, Feng Gao, Jing Gu, Saleh A Al-Farraj, Xiaozhong Hu, Weibo Song","doi":"10.1007/s42995-022-00130-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42995-022-00130-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ciliate genus <i>Pleuronema</i> comprises approximately 30 nominal species and has been reported in freshwater, brackish water, and marine habitats. Nevertheless, recent studies have indicated that there might be a large undiscovered species diversity. In the present work, four new <i>Pleuronema</i> species, namely <i>P. foissneri</i> sp. nov., <i>P. parasmalli</i> sp. nov., <i>P. parasalmastra</i> sp. nov., and <i>P. paraorientale</i> sp. nov., collected from Shenzhen, southern China, was investigated using taxonomic methods. The diagnosis, description, comparisons with morphologically related species and detailed morphometric data are supplied for each. The small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene of the four new species is sequenced and their molecular phylogeny is analyzed. The SSU rRNA gene tree shows that <i>Pleuronema</i> is polyphyletic comprising several separate clades. All four new species cluster consistently with <i>P. orientale</i> KF206429, <i>P. puytoraci</i> KF840520 and <i>P. setigerum</i> FJ848874 within the core Pleuronematidae + Peniculistomatidae clade. Phylogenies of Pleuronematidae-related taxa are also discussed.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-022-00130-5.</p>","PeriodicalId":53218,"journal":{"name":"Marine Life Science & Technology","volume":"4 2","pages":"179-200"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10077198/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9751828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xinyu Wang, Han Ye, Jiefen Cui, Yongzhou Chi, Ruizhi Liu, Peng Wang
{"title":"Hypolipidemic effect of chromium-modified enzymatic product of sulfated rhamnose polysaccharide from <i>Enteromorpha prolifera</i> in type 2 diabetic mice.","authors":"Xinyu Wang, Han Ye, Jiefen Cui, Yongzhou Chi, Ruizhi Liu, Peng Wang","doi":"10.1007/s42995-022-00127-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42995-022-00127-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sulfated rhamnose polysaccharide (SRP) derived from <i>Enteromorpha prolifera</i> is a metal-ion chelating agent that could potentially be used to treat diabetes. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of a variant of SRP on DIABETES. First, we synthesized and characterized SRPE-3 chromium(III) [SRPE-3-Cr(III)] complex using an enzymatic method. The maximum chelation rate was 18.2% under optimal chelating conditions of pH 6.0, time 4 h, and temperature 60 °C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed important sites for Cr(III)-binding were O-H and C=O groups. We then studied the hypolipidemic effects of SRPE-3-Cr(III) on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) induced by a high-fat, high-sucrose diet (HFSD). Decreased blood glucose content, body fat ratio, serum TG, TC, LDL-C, and increased serum HDL-C were observed after treatment with SRPE-3-Cr(III). In addition, SRPE-3-Cr(III) significantly reduced leptin, resistin, and TNF-α levels, and increased adiponectin contents relative to T2DM. Histopathology results also showed that SRPE-3-Cr(III) could alleviate the HFSD-lesioned tissues. SRPE-3-Cr(III) also improved lipid metabolism via a reduction in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, fatty acid synthase, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase activities in the liver. SRPE-3-Cr(III) at low doses exhibited better lipid-lowering activities, hence, could be considered to be a novel compound to treat hyperlipidemia and also act as an anti-diabetic agent.</p>","PeriodicalId":53218,"journal":{"name":"Marine Life Science & Technology","volume":"4 2","pages":"245-254"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10077238/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9751829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhang-Xian Xie, Ke-Qiang Yan, Ling-Fen Kong, Ying-Bao Gai, Tao Jin, Yan-Bin He, Ya-Yu Wang, Feng Chen, Lin Lin, Zhi-Long Lin, Hong-Kai Xu, Zong-Ze Shao, Si-Qi Liu, Da-Zhi Wang
{"title":"Metabolic tuning of a stable microbial community in the surface oligotrophic Indian Ocean revealed by integrated meta-omics.","authors":"Zhang-Xian Xie, Ke-Qiang Yan, Ling-Fen Kong, Ying-Bao Gai, Tao Jin, Yan-Bin He, Ya-Yu Wang, Feng Chen, Lin Lin, Zhi-Long Lin, Hong-Kai Xu, Zong-Ze Shao, Si-Qi Liu, Da-Zhi Wang","doi":"10.1007/s42995-021-00119-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42995-021-00119-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the mechanisms, structuring microbial communities in oligotrophic ocean surface waters remains a major ecological endeavor. Functional redundancy and metabolic tuning are two mechanisms that have been proposed to shape microbial response to environmental forcing. However, little is known about their roles in the oligotrophic surface ocean due to less integrative characterization of community taxonomy and function. Here, we applied an integrated meta-omics-based approach, from genes to proteins, to investigate the microbial community of the oligotrophic northern Indian Ocean. Insignificant spatial variabilities of both genomic and proteomic compositions indicated a stable microbial community that was dominated by <i>Prochlorococcus</i>, <i>Synechococcus</i>, and SAR11. However, fine tuning of some metabolic functions that are mainly driven by salinity and temperature was observed. Intriguingly, a tuning divergence occurred between metabolic potential and activity in response to different environmental perturbations. Our results indicate that metabolic tuning is an important mechanism for sustaining the stability of microbial communities in oligotrophic oceans. In addition, integrated meta-omics provides a powerful tool to comprehensively understand microbial behavior and function in the ocean.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-021-00119-6.</p>","PeriodicalId":53218,"journal":{"name":"Marine Life Science & Technology","volume":"4 2","pages":"277-290"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10077294/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9736859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yang Yang, Yuting Zhu, Haiming Liu, Jiankai Wei, Haiyan Yu, Bo Dong
{"title":"Cultivation of gut microorganisms of the marine ascidian <i>Halocynthia roretzi</i> reveals their potential roles in the environmental adaptation of their host.","authors":"Yang Yang, Yuting Zhu, Haiming Liu, Jiankai Wei, Haiyan Yu, Bo Dong","doi":"10.1007/s42995-022-00131-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42995-022-00131-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It has long been known that abundant symbiotic bacteria exist in the tunic and gut of marine ascidians, and that these play crucial roles in host development, physiological metabolism, and environmental adaptation. However, the identity, roles and functions of these symbiotic bacteria are known for only a few strains. In this study, we isolated and cultivated 263 strains of microorganisms from the intestine of the marine ascidian <i>Halocynthia roretzi</i> through a combination of aerobic and anaerobic culture approaches. Most cultivated species, both aerobic and anaerobic, from ascidian stool samples belonged to the genus <i>Bacillus</i> based on 16S rDNA sequencing identification and phylogenetic assays. The distribution of cultured bacteria varied with seasonal changes in environmental conditions. To explore the functions of cultured bacteria, we screened out a strain of <i>Serratia</i> sp. whose extracts showed high antibacterial activity against aquatic pathogens. These findings revealed the potential roles of gut microorganisms in ascidian defense and environmental adaptation, thus providing insights into the interaction and co-evolution between gut bacteria and their hosts.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-022-00131-4.</p>","PeriodicalId":53218,"journal":{"name":"Marine Life Science & Technology","volume":"4 2","pages":"201-207"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10077266/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9736860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Metagenomes of polyamine-transforming bacterioplankton along a nearshore-open ocean transect.","authors":"Xinxin Lu, Kai Wang, Xiaozhen Mou","doi":"10.1007/s42995-021-00114-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42995-021-00114-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Short-chained aliphatic polyamines (PAs) have recently been recognized as an important carbon, nitrogen, and/or energy source for marine bacterioplankton. To study the genes and taxa involved in the transformations of different PA compounds and their potential variations among marine systems, we collected surface bacterioplankton from nearshore, offshore, and open ocean stations in the Gulf of Mexico and examined their metagenomic responses to additions of single PA model compounds (putrescine, spermidine, or spermine). Genes affiliated with PA uptake and all three known PA degradation pathways, i.e., transamination, γ-glutamylation, and spermidine cleavage, were significantly enriched in most PA-treated metagenomes. In addition, identified PA-transforming taxa were mostly the alpha and gamma classes of Proteobacteria<i>,</i> with less important contributions from members of Betaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, and <i>Planctomycetes.</i> These findings suggest that PA transformations are ubiquitous, have diverse pathways, and are carried out by a broad range of the bacterioplankton taxa in the Gulf of Mexico. Identified PA-transforming bacterial genes and taxa were different among nearshore, offshore, and open ocean sites, but were little different among individual compound-amended metagenomes at any specific site. These observations further indicate that PA-transforming taxa and genes are site-specific and with high similarities among PA compounds.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-021-00114-x.</p>","PeriodicalId":53218,"journal":{"name":"Marine Life Science & Technology","volume":"4 2","pages":"268-276"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s42995-021-00114-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9751824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qingping Liang, Mingxue Yuan, Liping Xu, Elia Lio, Fang Zhang, Haijin Mou, Francesco Secundo
{"title":"Application of enzymes as a feed additive in aquaculture.","authors":"Qingping Liang, Mingxue Yuan, Liping Xu, Elia Lio, Fang Zhang, Haijin Mou, Francesco Secundo","doi":"10.1007/s42995-022-00128-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42995-022-00128-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Modern aquaculture must be sustainable in terms of energy consumption, raw materials used, and environmental impact, so alternatives are needed to replace fish feed with other raw materials. Enzyme use in the agri-food industry is based on their efficiency, safety, and protection of the environment, which aligns with the requirements of a resource-saving production system. Enzyme supplementation in fish feed can improve digestibility and absorption of both plant- and animal-derived ingredients, increasing the growth parameters of aquacultural animals. Herein we summarized the recent literature that reported the use of digestive enzymes (amylases, lipases, proteases, cellulases, and hemicellulases) and non-digestive enzymes (phytases, glucose oxidase, and lysozyme) in fish feed. In addition, we analyzed how critical steps of the pelleting process, including microencapsulation and immobilization, can interfere with enzyme activity in the final fish feed product.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-022-00128-z.</p>","PeriodicalId":53218,"journal":{"name":"Marine Life Science & Technology","volume":"4 2","pages":"208-221"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10077164/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9751825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Linear polyketides produced by co-culture of <i>Penicillium crustosum</i> and <i>Penicillium fellutanum</i>.","authors":"Guihong Yu, Peng Sun, Reyilamu Aierken, Chunxiao Sun, Zhenzhen Zhang, Qian Che, Guojian Zhang, Tianjiao Zhu, Qianqun Gu, Mingyu Li, Dehai Li","doi":"10.1007/s42995-021-00125-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42995-021-00125-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two new polyketides, penifellutins A (<b>1</b>) and B (<b>2</b>), possessing a 22 carbon linear skeleton, were isolated from a co-culture of the deep-sea-derived fungi <i>Penicillium crustosum</i> PRB-2 and <i>Penicillium fellutanum</i> HDN14-323. Meanwhile, two esterification products of <b>1</b>, penifellutins C (<b>3</b>) and D (<b>4</b>), were obtained because compound <b>1</b> could be esterified spontaneously when stored in methanol. Their configurations were difficult to determine because of chiral central crowdedness, structural flexibility and instability. As such, we solved this issue by comprehensively using Mo<sub>2</sub>(OAc)<sub>4</sub>-based CD experiments, density functional theory calculation of <sup>13</sup>C NMR, DP4 + probability analysis and many chemical reactions, including making acetonide derivative, Mosher's method, PGME method, etc. Compounds <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> show obvious inhibitory activity on the liver hyperplasia of zebrafish larvae at a concentration of 10 μmol/L, while <b>3</b> and <b>4</b> show no activity, indicating that two carboxyls in the structure are important active sites.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-021-00125-8.</p>","PeriodicalId":53218,"journal":{"name":"Marine Life Science & Technology","volume":"4 2","pages":"237-244"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10077197/pdf/42995_2021_Article_125.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9751826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wen-Can Huang, Dandan Zhao, Changhu Xue, Xiangzhao Mao
{"title":"An efficient method for chitin production from crab shells by a natural deep eutectic solvent.","authors":"Wen-Can Huang, Dandan Zhao, Changhu Xue, Xiangzhao Mao","doi":"10.1007/s42995-022-00129-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42995-022-00129-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Crab shells are an important feedstock for chitin production. However, their highly compact structure significantly limits their use for the production of chitin under mild conditions. Here, a green and efficient approach using a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) to produce chitin from crab shells was developed. Its effectiveness in isolating chitin was investigated. The results showed that most proteins and minerals were removed from crab shells and the relative crystallinity of the isolated chitin reached 76%. The quality of the obtained chitin was comparable to chitin isolated by the acid-alkali method. This is the first report on a green method for efficient chitin production from crab shells. This study is expected to open new avenues for green and efficient production of chitin from crab shells.</p>","PeriodicalId":53218,"journal":{"name":"Marine Life Science & Technology","volume":"4 3","pages":"384-388"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10077264/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9440212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The role of bacterial signaling networks in antibiotics response and resistance regulation.","authors":"Yuying Li, Tao Feng, Yan Wang","doi":"10.1007/s42995-022-00126-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42995-022-00126-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Excessive use of antibiotics poses a threat to public health and the environment. In ecosystems, such as the marine environment, antibiotic contamination has led to an increase in bacterial resistance. Therefore, the study of bacterial response to antibiotics and the regulation of resistance formation have become an important research field. Traditionally, the processes related to antibiotic responses and resistance regulation have mainly included the activation of efflux pumps, mutation of antibiotic targets, production of biofilms, and production of inactivated or passivation enzymes. In recent years, studies have shown that bacterial signaling networks can affect antibiotic responses and resistance regulation. Signaling systems mostly alter resistance by regulating biofilms, efflux pumps, and mobile genetic elements. Here we provide an overview of how bacterial intraspecific and interspecific signaling networks affect the response to environmental antibiotics. In doing so, this review provides theoretical support for inhibiting bacterial antibiotic resistance and alleviating health and ecological problems caused by antibiotic contamination.</p>","PeriodicalId":53218,"journal":{"name":"Marine Life Science & Technology","volume":"4 2","pages":"163-178"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10077285/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9440216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}