Fundamental and Applied Agriculture最新文献

{"title":"Sclerotia of rice false smut disease in Bangladesh","authors":"Bodrun Nessa, Moin Salam, Md Kashem, Md Kashem","doi":"10.5455/faa.142466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5455/faa.142466","url":null,"abstract":"It is perceived that sclerotia of the pathogen, in addition to chlamydospores, play an important role in the epidemiology of rice false smut disease. The propagule has been identified only in five rice growing countries of the world, and never recorded in Bangladesh. This study was undertaken to identify the sclerotia, quantify their concentration on smut balls and estimate the time of its formation. Intensive field-by-field monitoring was conducted during 2014, 2015 and 2016 at experimental farm of the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur. After rigorous search, sclerotia of rice false smut pathogen was identified on the 14th of December 2014. The was observed in the later part of crop maturity during the ‘T. Aman’ season (early-November to mid-December) on olivaceous greenish-black smut balls, but not on orange smut ball. During the three years study, on average, 30.61±9.79% (± is 95%confidence interval) olivaceous greenish-black smut balls borne sclerotia, the average number being 1.63±0.09 per sclerotia-bearing ball. The ‘threshold temperature’ for sclerotia formation was estimated as above 11°C difference in day-night temperature. Consistence presence and high concentration of sclerotia in smut balls signify its role in the epidemiology of the disease in the agroecology of Bangladesh.","PeriodicalId":53074,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental and Applied Agriculture","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135561306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Resilient Varietal Development of Diverse Crops through Mutation Breeding in Bangladesh","authors":"Sayeda Sultana, Kakon Chakma, Saidur Rahman, Mohammed Bhuiyan","doi":"10.5455/faa.169849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5455/faa.169849","url":null,"abstract":"The capability to quickly generate a considerable range of genetic variation in plants through mutation enables the mutagenesis approach extremely successful in developing climate-resistant cultivars across the entire world. In Bangladesh, plant breeders are confronted with a significant challenge in producing resilient and high-yielding cultivars rapidly capable of adapting to the changing environment in this densely populated region. Based on Mutant varieties data of Bangladesh which are available in the domain of FAO/IAEA Mutant Varieties Database (MVD), this review attempted to highlight the relevance of mutation breeding in crop variety development to adapt to changes occurring in diverse ecosystems of Bangladesh during this era of ongoing climate change. So far, seventy-eight mutant varieties of important crops have been released in Bangladesh, including rice, wheat, mustard, sesame, jute, rapeseed, tomato, black gram, chickpea, grass pea, lentil, mung bean, groundnut, and onion. Significant improvements in agronomic and botanical qualities have been made to maximize crop production. Salinity-tolerant varieties for southern coastal regions, drought-tolerant varieties for drought-prone locations, early mature varieties for flash flood escape in haor regions, submerged tolerant varieties for flooding regions and various major disease and insect resistant varieties have been generated through mutation breeding. These mutant varieties with climate-resilient traits are sustainable under different climatic circumstances, playing a key role in assuring food security in Bangladesh. Therefore, it is anticipated that mutant breeding will contribute significantly to meeting the challenges that food production will confront in the near future due to a changing climate.","PeriodicalId":53074,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental and Applied Agriculture","volume":"254 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135211464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring of fruit fly in mandarin orchards of Jajarkot, Nepal: A mixed-method approach","authors":"Arpan Parajuli, R. Timilsina, Bibechana Paudel, Nabina Karki, Krishna K. Upadhya, Pitamber Basnet, D. Adhikari","doi":"10.5455/faa.142870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5455/faa.142870","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted to access the species diversity of fruit fly and their population dynamics, awareness among mandarin growers on the nature of damage, and factors affecting the awareness in the Jajarkot district of Nepal in 2021. The study consists of two parts: farmer’s survey and monitoring of fruit flies. The farmer’s survey was carried out in randomly selected sixty households whose orchards were at least five years old in command areas of citrus zone, Jajarkot. Fruit fly monitoring was done in three mandarin orchards of Kushe Rural Municipality and Bheri Municipality using cue-lure, methyl eugenol, and great fruit fly bait. The survey revealed that only thirty percent of the farmers were aware of the nature of fruit fly damage. Experience in mandarin cultivation was found to be significantly affecting the awareness of mandarin growers on fruit fly damage. The mandarin growers were practicing pruning, collection and destruction of fallen fruits, use of chemicals, and traps for fruit fly management. Monitoring data revealed that there were four major fruit fly species. Among the lures used, cue-lure attracted more number of fruit flies, followed by methyl eugenol and great fruit fly bait. Cue-lure trap was effective in trapping Bactrocera nigrofemoralis, Zeugodacus tau, and Zeugodacus scutellaris whereas methyl eugenol was found effective in trapping Bactrocera dorsalis. Great fruit fly bait captured Bactrocera nigrofemoralis and Zeugodacus tau, but in lesser number. The number of all the species of fruit fly started increasing in April and reached the highest during May.","PeriodicalId":53074,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental and Applied Agriculture","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83556063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Performance and Economics of Different Zinc Application Approaches in Boro Rice","authors":"S. Afrin, M. Anwar, M. Rahman, A. Hasan, Farzana Forhad, S. Yeasmin, A. Islam","doi":"10.5455/faa.87165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5455/faa.87165","url":null,"abstract":"Zinc deficiency is now very common in Bangladesh causing significant yield losses of different crops including rice. Due to zinc and other micronutrient deficiencies the high yielding rice varieties fail to produce their potential yield even under good management practices. Although many farmers have started applying zinc fertilizer they are not aware of proper dose and application method. Therefore, in many cases farmers are applying zinc fertilizers indiscriminately without considering the efficacy and economic output. Keeping those in mind the proposed study bears huge importance to elucidate and enrich the present state of knowledge on zinc fertilization in rice for ensuring food and nutritional security of Bangladesh in a sustainable way. An experiment was therefore conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from December 2020 to May 2021 to investigate into the effects of different doses of Zn applied through soil, root soaking and foliar on rice growth and yield and their economics in Boro seasons following a randomized complete block design with three replications. Two Boro rice varieties (BRRI dhan58 and Hira Dhan-1) and seven different zinc application approaches (including soil application, root dipping and foliar spray of zinc with different dose/concentration). Hybrid variety Hira Dhan-1 performed better than BRRI dhan58. Application of zinc resulted in better crop growth and higher yield. Soil application appeared as the most efficient approach. Grain yield increased over control due to zinc application raged from 5.1 to 14.7%. Present study confirms the necessity of zinc fertilizer application for increasing Boro rice yield. Among the different application approaches, soil application was found most effective and foliar spray was least effective. Although soil application of ZnSO4 @ 10 kg ha-1 produced the highest yield, application of ZnSO4 @ 5 kg ha-1 was the most economic one. Hybrid rice Hira Dhan-1 out yielded high yielding inbred variety BRRI dhan58. Therefore, it is recommended to cultivate hybrid rice in Boro season with soil application of ZnSO4 @ 5 kg ha-1 for higher yield and better economic return.","PeriodicalId":53074,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental and Applied Agriculture","volume":"3 30","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72489860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of irrigation regimes and mycorrhizal inoculation on the performance of wheat in pot culture","authors":"M. Mostofa, M. Anwar, I. Ahmed, M. Hossain, M. Moni, M. Rashid","doi":"10.5455/faa.104725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5455/faa.104725","url":null,"abstract":"In order to find out the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and level of irrigation on wheat, an experiment was conducted in the net house of Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University during November 2018 to April 2019. The study included two levels of AMF inoculation (inoculated and non-inoculated) and three levels of irrigation (viz., no irrigation, one irrigation during CRI stage, and two irrigations at tillering and flowering stages respectively). The treatment combinations were applied to two wheat varieties, viz., BARI Gom-25 and BARI Gom-30. The pot experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Commercially available mycorrhizal inoculum (Gigaspora margarita) was used to inoculate the plants of respective treatment pots. The performances of these wheat varieties under two AMF inoculation levels (inoculated and non-inoculated) showed that both varieties were significantly affected by AMF inoculation. Though all growth and yield contributing parameters were not significantly affected by AMF application, it was evident that AMF inoculation helped the wheat plants to grow vigorously and produce higher yield. Both wheat varieties showed their best performance under two irrigation treatment but when inoculation was imposed, it gave better performance than non-inoculated pot. The highest yield was recorded with pots which were inoculated with AMF in both wheat varieties. It was observed that in both varieties, irrigation helps wheat to perform better in terms of all parameters in comparison to no irrigation condition, and two irrigations gave better results than that of one irrigation. AMF inoculation gave higher yield in non-irrigated pots in comparison to non-inoculated non-irrigated pots. Inoculation with AMF increased 25% grain yield plant-1 compared to the non-inoculated pots. The results suggest that farmers could be advised to grow wheat in drought prone areas using AMF.","PeriodicalId":53074,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental and Applied Agriculture","volume":"126 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87792846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro regeneration of hybrid squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. First Runner from cotyledonary node explants","authors":"K. Sarker, A. Chowdhury, F. Monshi, Homaira Sonom, Narifa Nusrat","doi":"10.5455/faa.112505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5455/faa.112505","url":null,"abstract":"Squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) is highly polymorphic in nature which could contribute its different regeneration potentiality for different genotypes. The present investigation was carried to know the effects of plant growth regulators, explant types, explants age and AgNO3 on in vitro regeneration potentiality of hybrid squash genotype and to optimize regeneration protocol. In this protocol, cotyledon and hypocotyl segments were grown on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/l 6-Benzylaminopurine (BA) and 0.2 mg/l α-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), successfully induced callus and subsequently shoots for C. pepo L. cv. First Runner. The height percentage of shoot production frequency was 66.7% from 6 days old cotyledon explants in MS + 1.5 mg/l BA + 0.2 mg/l NAA combination. The shoot regeneration frequency was increased up to 86.67% when 2.0 mg/l AgNO3 was added with MS + 1.5 mg/l BA + 0.2 mg/l NAA media combination by using 5 days old cotyledon explants. Shoot regeneration potentiality of four other C. pepo genotypes were also investigated with this system and showed a substantial amount of regeneration potentiality for different genotypes. Regenerated shoots induced the height 93.33% rooting frequency which promoted long, thick roots on 10 to 12 days in MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l NAA. The regenerated plantlets with long and thick roots were acclimatized in pot soil and eventually grown in natural environment with culture facility. The present study describes a simple and efficient protocol for in vitro plant regeneration of hybrid C. pepo genotypes and may be utilized for further transgenic development.","PeriodicalId":53074,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental and Applied Agriculture","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83981459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of water security in smallholder farming systems in South Africa: a review","authors":"Kudza Mugejo, B. Ncube","doi":"10.5455/faa.81266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5455/faa.81266","url":null,"abstract":"Attaining water security is critical for enhancing agricultural production in many countries worldwide. In South Africa, water insecurity is one of the factors affecting agricultural production, especially in the smallholder farming sector. The review focused on factors that influence water security in smallholder farming systems in South Africa and also proposed possible solutions to improve the water security status for smallholder farmers. A search of published articles was conducted on Scopus and Google Scholar databases using the keywords water access, water security, water scarcity, smallholder farmers, smallholder agriculture and South Africa. The study identified various factors that contribute to water insecurity for smallholder farmers, including lack of adequate infrastructure, the poor performance of water infrastructure, lack of farmer involvement in water-related management activities and land tenure insecurity. Smallholder farmers also failed to acquire water-use licences. During periods of drought, they were unable to adopt strategies for improving water security. Recommendations include addressing issues related to infrastructure availability, water allocation and distribution, and the capability to operate, manage and maintain the infrastructure. The study also recommends that policy and decision-makers be acknowledged and address the impacts of droughts on water resource availability.","PeriodicalId":53074,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental and Applied Agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79655426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Split application of varying potassium (K) rates influence wheat yield and K use efficiency","authors":"S. Khatun, F. Zaman, M. Hossain, M. Sarker, A. Hasan","doi":"10.5455/faa.107436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5455/faa.107436","url":null,"abstract":"Potassium (K) application during land preparation doesn’t meet the crop requirement as huge amount of K is lost. Moreover, dose also should be optimized considering land, soil and variety. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, to explore the influence of different management levels of K on yield and potassium use efficiency of wheat. Two wheat varieties (BARI Gom-27 and BARI Gom-33) and nine potassium (K) management levels [K0 = 0 kg K ha-1, K1 = 40 kg K ha-1 (full as basal), K2 =40 kg K ha-1 (half as basal and half at active tillering stage), K3 = 60 kg K ha-1 (full as basal), K4 = 60 kg K ha-1 (half as basal and half at active tillering stage), K5 = 80 kg K ha-1 (full as basal), K6 = 80 kg K ha-1 (half as basal and half at active tillering stage), K7 =100 kg K ha-1 (full as basal), K8 = 100 kg K ha-1 (half as basal and half at active tillering stage)] were used as treatments. The results of potassium management levels revealed that yield and yield components of wheat except straw yield were increased with the split application of potassium (K) (half as basal + half at active tillering stage) at 80 kg ha-1 and decreased with no potassium (K) application. The highest grain yield (4.37 t ha-1) was obtained from 80 kg K ha-1 applied as split which was 69.37% higher than the control. The potassium agronomic efficiency (5.50%) and apparent potassium recovery efficiency (29.17 kg kg-1) were highest in the treatment application of potassium at 40 kg ha-1 (half as basal and half at active tillering stage) grown with BARI Gom-33. In split application and 80 kg K ha-1 condition BARI Gom-33 gave the highest grain yield (4.77 t ha-1). Therefore, it may be concluded that the application of 80 kg K ha-1 as split (half as basal and half at active tillering stage) may be followed to achieve higher yield in wheat cultivation.","PeriodicalId":53074,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental and Applied Agriculture","volume":"110 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75032455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) growth and seed yield as influenced by zinc and boron micronutrients","authors":"Susmita Roy, Shrabani Das, K. Saha, M. Rahman, S. Sarkar, M. Rashid, S. Paul","doi":"10.5455/faa.106842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5455/faa.106842","url":null,"abstract":"The experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh during rabi season, to study the effect of zinc and boron on growth and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). The experiment consisted with three levels of zinc viz. 0, 1.0 and 2.0 kg Zn ha-1 and four levels of boron viz. 0, 1.0 kg B ha-1, 0.5 kg B ha-1 (basal application) + 0.5 kg B ha-1 (foliar application at pre-flowering stage) and 0.5 kg B ha-1 (foliar application at 30 days after sowing) + 0.5 kg B ha-1 (foliar application at pre-flowering stage). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. In case of zinc, the highest plant height (67.9 cm), pods plant-1 (33.3), seed yield (2.24 t ha-1) and stover yield (2.55 t ha-1) of faba bean was observed when fertilized with 1 kg Zn ha-1whereas corresponding lowest values were recorded from control treatment. In case of boron, the highest number of branches plant-1 (6.51), pods plant-1 (39.1), seed yield (2.14 t ha-1) and stover yield (2.42 t ha-1) were obtained from application of 0.5 kg B ha-1 (basal application) + 0.5 kg B ha-1 (foliar application at pre-flowering stage). In interaction, the highest number of branches plant-1 (7.22), pods plant-1 (41.93), seed yield (2.46 t ha-1) and stover yield (3.05 t ha-1) were recorded from application of 1.0 kg Zn ha-1 with 0.5 kg B ha-1 (basal application) + 0.5 kg B ha-1 (foliar application at pre-flowering stage) whereas the lowest seed and stover yields were recorded from control treatment. Based on the present study it can be concluded that application of 1.0 kg Zn ha-1 coupled with 0.5 kg B ha-1 (basal application) + 0.5 kg B ha-1 (foliar application at pre-flowering stage) appears as the promising combination in respect of seed yield of faba bean.","PeriodicalId":53074,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental and Applied Agriculture","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82573948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and characterization of bacterial endophytes from weeds against Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae causing bacterial canker of stone fruit trees","authors":"Nikoo Javadi, R. Khakvar, N. Aliasgarzad","doi":"10.5455/faa.26526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5455/faa.26526","url":null,"abstract":"This research was conducted to evaluate the inhibitory effect of endophytic bacteria isolated from some common weeds of stone fruits orchards on Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss). Weeds samples were collected from stone-fruit orchards in the northwest of Iran during the year 2017-2019. Bacterial strains were isolated from the plant samples using different culture media then chloroform test was applied to evaluate the antagonistic properties of bacterial isolates. Among 112 bacterial isolates، 34 strains showed inhibitory effects against Pss. Subsequently, three isolates with higher inhibitory capability were selected for supplementary assay. 16s rDNA sequencing results indicated that the selected endophytic bacteria with 99% probability could belong to Bacillus simplex, Bacillus mycodies, and Arthrobacter sp. Study of the effective mechanisms of these three bacterial isolates showed that Bacillus simplex with 181.76 mg/L auxin production had the highest auxin production capability in comparison to the other species but in hydrogen cyanide production assay, Bacillus mycoides were the only one which showed producing hydrogen cyanide.","PeriodicalId":53074,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental and Applied Agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80862122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}