African Journal of Thoracic and Critical Care Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Endotracheal tube cuff pressures in intensive care - time for renewed attention.","authors":"U Lalla","doi":"10.7196/AJTCCM.2026.v32i1.4993","DOIUrl":"10.7196/AJTCCM.2026.v32i1.4993","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52847,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Thoracic and Critical Care Medicine","volume":"32 1","pages":"e4993"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13277376/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148297119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Position statement on the appropriate usage of biologic therapies for asthma in South Africa.","authors":"R N van Zyl-Smit, M Greenblatt, C Smith, N Singh, M Wong","doi":"10.7196/AJTCCM.2026.v32i1.4376","DOIUrl":"10.7196/AJTCCM.2026.v32i1.4376","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biologic therapies such as monoclonal antibodies are highly effective in reducing disease burden (exacerbations/corticosteroid usage/ hospitalisation) in patients with severe asthma. These medications are currently prohibitively expensive for widespread use compared with standard inhaled and oral therapy. They are indicated for patients with predominantly type 2-high inflammation. Judicious use of biologic therapies in the South African context is imperative given the country's limited healthcare resources. The prescription and clinical use of these therapies within the scope of the South African Health Products Regulatory Authority registered indications therefore require clear guidance and appropriate preparatory optimisation to ensure that the appropriate patients receive the correct medication within an acceptable time frame. Not all patients with difficult-to-treat, or nominally designated as severe, asthma require a biologic therapy in order to be optimally controlled. Simple attention to basic asthma therapeutic principles and treatment of comorbid disease by a clinician with a special interest in asthma may be all that is required. This position statement, written by senior clinicians from the South African Thoracic Society (SATS), is intended to supplement the SATS asthma treatment recommendation of 2021. It provides clear guidance on the appropriate assessment of patients being considered for biologic therapy and clarifies which background medication is required to initiate a biologic therapy in an evidence-based manner. A balanced consideration of side-effects, scientific evidence and cost is essential to prevent unjustified harm to patients by delaying or denying access to biologic therapy. A process to endorse biologic therapy has been created in parallel, and forms are available from SATS, along with registration in the severe asthma registry to support clinicians in appropriate assessment and justification for prescription.</p>","PeriodicalId":52847,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Thoracic and Critical Care Medicine","volume":"32 1","pages":"e4376"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13277373/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148297112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Severely reduced antioxidant and impaired mitochondrial biomarkers could be linked to post-tuberculosis lung disease in a cohort from South Africa.","authors":"C Payne, E Louw, N Baines, M Mitrovich, D Maree, C Lombard, B Botha, B Allwood, G J Maarman","doi":"10.7196/AJTCCM.2026.v32i1.2827","DOIUrl":"10.7196/AJTCCM.2026.v32i1.2827","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Post-tuberculosis lung disease (PTLD) refers to unresolved lung damage and impaired lung function after successful treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Its pathogenesis is not fully understood, and we hypothesised that antioxidant-oxidant and mitochondrial factors may be instrumental.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To investigate the involvement of mitochondrial and antioxidant-oxidant biomarkers in TB patients who had had more than one previous TB episode and were in the post-TB stage of disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were conducted on patient serum.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Lipid peroxidation (measured with the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay) was within the normal range. In contrast, the mitochondrial regulator metallothionein-1 was 240 times lower, catalase activity 7.5 times lower, and superoxide dismutase activity 273 times lower than the normal ranges for these markers. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1-alpha (HIF-1α) was below the limit of detection. The mitochondrial markers were similar across the stratified groups after stratifying the patients based on the number of previous TB episodes. Age positively correlated with the ratio of early diastolic mitral inflow velocity to early diastolic mitral annulus velocity (E/e'), a marker of left ventricular filling pressure, and it marginally correlated with pulmonary artery systolic pressure, while there were no other notable correlations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our data demonstrate that antioxidant enzyme activities are extremely low in post-TB patients. A key mitochondrial protein, HIF-1α, showed no role in this context, which could suggest that these patients are not hypoxic. A novel contributor to PTLD could therefore be a limitation of antioxidant capacity and mitochondrial pathways, which is not linked to the number of previous TB episodes but may highlight the need to consider antioxidant therapy during the post-TB stage. Further research is warranted.</p><p><strong>Study synopsis: </strong><b>What the study adds.</b> This is one of the first studies to link reduced antioxidant and impaired mitochondrial biomarkers to the pathogenesis of post-tuberculosis (TB) lung disease.<b>Implications of the findings.</b> This study will allow for a better follow-up management plan of patients after resolution of TB symptoms, in order to prevent post-TB lung impairment.</p>","PeriodicalId":52847,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Thoracic and Critical Care Medicine","volume":"32 1","pages":"e2827"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13277380/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148297257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asthma in African children and adolescents: Burden, barriers, and management strategies.","authors":"S T Hlophe, K Mortimer, R Masekela","doi":"10.7196/AJTCCM.2026.v32i1.3861","DOIUrl":"10.7196/AJTCCM.2026.v32i1.3861","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Asthma is the leading chronic disease in African children and adolescents, yet remains underdiagnosed and poorly managed. Asthma in Africa has been associated with higher mortality rates compared with high-income countries. Barriers to asthma control in African children and adolescents are lack of accurate diagnosis, limited access to inhaled therapy, lack of knowledge about asthma, and poor air quality.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To review the asthma burden, risk factors, barriers to care and management strategies in an African setting.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A narrative review of peer-reviewed literature from 1990 to 2024 was conducted using PubMed, global asthma guidelines, Global Initiative for Asthma, Scopus, Google Scholar and African Journals Online.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of asthma is rising, with urban-rural disparities and multifactorial risk profiles. Barriers to control include poor access to diagnostics, underutilisation of inhaled corticosteroids, and limited education.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A multisectoral approach is needed to improve asthma care, including adaptation, education, and access to essential medicines.</p><p><strong>Study synopsis: </strong><b>What the study adds.</b> This study highlights the burden of disease secondary to asthma. It reports on prevalence, risk factors, and barriers in management.<b>Implications of the findings.</b> The findings raise awareness of all the gaps identified, which in turn will activate actions and strategies to reduce the burden and update guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":52847,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Thoracic and Critical Care Medicine","volume":"32 1","pages":"e3861"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13277375/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148297314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catalysing future research on the under-recognised burden of post-tuberculosis pulmonary hypertension.","authors":"Rubeshan Perumal","doi":"10.7196/AJTCCM.2026.v32i1.4992","DOIUrl":"10.7196/AJTCCM.2026.v32i1.4992","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52847,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Thoracic and Critical Care Medicine","volume":"32 1","pages":"e4992"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13277379/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148296855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative audit of endotracheal tube cuff pressures across three intensive care units at a tertiary South African academic hospital.","authors":"N Cretikos, J Witt, O Smith, M Mer","doi":"10.7196/AJTCCM.2026.v32i1.3434","DOIUrl":"10.7196/AJTCCM.2026.v32i1.3434","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;In many intensive care units (ICUs), endotracheal intubation with cuffed endotracheal tubes (ETTs) is a regular intervention in critically ill patients. Prolonged periods of intubation are common in this cohort of patients, so regular monitoring of the ETT cuff pressures is particularly important. Significant morbidity and mortality can be observed with under- and overinflation of the ETT cuff. Best practice guidelines suggest a safe ETT cuff pressure of 20 - 30 cm H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, as measured by an aneroid manometer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;To measure and compare ETT cuff pressures in adult intubated patients across three ICUs: trauma, neurosurgical, and multidisciplinary (a multidisciplinary ICU is overseen by the same intensivist; however, it has two separate nursing staff contingents in adjacent wards, so data from this ICU were recorded as 'multidisciplinary team 1 (MDT 1) and multidisciplinary team 2 (MDT 2)') at a tertiary academic hospital, and compare the frequency at which ETT cuff pressures appeared outside the recommended range. The secondary objective was to assess the degree of under- or overinflation and determine whether ETT cuff pressures varied significantly based on the time of day the measurements were taken (morning, afternoon and evening).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary Johannesburg academic hospital in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Altogether, 300 ETT cuff pressure measurements were collected from 137 patients across the three ICUs. These measurements were done at three different times during the day, mornings, afternoons and evenings, using a standardised manometer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Over 90% of the recorded ETT cuff pressures measured across the three ICUs were above the suggested optimal range of 20 - 30 cm H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O. The trauma ICU had the most overinflated ETT cuff pressures, with most pressures recorded to be &gt;75 cm H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O. Slightly lower, but still overinflated, ETT cuff pressures were observed in the neurosurgical and multidisciplinary ICUs. Repeated measurements showed consistently elevated pressures, which suggests inadequate monitoring practices.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;This study demonstrated a consistent trend of ETT cuff overinflation across all three ICUs, with almost all measurements significantly exceeding the recommended optimal range. No statistically significant differences in cuff pressures were observed based on the time of day the measurements were taken.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Study synopsis: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;b&gt;What the study adds.&lt;/b&gt; This study highlights a shortfall in the routine measurement of endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff pressure measurements in critically ill intubated patients admitted across three intensive care units (ICUs) in a Johannesburg tertiary academic hospital.&lt;b&gt;Implications of the findings.&lt;/b&gt; Regular monitoring of ETT cuff pressure is essential to m","PeriodicalId":52847,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Thoracic and Critical Care Medicine","volume":"32 1","pages":"e3434"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13277372/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148297311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subglottic stenosis in a resource-restricted setting - time to act.","authors":"C Verwey","doi":"10.7196/AJTCCM.2026.v32i1.4991","DOIUrl":"10.7196/AJTCCM.2026.v32i1.4991","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52847,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Thoracic and Critical Care Medicine","volume":"32 1","pages":"e4991"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13277374/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148297270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct healthcare cost comparison of fluticasone/salmeterol and budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy for moderate to severe asthma in the South African public sector.","authors":"T D Leong, D Besada","doi":"10.7196/AJTCCM.2026.v32i1.3898","DOIUrl":"10.7196/AJTCCM.2026.v32i1.3898","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Moderate to severe asthma poses significant health and economic challenges in South Africa (SA), with varying asthma treatment costs. Inhaled corticosteroids/long-acting beta-2-agonists remain the cornerstone of asthma management. However, cost comparisons between fluticasone/salmeterol (FP/salm) and budesonide/formoterol (bud/form) as maintenance and reliever therapy (MART) are limited in low- and middle-income settings.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;To compare the direct treatment costs of regular FP/salm plus as-needed short-acting beta-2-agonist (SABA) with bud/form MART in the SA public sector.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A comparative cost analysis was conducted from the SA public health sector perspective. Costs from the National Department of Health pharmaceutical tender and Uniform Patient Fee Schedule, and clinical effectiveness data on severe exacerbations avoided from three randomised controlled trials (AHEAD, COMPASS, COSMOS), informed annual per-patient costs. Univariate sensitivity analyses assessed the robustness of the findings.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Annual direct per-patient treatment costs for bud/form MART were probably comparable to FP/salm plus as-needed SABA in COMPASS and COSMOS (USD145.84 and USD157.81). In the AHEAD study, a higher-dose bud/form MART regimen was more expensive (USD149.14 v. USD122.65). On average across studies, FP/salm was 0.58% less expensive. Medication costs were the primary cost driver, with variation in bud/form 160/4.5 µg pricing significantly influencing overall cost outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;In SA's public sector, FP/salm plus as-needed SABA is comparable to bud/form MART for moderate to severe asthma in terms of cost. Bud/form's price sensitivity suggests potential for improved procurement. Future research should integrate real-world data, include indirect costs, and assess full-spectrum asthma management to inform efficient, equitable policy and evaluate economic impact.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Study synopsis: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;b&gt;What the study adds.&lt;/b&gt; This study compares the direct costs of fluticasone/salmeterol (FP/salm) plus as-needed short-acting beta-2-agonist (SABA) v. budesonide/formoterol (bud/form) maintenance and reliever therapy (MART) for moderate to severe asthma, using South African (SA) public sector data. Findings address an evidence gap for cost-effective asthma care in low- to middle-income countries, where high mortality and SABA overuse require urgent, context-specific treatment optimisation.&lt;b&gt;Implications of the findings.&lt;/b&gt; The research findings suggest that currently bud/form MART is comparably priced to standard care with FP/salm plus as-needed SABA in SA's public sector. Bud/form's price sensitivity presents opportunities for strategic procurement. However, further comprehensive real-world economic evaluations across all asthma severities remain essential to guide evidence-informed, context specific policy decisi","PeriodicalId":52847,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Thoracic and Critical Care Medicine","volume":"32 1","pages":"e3898"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13277381/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148296835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Congenital chylothorax in infants: An updated scoping review.","authors":"A Alghobaishi, S I Albraim, H I Albraim, N S Gubari, S Khan, H I Thalib, S Alagha","doi":"10.7196/AJTCCM.2025.v32i1.2701","DOIUrl":"10.7196/AJTCCM.2025.v32i1.2701","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chylothorax is a medical condition characterised by the abnormal accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the pleural cavity. In its congenital form, chylothorax develops as a result of an idiopathic abnormality in the thoracic duct. Congenital chylothorax (CCT) is the leading cause of pleural effusion in infants, a condition where excess fluid builds up in the space between the lungs and the chest wall. This scoping review includes a wide range of published studies from 1980 to January 2024, obtained from multiple reputable databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer and BioMed Central. Effective management strategies are crucial for improving outcomes in infants with CCT. Timely drainage of pleural fluid is essential to alleviate respiratory distress and prevent further complications. Appropriate nutritional care is also critical, as it helps in supporting the neonate's overall health and recovery. Early intervention and continuous monitoring can significantly improve the likelihood of a positive outcome.</p><p><strong>Study synopsis: </strong><b>What the study adds.</b> Congenital chylothorax (CCT) is a serious but rare condition in newborns. CCT is characterised by the accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the pleural space with subsequent respiratory distress. This scoping review of recent literature describes current concepts in the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of CCT in newborns, emphasising the importance of timely diagnosis and a multidisciplinary strategy. The review integrates available evidence on CCT, emerging diagnostic strategies such as lymphangiography and lymphoscintigraphy, and treatments such as video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, to provide clinicians with practice-informed choice.<b>Implications of the findings.</b> Early management and tailored intervention can improve results in infants with CCT. Improvements in morbidity and mortality have demonstrated the importance of new management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":52847,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Thoracic and Critical Care Medicine","volume":"32 1","pages":"e2701"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13277377/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148296830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"South African Thoracic Society position statement on asthma in children, adolescents and adults.","authors":"R Masekela, K Mortimer, R N van Zyl-Smit","doi":"10.7196/AJTCCM.2026.v32i1.4339","DOIUrl":"10.7196/AJTCCM.2026.v32i1.4339","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is estimated that 10% of the global population has asthma. Low- and middle-income countries typically struggle to provide affordable asthma care, including access to combination (inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)-long-acting beta-2-agonist) inhalers currently recommended internationally as standard of care. In South Africa (SA), a study found higher asthma prevalence among children in affluent areas compared with those from less affluent backgrounds. Asthma mortality is increasing in Africa and Southeast Asia compared with declines in high-income countries. This mortality crisis stems from inadequate care strategies, reliance on reliever therapy, and patient non adherence. Overuse of and over-reliance on short-acting beta-2-agonist (SABA) inhalers worsen outcomes, with severe morbidity related to asthma. Limited access to and use of ICS-based controller therapy worsen outcomes. The carbon footprint of inhalers and proposed changes in propellants to those with lower global warming potential due to be phased in by 2030 may further limit treatment availability in the near future. To combat these challenges, the SA Asthma Action Group has been formed, bringing together healthcare professionals, funders and government representatives to improve asthma management. The strategic plan of this group is to address SABA overuse, contribute to guidelines, and enhance accessibility to essential medications while engaging with pharmaceutical companies to ensure affordable access to high-quality asthma treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":52847,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Thoracic and Critical Care Medicine","volume":"32 1","pages":"e4339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13277371/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148297175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}