CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology最新文献_第2页

Table of Contents. 目录

CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001550

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Approach to Diplopia.

CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001544

Devin D Mackay

{"title":"Approach to Diplopia.","authors":"Devin D Mackay","doi":"10.1212/CON.0000000000001544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1212/CON.0000000000001544","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Diplopia is a frequently encountered neurologic symptom that can lead to apprehension in patients and clinicians. Some causes of double vision are benign, whereas others can be vision-threatening or life-threatening. This article advocates for a systematic approach that includes a targeted history, specific examination techniques, an understanding of basic neuroanatomy, ancillary testing when appropriate, and familiarity with the most important and common causes of double vision and their management.Latest developments: The past prevailing view was that patients older than 50 years with vascular risk factors with a suspected microvascular cranial nerve palsy did not require further evaluation. The frequency of other, sometimes serious, causes of cranial nerve palsies in this patient group justifies the use of neuroimaging, preferably with MRI, for those with an acute palsy of cranial nerve III, IV, or VI, including vascular imaging to exclude aneurysm in patients with a third nerve palsy.Essential points: A systematic, localization-based approach to evaluating patients with diplopia identifies serious causes, avoids wasting health care resources with unnecessary testing, and facilitates timely and appropriate treatment.","PeriodicalId":52475,"journal":{"name":"CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology","volume":"31 2","pages":"463-478"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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CONTRIBUTORS. 撰稿人：

CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001554

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Optic Neuropathies. 视神经病变

CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001545

Lindsey B De Lott

{"title":"Optic Neuropathies.","authors":"Lindsey B De Lott","doi":"10.1212/CON.0000000000001545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1212/CON.0000000000001545","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This article highlights the clinical features, evaluation, and management of optic neuropathies commonly encountered in clinical practice.Latest developments: Optic neuropathies encompass all conditions affecting the optic nerve, including those caused by ischemia, inflammation (including infections and autoimmune causes), elevated intracranial pressure, compression and infiltration, toxins, nutritional deficiencies, and hereditary diseases. Surgical and medical treatments targeting the specific causes of optic neuropathies are rapidly expanding, such as surgical options to address papilledema in patients with elevated intracranial pressure and the development of gene therapies for hereditary optic neuropathies. These advances underscore the importance of swift and accurate assessments to identify the cause of optic nerve dysfunction. The evaluation of the patient with an optic neuropathy begins with a careful history and examination. Signs of optic nerve dysfunction include decreased visual acuity, color vision impairment, a relative afferent pupillary defect in the affected eye, and visual field deficits. Neuroimaging of the orbits is one of the most useful tests in determining the cause of an optic neuropathy. Additional diagnostic testing and the formulation of a treatment plan should be guided by the differential diagnosis.Essential points: Optic neuropathies are often misdiagnosed because of errors in eliciting or interpreting the history and physical examination. A systematic approach to identifying the clinical manifestations distinctive to specific optic neuropathies is imperative for directing diagnostic assessments, formulating tailored treatment regimens, and identifying broader central nervous system and systemic disorders.","PeriodicalId":52475,"journal":{"name":"CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology","volume":"31 2","pages":"381-406"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Learning Objectives and Core Competencies.

CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001553

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Clinical Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Neurology Practice. 人工智能在神经学实践中的临床应用。

CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001552

Peter N Hadar, Lidia Maria Veras Rocha Moura

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Disorders of Higher-order Visual Function. 高阶视觉功能障碍。

CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001555

Victoria S Pelak

{"title":"Disorders of Higher-order Visual Function.","authors":"Victoria S Pelak","doi":"10.1212/CON.0000000000001555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1212/CON.0000000000001555","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This article provides an overview of disorders of higher-order visual function, encompassing key clinical features, methods for clinical assessment, anatomic localization, and etiologies associated with these disorders. A review of the organization and properties of the brain's visual system is introduced to enhance understanding and facilitate clinical recognition of higher-order visual dysfunction.Latest developments: Advances in the visual neurosciences have increased our understanding of the underlying properties of visual neurons. New therapies are available to treat diseases that impact cortical neurons and their white matter connections. Thus, recognizing the signs and symptoms of these disorders and using the proper assessment tools to measure dysfunction are essential for preventing disability.Essential points: Functional specialization for distinct visual features defines higher-order visual regions and their corresponding networks. Damage to specialized regions along the occipitoparietal pathway leads to impaired motion processing and visuospatial perception, whereas damage to the occipitotemporal regions results in visual agnosia, including impaired color, object, and facial recognition. Patients experiencing higher-order visual dysfunction do not express symptoms significantly different from those with ocular disorders. Identifying higher-order visual dysfunction requires knowledge of the anatomy and visual properties of neurons in these regions. Assessment of higher-order visual functions can be incorporated into the neurologic mental status examination and prevent delays in diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":52475,"journal":{"name":"CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology","volume":"31 2","pages":"543-565"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Issue Overview. 问题概述。

CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1212/01.cont.0001110768.26615.3e

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Nystagmus and Saccadic Intrusions. 眼球震颤和眼球内斜视

CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001561

Daniel Gold

{"title":"Nystagmus and Saccadic Intrusions.","authors":"Daniel Gold","doi":"10.1212/CON.0000000000001561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1212/CON.0000000000001561","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This article describes the diagnosis and differentiation of the many possible localizations and causes of nystagmus.Latest developments: The eyes move to keep the fovea on the object of visual regard. To account for the movement of targets, the environment, or the self, different classes of eye movement are necessary to achieve visual stability. These movements involve the vergence, smooth pursuit, saccadic, vestibular, and optokinetic systems, as well as the ability to suppress the vestibuloocular reflex and other movements for steady fixation. When the equipoise of one or more of these systems is disrupted, nystagmus or saccadic intrusions may result. The astute clinician can distinguish between benign (eg, infantile or peripheral vestibular nystagmus) and dangerous (eg, stroke, Wernicke encephalopathy) etiologies with a high degree of confidence at the bedside, making expensive eye movement recording equipment unnecessary in the majority of cases.Essential points: The recognition and interpretation of nystagmus and saccadic intrusions in the context of the history and a comprehensive ocular motor and neurologic examination is an essential skill in neurologic practice.","PeriodicalId":52475,"journal":{"name":"CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology","volume":"31 2","pages":"503-526"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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List of Abbreviations.

CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1212/01.cont.0001110772.40746.a1

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