Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy最新文献

{"title":"Policy to On-ground Action: Evaluating a Conflict Policy Guideline for Leopards in India","authors":"S. Gubbi, Aparna Kolekar, V. Kumara","doi":"10.1080/13880292.2020.1818428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13880292.2020.1818428","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Amongst the large carnivores, the leopard Panthera pardus is a highly adaptable, elastic species. Because of these ecological traits, it comes into direct conflict with people, posing serious consequences to the lives of those affected, thus impeding larger conservation goals. In India, one of the key mitigation strategies towards leopard conflict includes capture and translocation of individual leopards. In response to severe conflict, a policy guideline was brought out in 2011 by the government that discouraged capture and translocation of leopards. In this study we evaluate the impact of these guidelines and responses of the field managers towards them. A total of 357 leopards were captured in Karnataka state during 2009–2016. The data collected on these captures indicates that since the government guidelines were issued, leopard captures have increased by 9.67 per year, and monthly translocations increased threefold. Captured animals were translocated mostly to protected areas (85.5%), taken to captivity (10.8%), and a few resulted in capture mortality (3.8%). A total of eight primary reasons were listed for capture of leopards, with livestock depredation (38.1%) being the main reason. Questionnaire surveys revealed that 64% of the managers were unaware of the presence of the guidelines, and only 1.9% followed them. The guidelines make a set of thoughtful suggestions to reduce conflict, but large-scale improvement is required by bringing in field-level managers, communities, media personnel, and other stakeholders while developing such policies. Similarly, targeted outreach and capacity building is mandatory to raise awareness and for effective implementation of the guidelines.","PeriodicalId":52446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy","volume":"13 1","pages":"127 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80838514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polar Bears and the Politics of Climate Change: A Response to Simpson","authors":"Jason MacLean, S. G. Clark, L. Foote, T. Jung, David S. Lee, D. Clark","doi":"10.1080/13880292.2020.1818962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13880292.2020.1818962","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We respond to Simpson’s recent critique in these pages of Canada’s interpretation and implementation of the 1973 International Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears and Their Habitat. While Simpson’s article explores the important and under-researched issue of the ethics and environmental sustainability of polar bear management, Simpson’s critique misreads the Canadian polar bear law and policy landscape, ignores the imperative of Indigenous-settler reconciliation and the adaptive capacity of Indigenous laws and practices, and speciously links polar bear hunting and climate change. We conclude by briefly sketching an alternative approach to conceptualizing and practicing polar bear conservation research in the Arctic.","PeriodicalId":52446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy","volume":"31 20","pages":"141 - 150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13880292.2020.1818962","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72408394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coping Strategies for Human–Wildlife Conflicts: A Case Study of Adjacent Communities to Nigeria’s Cross River National Park","authors":"O. Digun-Aweto, P. van der Merwe","doi":"10.1080/13880292.2020.1808391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13880292.2020.1808391","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study examined human–wildlife conflicts between border communities to Cross River National Park in Nigeria. The research aimed to assess mitigation strategies and traditional measures used to reduce conflicts that are cost-effective and efficient while taking into consideration the important point that human–wildlife conflicts are location-specific, which is an important consideration for policymakers and managers. Four communities around the National Park were selected to investigate how people respond to these conflicts. Structured questionnaires were administered to households in the selected communities to investigate coping strategies. The results indicate that human–wildlife conflicts are distinct and differ from one location to another. Household size is an important factor to consider in developing mitigation strategies in a bid to promote sustainability.","PeriodicalId":52446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy","volume":"30 1","pages":"109 - 126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91035636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What kind of legislation can contribute to on-site management?: Comparative case studies on legislative developments in managing aquatic invasive alien plants in France, England, and Japan","authors":"Kenji Kamigawara, K. Nakai, N. Noma, Shinya Hieda, Emmanuelle Sarat, A. Dutartre, T. Renals, R. Bullock, J. Haury, B. Bottner, Jean-Patrice Damien","doi":"10.1080/13880292.2020.1788778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13880292.2020.1788778","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Legislation to control invasive alien species for nature conservation is a relatively new area. We examined: (1) whether prohibition of sale and release into the wild can stop dispersal of invasive alien aquatic plants; (2) who is responsible for managing an invaded site; (3) whether government procedure is needed to carry out management; and (4) whether herbicide use is legalized in managing invasive alien aquatic plants. We carried out case studies on the management of water primrose (Ludwigia grandiflora）in France, England, and Japan, which are all developed countries in the Palaearctic realm, and where it is regarded as one of the most invasive alien aquatic plants. All three countries have introduced prohibition of sale and release, but only England has clearly introduced landowner responsibility and has applied it. All three countries have effectively halted its commercial trade, but have not yet stopped its dispersion, while England has succeeded local eradication in a considerable part of detected sites and stabilized the number of actual sites. While in France and Japan many unmanaged sites remain, all detected sites are managed in England. France prohibited herbicide use near and in water systems; in Japan, officials are reluctant to use herbicide. On the contrary, England has legalized herbicide use around water systems, under strict conditions. The landowner responsibility is an important element of legislation to manage IAS, and legalization of herbicide use around water systems, in avoiding damages for other living organisms, could contribute to its local eradication.","PeriodicalId":52446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy","volume":"9 1","pages":"108 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91101747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural Calf Rearing Could Be a Simple Solution to Improving the Welfare of Dairy Cows","authors":"Alex Albright","doi":"10.1080/13880292.2020.1852670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13880292.2020.1852670","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There has been growing concern for the welfare of food animals. The dairy industry recently received criticism for cruel treatment of dairy cows. Animal welfare advocates suggest that allowing cows to rear calves naturally can improve the well-being of these animals. This article first explores the science concerning the effect of separation on cow and offspring, and how that affects the physical, mental, and emotional well-being of cows. This examination compares the emotional and mental states of cows and dogs to highlight their similarities. This analysis also looks at the current practices in the industry and the economics behind them. Second, the article investigates the current US federal and state laws, as well as international laws, regarding animal welfare, animal cruelty, and the separation of mother and offspring for certain nonhuman animals. It compares the protections afforded to companion animals and food animals. Finally, suggestions are presented for the future and advocates for more equal treatment of food animals (such as cows) and companion animals (such as dogs).","PeriodicalId":52446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy","volume":"165 1","pages":"191 - 211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76294129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hot Dogs, Hungry Bears, and Wolves Running Out of Mountain—International Wildlife Law and the Effects of Climate Change on Large Carnivores","authors":"A. Trouwborst, A. Blackmore","doi":"10.1080/13880292.2020.1852671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13880292.2020.1852671","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The world’s largest predators, like their prey species and biodiversity at large, face increasing impacts from climate change, in addition to various other threats. Such climate impacts include the shrinking and disruption of habitat (e.g., polar bear, wolverine); range shifts, especially upslope (e.g., snow leopard, Ethiopian wolf) and poleward (e.g., golden jackal); reduced availability of key resources as water becomes scarcer and prey populations suffer from extreme weather, disease or other climate-related impacts (e.g., Gobi bear, cheetah); and increased human–wildlife conflict, when large carnivores progressively range beyond protected areas (e.g., African wild dog), or when climate change makes their ranges more suitable for livestock (e.g., lion). The aforementioned and many other large carnivore species are protected under global and/or regional legal instruments for wildlife conservation, such as the Bonn Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), the Algiers and Maputo Conventions on African Nature Conservation, and the Bern Convention on European Wildlife Conservation. We view current international wildlife law through the lens of the aforementioned scenarios and, as it were, through the eyes of the wildlife species involved, and attempt to assess to what extent the law is ‘climate change proof’ in terms of being prepared for said scenarios. Our analysis indicates, first, that most of the climate adaptation measures that seem necessary—concerning protected areas, connectivity, counteracting climate impacts, and addressing non-climate threats—can in principle be achieved by fully and properly implementing the law as it stands. Second, it appears that the facilitation of range shifts beyond historic ranges still calls for some serious attention and resourceful interpretation. Third, it seems that particularly significant hurdles have yet to be overcome before the law is properly attuned to facilitating managed relocation (assisted colonization) where necessary.","PeriodicalId":52446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy","volume":"22 1","pages":"212 - 238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90150217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Tale of Two Seal Hunts: Contesting the Conflation of Canadian Sealing Activities","authors":"S. Levy","doi":"10.1080/13880292.2020.1846858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13880292.2020.1846858","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Canadian commercial seal hunt that occurs annually in Atlantic Canada has attracted international criticism for decades, primarily due to animal welfare and wildlife conservation concerns. Although the Atlantic sealing industry is an entirely separate and distinct activity from Inuit sealing occurring in Canada’s Arctic, the two practices are regarded by many as one and the same. The conflation of Inuit and commercial sealing has been a deliberate effort on the part of industry, government, and interest groups that have propagated a misinformation campaign on the subject. This article compares Inuit and commercial hunting activities, highlighting the differences between the purpose, practices, and scale of these hunts. With the distinctions between the two practices made clear, it explores the historic and ongoing ways in which the commercial sealing industry and federal government have perpetuated the conflation of the two. By failing to acknowledge the differences between Inuit and commercial sealing practices, special interest groups have been complicit in perpetuating this conflation as well, although several of these groups have recently worked to clarify the distinction between the two. As a result of the muddied dialogue on commercial and Inuit sealing, both food security and the survival of culture and livelihoods has been compromised in Inuit communities. Despite these ramifications, some Inuit support the commercial hunt because of how anti-sealing campaigns have adversely affected Inuit hunters. At the same time, other Inuit believe that the industry constitutes a wrongful appropriation of their sacred, cultural hunt, and are seeking to reclaim the practice as their uniquely protected right. This article unpacks the distinctions between commercial and Inuit sealing practices, and explores the historic and ongoing implications of their conflation.","PeriodicalId":52446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy","volume":"178 1","pages":"166 - 190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73292015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behind the Ivory Trade Shutdown in China","authors":"I. Permata, Elsi Wahyuni","doi":"10.1080/13880292.2020.1825055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13880292.2020.1825055","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Despite being a party to CITES, China remains active in the ivory trade. A Chinese norm identifies ivory as “white gold,” resulting in China becoming a main destination market for illegal ivory. Not only is ivory a form of investment in China, but it is also a part of cultural heritage. As a result, the government continues to support preservation of ivory in the country. This activity will trigger the high rate of elephant ivory hunting in the world, which frustrates the goal of CITES regulations. Finally, in December 2017, China claimed to have officially closed the ivory market. This article discusses what conditions drove China to close its ivory trade. This article applies a data-driven, qualitative approach. This article argues that China decided to close its ivory market to convince the world that China respects and complies with international norms, especially regarding animal protection.","PeriodicalId":52446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy","volume":"18 1","pages":"151 - 165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78943286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indigenous languages as contributors to the preservation of biodiversity and their presence in international environmental law","authors":"Claudia Gafner-Rojas","doi":"10.1080/13880292.2020.1768693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13880292.2020.1768693","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Most of the places with the highest concentration of biological diversity coincide with spaces inhabited by indigenous peoples, whose members continue to speak the language of their ancestors. The traditional knowledge and practices of indigenous and local communities, indispensable for the sustainable management and conservation of biodiversity, are usually transmitted through indigenous languages. The CBD is the only legally binding instrument for environmental protection that relates to the role of indigenous peoples in the conservation of natural resources and the achievement of sustainable development. Even though this instrument does not directly refer to the protection of indigenous languages, its article 8(j), especially related to the protection and preservation of knowledge, innovations, and practices of indigenous and local communities, has opened a door to action on these languages. It is therefore of great importance to evaluate the development of the objectives, goals, indicators, and actions established by the CBD through the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, especially in relation to traditional knowledge and indigenous languages, in order to define the level of recognition that the close interrelation between these languages and the preservation of biodiversity have at the international level.","PeriodicalId":52446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy","volume":"10 1","pages":"44 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81302264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fighting Wildlife Trafficking: An Overview of the EU’s Implementation of Its Action Plan Against Wildlife Trafficking","authors":"S. Lemaître, Nathalie Hervé-Fournereau","doi":"10.1080/13880292.2020.1775949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13880292.2020.1775949","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Illegal wildlife trade is one of the most profitable criminal activities. Illegal wildlife usually comes from African and Asian countries, with destination countries including China, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Singapore. However, the role of the European Union (EU) should not be underestimated. The EU is a major transit point for illegal trade in wildlife and an important destination market. Recognizing its important role to tackle wildlife trafficking, the EU adopted an Action Plan against wildlife trafficking in February 2016. Four years after its adoption, it is time to reflect on the impact of the Action Plan and assess its implementation. This article looks at measures and actions taken so far to achieve the objectives set in the EU Action Plan, challenges encountered, and areas where the EU should focus its attention to fulfil its targets.","PeriodicalId":52446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy","volume":"30 1","pages":"62 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88048721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}