International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture最新文献

{"title":"Rotational molding processing performance and structure of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites with basalt powder (BP) and talc (T): The influence of mold wall thickness and filler type","authors":"Mateusz Barczewski ,&nbsp;Joanna Aniśko-Michalak ,&nbsp;Patryk Mietliński ,&nbsp;Joanna Szulc ,&nbsp;Adrian Bartnicki ,&nbsp;Marek Szostak ,&nbsp;Aleksander Hejna","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2025.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2025.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The production of thin-walled products from thermoplastics by rotational molding (RM) has increasingly turned into polymer composites. Rotational molding (RM) is a technology that enables the manufacturing of ready-to-use products using a single-step processing method. The development of measurement technology leads to a deeper understanding of the process control-to-structure relationship. This study aims to correlate the process analysis based on the internal mold air temperature (IAT) with the structural, thermal, and mechanical properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites reinforced with two inorganic particle-shaped fillers, basalt powder (BP) and talc (T). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed the nucleating effect of the fillers, especially T, on the HDPE matrix, which correlates with the changes in the course of the IAT curves. Despite introducing fillers with small particle size (&lt;100 μm), the obtained porosity of the products determined by 3D computed tomography (3D CT) was maximally 0.33 %. The low porosity of RM products allowed the suppression of excessive, unfavorable effects of limiting mechanical performance (minimum tensile strength of 19.4 MPa). The composites showed up to 1450 MPa (BP) and 1300 (T) MPa Young modulus compared to 1150 MPa (HDPE), respectively. The obtained research results confirm the validity of introducing particle-shaped inorganic fillers not only as modifiers of physical and mechanical properties, but also of processing properties. The study supplements the current state of knowledge with information on the manufacturing of composites using specific technology RM, which utilizes low-cost inorganic fillers with high potential for industrial implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52306,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","volume":"9 2","pages":"Pages 182-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147428604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the impact of layer thickness and print orientation on strength and structural integrity of SLA 3D printed composites","authors":"Rotan Kumar Saha,&nbsp;Md Mustafizur Rahman,&nbsp;Md Tutul Islam,&nbsp;Md Mukshitul Mumin,&nbsp;Narayan Chandra Ray","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2025.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2025.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Additive manufacturing through stereolithography (SLA) offers promising capabilities for producing flexible photopolymer composites with tailored mechanical properties for advanced engineering applications. However, the influence of printing parameters and material composition on the performance of such composites remains underexplored. This study aims to evaluate the effects of layer thickness and print orientation on the mechanical and structural behavior of SLA-printed flexible composites reinforced with Kevlar fibers. Twelve composite formulations were developed using varying proportions of elastic resin (ER), standard resin (SR), and Kevlar fibers (KF). The printed samples were analyzed for tensile strength, strain, hardness, surface roughness, fiber distribution, and topographical characteristics. Among the tested formulations, sample S9 (ER: 90 %, SR: 9.80 %, KF: 0.20 %) exhibited the highest tensile strength (7.27 MPa) and significant strain (161.60 %) when printed flat at a 0.050 mm layer thickness. In contrast, pure ER (S1) demonstrated superior strain capacity (228.48 %) but lower tensile strength (1.98 MPa). Hardness improved with Kevlar reinforcement, reaching up to 34.38D. Surface roughness analysis revealed the lowest values in S7 (0.49 μm, lateral orientation) and S10 (0.30 μm, flat orientation). FESEM imaging confirmed strong interlayer bonding, while topographic and particle analyses indicated enhanced particle density in S9 (0.2329 particles/mm²). Fiber distribution varied significantly, with sample S11 showing the highest coverage (56.90 %). These results highlight the synergistic role of SLA parameters and composite formulations in optimizing mechanical performance and structural integrity, offering valuable insights for the design of next-generation flexible materials in additive manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52306,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","volume":"9 2","pages":"Pages 165-181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147428605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation into the effectiveness of a centralised magnetic yoke in the magnetorheological finishing technique using shear fluid for SUS 304 material","authors":"Minh Quang Nguyen,&nbsp;Van Thang Hoang,&nbsp;Tien Tung Nguyen,&nbsp;Thanh Le Thi Phuong,&nbsp;Chi Tam Nguyen,&nbsp;Hoanh Dao Ngoc,&nbsp;Duc Minh Nguyen,&nbsp;Duy Trinh Nguyen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2025.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2025.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>SUS 304 is a widely used material in various modern industrial applications, particularly in the biomedical field (implantable devices) and the aerospace industry (components in space equipment). Enhancing the surface quality of such components not only reduces friction but also improves the operational performance and reliability of the entire system. This paper presents a magnetic polishing employing a cutting fluid composed of SiO₂, Al₂O₃ abrasive particles and carbonyl iron particles to improve surface finishing efficiency. The implementation of a focused magnetic field design optimises the influence of magnetic field intensity on the cutting fluid, and the field strength reaches 538 mT in the machining zone. A series of experimental trials is conducted to analyse comprehensively and to evaluate the material removal rates of abrasive particles during surface finishing. Results indicate that abrasive particle size, polishing gap, rotational speed and the alignment of the magnetic disk's rotation centre substantially affect the cutting force and maximum stress during material removal. Notably, using 2 μm-sized abrasive particles in combination with optimised parameters yields superior surface finishing performance, and surface roughness decreases from 518.92 nm to 8.62 nm. These findings not only provide deeper insights into the material removal mechanisms of abrasive particles in magnetic polishing but also open new directions for enhancing surface quality and machining efficiency in magnetorheological finishing technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52306,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","volume":"9 2","pages":"Pages 123-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147428593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of incorporating high-entropy alloy interlayer on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg/steel resistance spot welded joints","authors":"Heng Shangguan ,&nbsp;Shiqiang Min ,&nbsp;Donghai Cheng ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Xiong ,&nbsp;Zemin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2025.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2025.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The composite structure of magnesium alloy and stainless steel can fully leverage the respective advantages of both materials, not only ensuring structural safety but also reducing component weight, demonstrating broad application prospects. In this experiment, a high-entropy alloy interlayer was introduced for resistance spot welding of Mg/steel dissimilar materials. The macro- and micro-morphologies of the joint interface were observed, and the interfacial microstructure characteristics were investigated using analytical methods including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The influence of the high-entropy alloy interlayer on the mechanical properties of the joint was analyzed, along with the examination of fracture microstructure. The results indicate that the Mg/steel joint with FeCoNiCrMn high-entropy alloy interlayer formed a distinct and stable transition zone. The joint exhibited favorable formation without defects such as cracks or pores. The interface generated abundant chemical bonds, consisting sequentially of α-Mg, α-Mg + Mg₁₇Al₁₂ eutectic structure, Fe₄Al₁₃ compound layer (magnesium side), FeCoNiCrMn “spherical” particles, (Fe,Ni) solid solution, Fe₄Al₁₃ compound layer (steel side), and α-Fe. The mechanical properties of joints with AlCrCuFeNi and FeCoNiCrMn high-entropy alloy interlayers were enhanced by approximately 24.4 % and 51 % respectively. Fractographic analysis revealed a ductile-brittle mixed fracture mode in the joints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52306,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","volume":"9 2","pages":"Pages 142-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147428591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Processing of lightweight Cu-intermetallic-Al composite through cyclic accumulative roll bonding and intermediate annealing","authors":"Zahra Soltani ,&nbsp;Mehdi Shaban Ghazani ,&nbsp;Beitallah Eghbali","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2025.09.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2025.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present research, the effects of cyclic accumulative roll bonding and intermediate annealing on the microstructural evolution, intermetallic compounds formation and mechanical properties of lightweight Cu–Al multi layered composites were investigated. Commercially pure copper and aluminum 1050 sheets were used to prepare initial sandwich which was then underwent as many as five ARB cycles, with an intermediate annealing treatment at 450 °C for 1 h. Comprehensive microstructural analysis using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction were done. Results show that during intermediate annealing significant grain refinement in Cu and Al layers were occurred and the gradual development of intermetallic compounds, particularly Al₂Cu, AlCu, and Al₄Cu₉, at the Cu/Al interfaces were formed. During the intermediate annealing, after each ARB pass, intermetallic compounds form continuous bands between the copper and aluminum layers, and then during each subsequent ARB pass after intermediate annealing, those banded compounds break and distributed in the matrix. In this manner, a homogeneous Cu/Intermetallic/Al composite is obtained. Also, it is seen that with increasing of ARB passes and intermediate annealing times, the volume fraction of brittle intermetallic compounds increased and their morphology changed from continuous layered to homogeneous fragmented and distributed form. The mechanical properties of the processed Cu/Intermetallic/Al composite are largely dependent on the morphology and volume fraction of the intermetallic compounds. When the intermetallic compounds are present in a fragmented form at the interface between the layers or distributed in copper matrix (as occurred after 4 ARB passes), the ductility is greatly reduced due to the increase in stress concentration regions around the intermetallic particles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52306,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","volume":"9 2","pages":"Pages 152-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147428544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laser welding of Al6061 alloy with dynamic beam shape","authors":"Aleksey Kovalevsky ,&nbsp;Denis Baulin ,&nbsp;Nina Armon ,&nbsp;Shmuel Ariely ,&nbsp;Keren Zohar-Hauber ,&nbsp;Alexander Katz-Demyanetz","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2025.10.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2025.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modern laser systems can greatly enhance the technological capabilities of welding processes. This paper examines the laser welding of the Aluminum 6061 alloy using a 14 kW fiber laser equipped with Optical Phase Array (OPA) technology, which allows for dynamic beam shaping at frequencies ranging from 1 to several hundred kHz. The study investigates different beam shape oscillation frequencies to identify optimal conditions that reduce welding defects. The “line” shape performed exceptionally well, achieving defect-free welds at a speed of 190 mm/s. Microstructural analysis of the weld/HAZ zone, which included optical microscopy and SEM/EBSD, revealed refined grains with morphological and crystallographic texture decreasing with increasing laser scan speed. The microstructural evaluation was conducted according to ISO 13919-2 and AWS D1.2 standards. The tensile strength reached 70–80 % of the base material without the use of filler due to reduced defects and optimized energy distribution. These findings underscore the potential of the dynamic beam shape for producing high-quality welds in Aluminum 6061 for structural applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52306,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","volume":"9 2","pages":"Pages 194-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147428590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid technique of MARCOS-Taguchi approach for multi-purpose optimization of friction stir spot welded AA6063 alloy integrated with silicon carbide and graphite","authors":"Ibrahim Sabry ,&nbsp;Abdel-Hamid I. Mourad ,&nbsp;Mohamed ElWakil ,&nbsp;Majid Naseri","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2025.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2025.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is a popular technique for solid-state welding of both weldable and non-weldable materials. As part of this investigation, Al6063-T6 weld specimens were strengthened with silicon carbide (SiC, ∼2 wt%, average particle size ≈ 10 μm) and graphite (Gr, ∼1 wt%, average particle size ≈ 8 μm) particles. The current study focused on optimizing the multi-objective FSSW process to achieve the optimal combination of process parameters for stronger welds. The Taguchi L16 orthogonal array was used to design experiments on process factors, including the dwell time, tool shoulder diameter, and tool pin length. Tensile-shear strength and flash height were the two output quality characteristics measured. Multi-objective optimization was performed using a hybrid measurement of alternatives and ranking based on the Compromise Solution (MARCOS)-Taguchi technique. The significance of parameters was determined utilizing the analysis of variance technique, and a confirmatory test verified the optimality of the results. The optimal combination of parameters achieved by Taguchi was also confirmed by the MARCOS method, indicating that both approaches can be used with high reliability to optimize weld quality characteristics. It was observed that the maximum weld strength was achieved with a 2 mm pin length, a 15 mm shoulder diameter, a 1000 rpm rotation speed, and a 9 s dwell time. Pin length had a significant impact on weld quality, followed by rotation speed, shoulder diameter, and dwell time. The presence of SiC and Gr reinforcement improved microhardness and tensile-shear strength. The MARCOS-Taguchi approach effectively optimized FSSW process parameters, with confirmatory testing validating the results. MARCOS reduced the prediction error to 0.3 % compared to 4.1 % in Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) and 3.9 % in Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52306,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","volume":"9 2","pages":"Pages 251-266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147546870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifunctional performance enhancement of polypropylene nanocomposites via dual filler hybridization: Mechanical, viscoelastic, creep, aging, and repairability analysis","authors":"Snaha Leena ,&nbsp;Sai Gopal Krishna Bhagavatula ,&nbsp;Rasana Nanoth ,&nbsp;Jayanarayanan Karingamanna ,&nbsp;Krishna Prasad Rajan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2025.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2025.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study investigates the collaborative effect of amine-functionalized graphene (GN) and tungsten carbide (WC) nanofillers on the static mechanical and viscoelastic properties of polypropylene (PP). Comprehensive analysis showed that the sample with 1 wt% of GN and 0.5 wt% of WC (P/0.5W/1G) exhibited superior mechanical properties. The elastic modulus of P/0.5W/1G showed an increase of 193 % compared with PP, owing to the pinning and bridging effect of the dual nanofillers. Various theoretical models were employed to predict the elastic modulus of the composite system, Hui-Shi model demonstrated close proximity with experimental values, as the model is best suited for 2D nanofillers. The sample exhibited a 176 % increase in critical stress intensity factor compared to neat PP. The fractographs of P/0.5W/1G indicated semi-brittle fracture, since the inclusion of WC and GN impeded the crack growth. The hydrothermal aging increased the tensile modulus of the samples due to the annealing effect. After repairing samples by hot plate welding, P/0.5W/1G showed 230 % enhancement in Young's modulus compared to PP due to the effective entanglement of nanofillers and polymer chains at the weld interface. The creep analysis revealed that P/0.5W/1G exhibited a lower strain rate, and rheological analysis showed shear thinning behaviour at higher viscosity. The formation of an effective dual network by 0D/2D nanofillers in PP, yielded a confined structure that limits the chain movement, particularly at higher service temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52306,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","volume":"9 2","pages":"Pages 207-224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147428589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimisation of welding parameters for ultrasonically assisted resistance spot welding of pure titanium Grade 2 and aluminium alloy 5754","authors":"Dawei Zhao ,&nbsp;Nikita Vdonin ,&nbsp;Lyudmila Radionova ,&nbsp;Lev Glebov ,&nbsp;Vasiliy Ivanov","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2025.09.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2025.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Welded joints between titanium alloys and aluminium alloys, particularly aluminium alloy 5754 and pure titanium Grade 2, present challenges due to the significant differences in their physical properties. This study employs ultrasonic vibration during the resistance welding process to enhance weld quality and mechanical properties. An experimental design method was used to arrange and conduct welding operations, followed by regression analysis to establish the relationship between welding parameters and the mechanical properties of the welds under tensile shear load tests. The findings indicate that weld strength initially increases with welding current and time, peaking before declining. Increased electrode pressure negatively impacts weld strength, contrary to previous studies, as it expels liquid aluminium from the weld area, reducing the bonding area. Although pure titanium does not melt during welding, it undergoes phase transformation; specifically, the α phase converts to the β phase due to the welding heat input. Then, during cooling, the β phase forms blocky, spiked and needle-like α phases. The optimal welding parameters yield a welded joint that fails through nugget pull-out, with the aluminium alloy 5754 being pulled away.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52306,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","volume":"9 2","pages":"Pages 225-241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147428268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resistance spot welding of DH1200 using short pulses and high currents: Effects on nugget size, microstructure, hardness, liquid metal embrittlement, and tensile shear strength","authors":"Saeed Shiri ,&nbsp;Holger Schubert ,&nbsp;Benjamin Hilpert ,&nbsp;Luke N. Brewer","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2025.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2025.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates short-pulse high-current resistance spot welding (RSW) of DH1200, a third-generation advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) critical to lightweight automotive structures. Six RSW scenarios were designed by varying weld time and current in both single- and double-pulse schedules, targeting a rarely explored regime with durations as short as ∼100 ms and currents up to 15 kA. Key weld attributes, including nugget size, microstructure, hardness, liquid metal embrittlement (LME) cracking, and tensile shear strength (TSS), were systematically analyzed. Contrary to conventional understanding, increased heat input did not necessarily generate larger nuggets or greater LME severity. Instead, weld current was found to be the dominant controller of nugget size, LME cracks, and TSS. Microhardness near the weld centerline was governed primarily by microstructure and remained largely insensitive to process parameters. Short-time, high-current conditions in double-pulse RSW produced large nugget sizes, exceeding even the <span><math><mrow><mn>6</mn><msqrt><mrow><mtext>sheet</mtext><mspace></mspace><mtext>thickness</mtext></mrow></msqrt></mrow></math></span> criterion, and enhanced both TSS peak load and energy absorption. Furthermore, reducing weld time at constant current significantly mitigated LME, which caused substantial strength degradation in two severe cracking cases. These findings offer new insights into the development of short-pulse RSW schedules beyond conventional practice, enabling cycle-time reduction in automotive production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52306,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","volume":"9 1","pages":"Pages 60-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}