Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)最新文献

{"title":"Insect zoos and butterfly houses for public education: issues related to shipping and international trade of non-native insects.","authors":"L Saul-Gershenz","doi":"10.20506/rst.41.1.3311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.41.1.3311","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Informal science education institutions such as zoos, natural history museums and botanical gardens exhibit live native and exotic insects and other arthropods to improve the general public's knowledge about these organisms and promote their conservation in nature. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the process of shipping exotic arthropods for exhibits and the regulations that apply, and to discuss issues that affect international shipment for this type of activity. These issues include escapes affecting the environment and delays affecting the viability of shipped insects. The regulatory agencies that issue permits for the importation of live insects for education and exhibit are discussed. The number of butterflies flying in the exhibits ranges from 100 specimens at the Butterfly Encounter of the Connecticut Science Center to a high of 15,000 specimens at the Dubai Butterfly Garden, with a mean of 2,048 specimens (n = 32). If the outlier of 15,000 is removed, the mean is 1,630 (n = 31). Insect zoos and butterfly exhibits play an overwhelmingly positive educational role by introducing millions of children and adults to the immensely important world of insects.</p>","PeriodicalId":520770,"journal":{"name":"Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)","volume":" ","pages":"142-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40581136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preface.","authors":"M Eloit","doi":"10.20506/rst.41.1.3300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.41.1.3300","url":null,"abstract":"International Conference on “Sustainable Management of Earth Resources and Biodiversity” (SERBEMA-2022) was successfully held on 12 – 13 April 2022 by National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Tashkent State Agrarian University, “Tuproqsifattahlil” LLC, and Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.\u0000 Owing to the actual COVID-19 pandemic situation in the globe, SERBEMA-2022 conference was held in the hybrid format: on-site at National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek and in the format of videoconference using ZOOM platform. Despite the cancellation of pandemic restrictions in Uzbekistan, the organizers still considered proactive safety and all the necessary requirements for holding an event in the pandemic situation such as separate entrances and exits for the exhibition, and conference rooms were equipped with barrier tapes and signs. Sessions were shortened to allow for airing and sanitizing of potential contact surfaces. There were some coffee breaks in a separate canteen and all conference participants and guests were provided with medical masks. For virtual involvement, several social network possibilities were available, as well as video conferencing with all interested participants. Contributors and listeners delivered reports and discussed subjects using digital technology.","PeriodicalId":520770,"journal":{"name":"Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)","volume":" ","pages":"9-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40583646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issues and gaps in international guidance and national regulatory systems affecting international live insect trade.","authors":"M M Quinlan,&nbsp;J D Mumford,&nbsp;S Messori,&nbsp;W R Enkerlin,&nbsp;J Shimura,&nbsp;L Smith,&nbsp;B Dass,&nbsp;C F Oliva,&nbsp;C Nelson,&nbsp;R Chand,&nbsp;G Torres","doi":"10.20506/rst.41.1.3317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.41.1.3317","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>International trade in live insects involves the shipping of many different species, for various purposes, with a variety of handling requirements regulated by numerous authorities with varying objectives. The diversity of factors at play has both created and been subject to a complex regulatory landscape. A review of global production, shipping and use experiences from a range of perspectives has shown gaps and inconsistencies in international guidance and national implementation. Private carriers add another layer of uncertainty that is disproportionate to risks, resulting in variable practices and charges. Many benefits can come from international trade in insects, including pollinator services, control of pests and of disease vectors, and enhanced international scientific research and innovation. These benefits will be better achieved through a more evidence-based and efficient approach to regulating trade. This change in approach will in turn require an improved and widely accepted risk-management landscape for insect trade.</p>","PeriodicalId":520770,"journal":{"name":"Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)","volume":" ","pages":"198-210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40691579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Movement of genetically modified insects for research purposes.","authors":"A Simoni","doi":"10.20506/rst.41.1.3307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.41.1.3307","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Insects play a crucial role in research. Many laboratories are developing technologies to control insect vectors or agricultural pests by using genetic modifications that either reduce insect reproduction or increase refractoriness to disease transmission. Those tools include gene-drive elements that may spread such genetic traits in a selfsustaining and cost-effective manner. Since international research collaborations are nowadays routine, movement of genetically modified insects between laboratories under different regulatory jurisdictions is very common. This article describes the requirements and guidelines for transportation of genetically modified insects for research. The author draws upon the experience gained by an Italian laboratory, in its role as a research centre involved in shipments of wild and modified mosquitoes, within an international research consortium developing sustainable tools for malaria control.</p>","PeriodicalId":520770,"journal":{"name":"Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)","volume":" ","pages":"100-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40583641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The sterile insect technique: an international framework to facilitate transboundary shipments of sterile insects.","authors":"W R Enkerlin,&nbsp;R Pereira","doi":"10.20506/rst.41.1.3303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.41.1.3303","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The sterile insect technique (SIT) has been successfully used since the 1950s as part of an integrated pest management approach in large-scale programmes to prevent, contain, suppress and eradicate key insect pests in many countries throughout the world. During this period, over one trillion live sterile insects have been shipped across borders. The very few adverse incidents from this significant trade were managed and resulted in no significant impacts. The phytosanitary and zoosanitary requirements by importing countries have been simple, facilitating the transboundary shipment of sterile insects, which is carried out mostly under the framework of cooperative agreements between the governments of the countries involved, and under technical cooperation projects of the United Nations. However, the shipment of sterile insects from sources outside this governmental framework, including public-private facilities, has been complicated, despite the availability of harmonised international guidelines in some cases, such as those for fruit flies. The SIT has great potential for the control of endemic pests or against the growing threat of invasive pests that can affect whole regions and even continents. Since SIT is species-specific, with negligible risk of introducing unwanted invasive species to the environment, and with the advantage of reducing insecticide use, a harmonised framework that recognises the low risk of SIT would facilitate shipments of sterile insects across borders and help to expand the use of this effective and environmentally friendly technology. The scope of this paper is limited to insects that have been sterilised using ionising radiation.</p>","PeriodicalId":520770,"journal":{"name":"Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)","volume":" ","pages":"66-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40583643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"International live insect trade: a survey of stakeholders.","authors":"C F Oliva,&nbsp;R Chand,&nbsp;J Prudhomme,&nbsp;S Messori,&nbsp;G Torres,&nbsp;J D Mumford,&nbsp;I Deme,&nbsp;M M Quinlan","doi":"10.20506/rst.41.1.3302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.41.1.3302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There are significant numbers of transboundary shipments of live insects for pollination, pest management, industrial processes, research and other uses, but data collection and analysis have proved difficult. The World Organisation for Animal Health and Collectif TIS (Technique de l'Insecte Stérile), a French think tank, carried out a stakeholder survey to understand the nature of the live insect trade and potential challenges to safety and efficiency. Target respondents had experience in the areas of biocontrol, sterile insect technique, entomological research and regulatory affairs. Although the survey was sent globally, the responses were unintentionally biased towards Europe, where interest is high, since this region is developing a comprehensive framework to promote the use of beneficial insects to replace pesticides. The survey also explored respondents' knowledge of several international agreements on the movement and risk management of beneficial or invasive insects. Knowledge of the various regulations was generally poor, and respondents highlighted a perceived lack of clarity regarding live insect shipments in the existing international regulations and guidelines. Almost two-thirds of participants reported reluctance by carriers to accept live insects for shipment, and three-quarters described occasional to systematic delays that resulted in a reduction of quality or viability. Some respondents reported that they instead hand-carry live insects, mostly in small quantities. Participants described being directly involved in trade covering 70 species of live insects and ticks transported among 37 countries, with volumes ranging from fewer than ten insects to over a million per shipment. Of these, 30% were potential vectors of pathogens to humans or animals, 42% were potential plant pest species (including some used for biocontrol), and 17% were classical biocontrol agents. The results of this survey begin to define the current scope, scale and issues for those involved in shipping live insects and ticks across political boundaries. The survey's aim is to persuade regulatory bodies and shipping operators to facilitate safety, efficiency and consistency in this underdeveloped sector.</p>","PeriodicalId":520770,"journal":{"name":"Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)","volume":" ","pages":"29-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40583645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The World Organisation for Animal Health - current and potential roles in safe international trade of bees and other insects.","authors":"G Torres,&nbsp;F Diaz,&nbsp;Y Okamura,&nbsp;S Messori,&nbsp;J Hutchison","doi":"10.20506/rst.41.1.3318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.41.1.3318","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH, founded as OIE) is the recognised intergovernmental standard-setting organisation for animal health and welfare. The WOAH mandate is to support its members in the prevention of the spread of animal diseases of concern, as listed in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code (Terrestrial Code). Once a disease, infection or infestation is listed, national Veterinary Authorities have the obligation regularly to notify WOAH of the presence or absence of the listed disease. In regard to insects, the scope of the Terrestrial Code limits its recommendations to preserving the health of bees (species of the genus Apis, extended to the genus Bombus and to the stingless bees for one disease). However, it does not include standards to mitigate the potential animal health risks associated with the international trade of other insects. A description of the standard-setting process and a review of the history of the standards for bee health highlight the resources and requirements to expand the scope of the Terrestrial Code to include recommendations for animal health risk mitigation measures for the safety of international trade in insects. Any initiative to develop guidance on insect trade should include WOAH in its role as the sole global standard-setting organisation on animal health and welfare matters. This aligns with the WOAH commitment to a One Health approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":520770,"journal":{"name":"Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)","volume":" ","pages":"211-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40691580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shipment of insects and related arthropods into and out of India for research or commercial purposes.","authors":"P Sreerama Kumar,&nbsp;K Sreedevi,&nbsp;U Amala,&nbsp;A Gupta,&nbsp;A Verghese","doi":"10.20506/rst.41.1.3312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.41.1.3312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper provides a concise summary of the guidelines and regulations that govern the shipment of insects and related arthropods into and out of India. It discusses the Plant Quarantine (Regulation of Import into India) Order, 2003, which regulates the import of agents for biological control, and the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, and associated Biological Diversity Rules, 2004, which guide the transfer of insects and related arthropods for identification, taxonomic research, and commercial purposes. Insect trade for some food and feed purposes is also mentioned. Finally, some implications, conclusions and recommendations are presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":520770,"journal":{"name":"Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)","volume":" ","pages":"158-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40581133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conservation biology for the commercial insect trade in Japan: agricultural bumblebees and companion insects as examples.","authors":"K Goka","doi":"10.20506/rst.41.1.3310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.41.1.3310","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Japan imports a wide range of arthropods for industrial use and as companion animals. Such imports may threaten ecosystems locally and in their regions of origin. Two iconic insect imports that pose ecological problems are agricultural bumblebees and companion beetles. Colonies of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris have contributed significantly to agricultural production since they were first brought to Japan in the 1990s. But, in their progressive feralisation, they harm populations of native bumblebees through competition, hybridisation, and the introduction of parasites. They also threaten native plant reproduction. The species is currently permitted for agricultural use only in netted greenhouses. Since 2000, imports of companion beetles have thrived, with an estimated market size of many billions of yen. The popularity of rare species has led to a sharp rise in prices, overhunting, and smuggling from their native countries. These exotic species may also become invasive if they escape into nature. There are no clear restrictions on beetle imports, but a government campaign is aimed to improve ethical standards for breeding. In addition, imported tarantulas, centipedes and scorpions are becoming increasingly popular. These species pose similar threats as imported beetles and bees, but the actual state of importation and breeding is difficult to ascertain. Importing insects into Japan can create the following issues: the overexploitation of rare species collected from their native habitats; the traffic in species of which collection and sale is prohibited; the risk that escaped individuals will breed as invasive species; and the introduction of alien microorganisms and parasites.</p>","PeriodicalId":520770,"journal":{"name":"Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)","volume":" ","pages":"132-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40581135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction.","authors":"J D Mumford,&nbsp;M M Quinlan","doi":"10.20506/rst.41.1.3301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.41.1.3301","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520770,"journal":{"name":"Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)","volume":" ","pages":"15-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40583644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}