{"title":"Identification of a regiospecific <i>S</i>-oxygenase for the production of marasmin in traditional medicinal plant <i>Tulbaghia violacea</i>.","authors":"Jichen Wang, Hideyuki Suzuki, Nanako Nakashima, Mariko Kitajima, Hiromitsu Takayama, Kazuki Saito, Mami Yamazaki, Naoko Yoshimoto","doi":"10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.0619a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.0619a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Marasmin [<i>S</i>-(methylthiomethyl)-L-cysteine-4-oxide] is a pharmaceutically valuable sulfur-containing compound produced by the traditional medicinal plant, <i>Tulbaghia violacea</i>. Here, we report the identification of an <i>S</i>-oxygenase, TvMAS1, that produces marasmin from its corresponding sulfide, <i>S</i>-(methylthiomethyl)-L-cysteine. The amino acid sequence of TvMAS1 showed high sequence similarity to known flavin-containing <i>S</i>-oxygenating monooxygenases in plants. Recombinant TvMAS1 catalyzed regiospecific <i>S</i>-oxygenation at S4 of <i>S</i>-(methylthiomethyl)-L-cysteine to yield marasmin, with an apparent <i>K</i> <sub>m</sub> value of 0.55 mM. <i>TvMAS1</i> mRNA accumulated with <i>S</i>-(methylthiomethyl)-L-cysteine and marasmin in various organs of <i>T. violacea</i>. Our findings suggest that TvMAS1 catalyzes the <i>S</i>-oxygenation reaction during the last step of marasmin biosynthesis in <i>T. violacea</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":520754,"journal":{"name":"Plant biotechnology (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":" ","pages":"281-289"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9592931/pdf/plantbiotechnology-39-3-22.0619a.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40462088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Transcriptome sequencing and DEG analysis in different developmental stages of floral buds induced by potassium chlorate in <i>Dimocarpus longan</i>.","authors":"Shilian Huang, Yanchun Qiao, Xinmin Lv, Jianguang Li, Dongmei Han, Dongliang Guo","doi":"10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.0526a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.0526a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Potassium chlorate can promote off-season flowering in longan, but the molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, four-year-old 'Shixia' longan trees were injected in the trunk with potassium chlorate, and terminal buds were sampled and analyzed using transcriptomics and bioinformatics tools. To generate a reference longan transcriptome, we obtained 207,734 paired-end reads covering a total of 58,514,149 bp, which we assembled into 114,445 unigenes. Using this resource, we identified 3,265 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were regulated in longan terminal buds in response to potassium chlorate treatment for 2, 6 or 30 days, including 179 transcription factor genes. By reference to the Arabidopsis literature, we then defined 38 longan genes involved in flowering, from which we constructed the longan flowering pathway. According to RNA-seq data, at least 24 of these genes, which participate in multiple signaling pathways, are involved in potassium chlorate-stimulated floral induction, and the differential regulation in terminal buds of ten floral pathway genes (<i>GI</i>, <i>CO</i>, <i>GID1</i>, <i>GA4</i>, <i>GA5</i>, <i>FLC</i>, <i>AP1</i>, <i>LFY</i>, <i>FT</i> and <i>SOC1</i>) was confirmed by qRT-PCR. These data will contribute to an improved understanding of the functions of key genes involved in longan floral induction by potassium chlorate.</p>","PeriodicalId":520754,"journal":{"name":"Plant biotechnology (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":" ","pages":"259-272"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9592951/pdf/plantbiotechnology-39-3-22.0526a.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40688640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Establishment of a genetic transformation system for <i>Codonopsis pilosula</i> callus.","authors":"Zhe-Yu Liu, Jiao-Jiao Ji, Feng Jiang, Xing-Rui Tian, Jian-Kuan Li, Jian-Ping Gao","doi":"10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.0520a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.0520a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Codonopsis pilosula</i>, a traditional Chinese medicinal and edible plant, contains several bioactive components. However, the biosynthetic mechanism is unclear because of the difficulties associated with functional gene analysis. Therefore, it is important to establish an efficient genetic transformation system for gene function analysis. In this study, we established a highly efficient <i>Agrobacterium</i>-mediated callus genetic transformation system for <i>C. pilosula</i> using stems as explants. After being pre-cultured for 3 days, the explants were infected with <i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i> strain GV3101 harboring pCAMBIA1381-35S::<i>GUS</i> at an OD<sub>600</sub> value of 0.3 for 15 min, followed by co-cultivation on MS induction medium for 1 day and delayed cultivation on medium supplemented with 250 mg l<sup>-1</sup> cefotaxime sodium for 12 days. The transformed calli were selected on screening medium supplemented with 250 mg l<sup>-1</sup> cefotaxime sodium and 2.0 mg l<sup>-1</sup> hygromycin and further confirmed by PCR amplification of the <i>GUS</i> gene and histochemical GUS assay. Based on the optimal protocol, the induction and transformation efficiency of calli reached a maximum of 91.07%. The establishment of a genetic transformation system for <i>C. pilosula</i> calli lays the foundation for the functional analysis of genes related to bioactive components through genetic engineering technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":520754,"journal":{"name":"Plant biotechnology (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":" ","pages":"251-257"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9592944/pdf/plantbiotechnology-39-3-22.0520a.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40673509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Brassinosteroids are required for efficient root tip regeneration in <i>Arabidopsis</i>.","authors":"Naoki Takahashi, Masaaki Umeda","doi":"10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.1103a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.1103a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Compared with other organisms, plants have an extraordinary capacity for self-repair. Even if the entire tissues, including the stem cells, are resected, most plant species are able to completely regenerate whole tissues. However, the mechanism by which plants efficiently regenerate the stem cell niche during tissue reorganization is still largely unknown. Here, we found that the signaling mediated by plant steroid hormones brassinosteroids is activated during stem cell formation after root tip excision in <i>Arabidopsis</i>. Treatment with brassinazole, an inhibitor of brassinosteroid biosynthesis, delayed the recovery of stem cell niche after root tip excision. Regeneration of root tip after resection was also delayed in a brassinosteroid receptor mutant. Therefore, we propose that brassinosteroids participate in efficient root tip regeneration, thereby enabling efficient tissue regeneration to ensure continuous root growth after resection.</p>","PeriodicalId":520754,"journal":{"name":"Plant biotechnology (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":" ","pages":"73-78"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9200090/pdf/plantbiotechnology-39-1-21.1103a.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40594322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Expression of the auxin biosynthetic genes <i>YUCCA1</i> and <i>YUCCA4</i> is dependent on the boundary regulators <i>CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON</i> genes in the <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> embryo.","authors":"Mizuki Yamada, Shunsuke Tanaka, Tatsuya Miyazaki, Mitsuhiro Aida","doi":"10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.0924a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.0924a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During embryogenesis of eudicots, the apical region of the embryo develops two cotyledon primordia and the shoot meristem. In <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>, this process is dependent on the functionally redundant activities of the CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON (CUC) transcription factors, namely CUC1, CUC2, and CUC3, as well as the phytohormone auxin. However, the relationship between the CUC proteins and auxin has yet to be fully elucidated. In the present study, we examined whether the expression of auxin biosynthetic genes is dependent on <i>CUC</i> gene activities. Comprehensive quantitative RT-PCR analysis of the main auxin biosynthetic gene families of <i>TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS1</i>/<i>TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE RELATED</i> and <i>YUCCA</i> (<i>YUC</i>) showed that <i>YUC1</i> and <i>YUC4</i> expression levels were lower in <i>cuc</i> double mutant embryos than the expression levels of these genes in wild type embryos. Reporter analysis also revealed that the expression of <i>YUC1</i> and <i>YUC4</i> in the cotyledon boundary region was reduced in <i>cuc</i> double mutant embryos. In contrast, the loss of function mutation in the <i>SHOOT MERISTEMLESS</i> gene, a shoot stem cell regulator that acts downstream of the <i>CUC</i> genes, did not markedly affect <i>YUC1</i> expression levels. These results demonstrate that <i>CUC</i> genes play an important role in the regulation of auxin biosynthetic gene expression during embryogenesis; furthermore, they raise the possibility that the auxin produced by this regulation contributes to cotyledon boundary development.</p>","PeriodicalId":520754,"journal":{"name":"Plant biotechnology (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":" ","pages":"37-42"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9200086/pdf/plantbiotechnology-39-1-21.0924a.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40594326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A glycogen synthase kinase 3-like kinase MpGSK regulates cell differentiation in <i>Marchantia polymorpha</i>.","authors":"Tomoyuki Furuya, Ryuichi Nishihama, Kimitsune Ishizaki, Takayuki Kohchi, Hiroo Fukuda, Yuki Kondo","doi":"10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.1219a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.1219a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plants precisely coordinate the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation to ensure the continuous development. In <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>, members of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) family, which are highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinases among eukaryotes, play important roles in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation during various developmental processes. However, functional roles of GSK3s in the plant lineages except angiosperms remain to be elucidated. Here, we utilized a model liverwort, <i>Marchantia polymorpha</i>, for studies of GSK3, because it has a single GSK3-like kinase, MpGSK. When <i>M. polymorpha</i> was treated with a chemical compound, bikinin, which is known as a specific inhibitor for GSK3-like kinases, growth and morphologies were altered with an expansion of the meristematic region. Similarly, Mp<i>gsk</i> loss-of-function mutants accumulated undifferentiated cell mass with no differentiated tissues. By contrast, overexpression of Mp<i>GSK</i> reduced the size of the meristem region. These results suggest that MpGSK plays important roles as a regulator for the balance between cell differentiation and proliferation in <i>M. polymorpha</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":520754,"journal":{"name":"Plant biotechnology (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":" ","pages":"65-72"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9200085/pdf/plantbiotechnology-39-1-21.1219a.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40594328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Migration of prospindle before the first asymmetric division in germinating spore of <i>Marchantia polymorpha</i>.","authors":"Yuuki Sakai, Takumi Higaki, Kimitsune Ishizaki, Ryuichi Nishihama, Takayuki Kohchi, Seiichiro Hasezawa","doi":"10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.1217b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.1217b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of the plant body starts with spore germination in bryophytes. In many cases, the first division of the spore occurs after germination and cell elongation of the spore. In <i>Marchantia polymorpha</i>, asymmetric division occurs upon spore germination to generate two daughter cells: the larger one retains the ability to divide and develops into the thallus via sporeling or protonema, while the smaller one maintains tip growth and differentiates into the first rhizoid, providing a scaffold for initial development. Although spore germination of <i>M. polymorpha</i> was described in the 19th century, the intracellular processes of the first asymmetric division of the spore have not been well characterized. In this study, we used live-cell imaging analyses to elucidate microtubule dynamics during the first asymmetric division concomitantly with germination. In particular, we demonstrated that the preprophase band was not formed in the spore and that the bipolar prospindle, which is a microtubule structure surrounding the nucleus during prophase, migrated from the center to the periphery in the spore, suggesting that it was the earliest visible sign of cell polarity. We also showed that the occurrence of asymmetric division depended on actin filaments. Our findings regarding the first division of the spore in <i>M. polymorpha</i> will lead to a better model for cell-autonomous asymmetric division in plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":520754,"journal":{"name":"Plant biotechnology (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":" ","pages":"5-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9200083/pdf/plantbiotechnology-39-1-21.1217b.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40480208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancement of shoot regeneration by treatment with inhibitors of auxin biosynthesis and transport during callus induction in tissue culture of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>.","authors":"Iwai Ohbayashi, Yuki Sakamoto, Hitomi Kuwae, Hiroyuki Kasahara, Munetaka Sugiyama","doi":"10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.1225a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.1225a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In two-step culture systems for efficient shoot regeneration, explants are first cultured on auxin-rich callus-inducing medium (CIM), where cells are activated to proliferate and form calli containing root-apical meristem (RAM)-type stem cells and stem cell niche, and then cultured on cytokinin-rich shoot-inducing medium (SIM), where stem cells and stem cell niche of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) are established eventually leading to shoot regeneration. In the present study, we examined the effects of inhibitors of auxin biosynthesis and polar transport in the two-step shoot regeneration culture of Arabidopsis and found that, when they were applied during CIM culture, although callus growth was repressed, shoot regeneration in the subsequent SIM culture was significantly increased. The regeneration-stimulating effect of the auxin biosynthesis inhibitor was not linked with the reduction in the endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) level. Expression of the auxin-responsive reporter indicated that auxin response was more uniform and even stronger in the explants cultured on CIM with the inhibitors than in the control explants. These results suggested that the shoot regeneration competence of calli was enhanced somehow by the perturbation of the endogenous auxin dynamics, which we discuss in terms of the transformability between RAM and SAM stem cell niches.</p>","PeriodicalId":520754,"journal":{"name":"Plant biotechnology (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":" ","pages":"43-50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9200084/pdf/plantbiotechnology-39-1-21.1225a.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40480207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pericycle cell division competence underlies various developmental programs.","authors":"Ye Zhang, Masaaki Umeda, Tatsuo Kakimoto","doi":"10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.1202a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.1202a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pericycle cells possess proliferative activity long after leaving the root apical meristem. Depending on the developmental stage and external stimuli, pericycle cell division leads to the production of lateral roots, vascular cambium and periderm, and callus. Therefore, pericycle cell division competence underlies root branching and secondary growth, as well as plant regeneration capacity. In this review, we first briefly present an overview of the molecular pathways of the four developmental programs originated, exclusively or partly, from pericycle cells. Then, we provide a review of up-to-date knowledge in the mechanisms determining pericycle cells' competence to undergo cell division. Furthermore, we discuss directions of future research to further our understanding of the pericycle's characteristics and functions.</p>","PeriodicalId":520754,"journal":{"name":"Plant biotechnology (Tokyo, Japan)","volume":" ","pages":"29-36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9200087/pdf/plantbiotechnology-39-1-21.1202a.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40594324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}