Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology最新文献

{"title":"Carbon nitride immobilized on a reusable 3D-printed support for sustainable visible-light-driven ammonia synthesis.","authors":"Amala Joy, Maria J Sampaio, Joaquim L Faria, Cláudia G Silva","doi":"10.1007/s43630-026-01010-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-026-01010-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The significant carbon footprint and energy demand of the photocatalytic ammonia system necessitates high catalytic activity, efficient catalyst recovery, and reuse under mild conditions. In this work, we demonstrate efficient visible-light-driven ammonia synthesis using metal-free thermally exfoliated carbon nitride (GCN-T) immobilized on a 3D-printed support (GCN-T/3D). Under visible-LED irradiation (435 nm) and mild heterogeneous reaction conditions, this sustainable, environmentally friendly photocatalyst facilitates improved nitrogen (N₂) activation, emphasizing its potential for effective recovery and reuse in ammonia production. The GCN-T photocatalyst-based process generated 334 µmol.g_cat^-1 h^- 1 ammonium (NH₄⁺) solution when glycerol was used as a hole scavenger, which is approximately three times higher than the rates reported for other GCN-based catalysts. FTIR-ATR, photoluminescence, photoelectrochemical, and UV-Vis DRS analyses were conducted to characterize the prepared catalysts. BET analysis showed that applying a second thermal treatment to GCN material increased the pore volume, thereby improving N₂ adsorption across the catalyst surface and photogenerated carrier separation. Remarkably, the 3D structure with the immobilized catalyst increased the rate of NH₄⁺ generation and enabled at least 4 reutilization runs without loss of activity. An apparent quantum efficiency of 0.020% was obtained using the immobilized catalyst. The study also examined the effect of various scavengers on the NH₄⁺ generation rate. Additionally, experiments using different water matrices, including seawater, yielded moderate results within one hour, highlighting the real-world potential for sustainable ammonia production. This research introduces a photocatalytic approach that combines a 2D metal-free optical semiconductor immobilized over a reusable 3D-printed structure for decentralized, low-carbon ammonia synthesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":520750,"journal":{"name":"Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149198853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurements of erythema effective ultraviolet irradiance in artificial tanning devices in Switzerland.","authors":"Yannik Waeber, Fabio Rinderer, Florian Stuker, Martin Meier, Evelyn Stempfel","doi":"10.1007/s43630-026-01004-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-026-01004-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artificial tanning devices expose users to ultraviolet radiation and are associated with an increased risk of skin cancer. To protect users, Swiss legislation, among other requirements based on the SN EN 60335-2-27, limits the total erythema effective irradiance of artificial tanning devices to [Formula: see text]. Additionally, only UV-Type 3 devices may be used in unsupervised settings. From 2022 to 2024, Swiss cantonal authorities conducted a nationwide measurement campaign to assess compliance with the limits. For this, a portable measurement system, based on a stray-light-suppressing array spectroradiometer was developed and evaluated against precision double-monochromator measurements. The developed system achieved comparable accuracy while enabling rapid in-situ conformity assessments. Overall, 1'521 individual measurements were performed on 436 artificial tanning devices across Switzerland. While [Formula: see text] of the measured devices complied with the legal limit for the total erythema effective irradiance, only [Formula: see text] met the criteria of UV-Type 3 devices. After corrective actions on previously non-compliant devices, follow-up measurements showed that [Formula: see text] of all tested devices were compliant. The results demonstrate the suitability of the developed measurement system and reveal substantial compliance deficiencies, highlighting the need for continued inspection of artificial tanning devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":520750,"journal":{"name":"Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Singlet oxygen phosphorescence detection in living adherent cells in vitro.","authors":"Steffen Hackbarth, Muriel Kabus, Xiuli Zheng, Tong Mu, Ronald Sroka, Weimin Liu","doi":"10.1007/s43630-026-00999-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-026-00999-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Optical detection of singlet oxygen in cells affects the investigated cells and potentially, photosensitization skews the observed results, since the generated singlet oxygen undergoes chemical reactions with cellular quenchers. For this reason, the illumination intensity has to be kept low during a measurement to avoid killing and destruction of the investigated cells. The scope of this paper is to show, that scanning detection can meet both, sufficient sensitivity and low illumination dose, for adherent cells in 6-well plates.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The individual illumination dose for cells under investigation is reduced by distributing it among a large number of adherent growing cells. Adherent cell lines were investigated with regard to singlet oxygen production by means of simultaneous fiber-coupled irradiation at 635 nm and singlet oxygen phosphorescence detection. Singlet oxygen kinetics could be measured in two different cell types incubated with different photosensitizers, by scanning a major part of the area of a confluent layer of cells in a well.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>In each case, singlet oxygen signals kinetics could be observed and analyzed. Incubation with increasing amounts of photosensitizer did correlate to the determined signal amplitude and photosensitizer triplet decay times.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Focused excitation and observation in combination with scanning across the whole well results in successful determination of singlet oxygen kinetics from incubated adherent cells without detaching them. Further development is required to reduce artifacts, likely originating from scattered excitation light.</p>","PeriodicalId":520750,"journal":{"name":"Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visible light promoted chalcone transformations and their prominence for the synthesis of functionalized molecules: a review.","authors":"Aluru Rammohan, Grigory V Zyryanov","doi":"10.1007/s43630-026-01003-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-026-01003-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the time, there has been a growing interest in the development of ecologically acceptable and sustainable technologies for modern organic synthesis in order to meet the demands of safe, economical, and renewable industrial productions. As a result, photocatalysis has revolutionized organic synthesis by offering innovative and sustainable functionalization of complex molecules. Accordingly, the visible light-promoted synthesis of chalcone derivatives has been highly advantageous in enabling eco-friendly chemical transformations, as it utilizes light as an abundant and non-toxic energy source. Chalcones are inherently versatile synthons in synthetic organic chemistry because of the α, β-unsaturated carbonyl system, which allows for a variety of molecular transformations. Thus, the present review summarized visible light-promoted transformations of chalcones to corresponding functionalized heterocyclic derivatives like aziridines, oxiranes, cyclobutanes, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles, urundeuvines, benzo[d][1,3]-oxazocines, pyrimidines, and sulfonated chromanes, which may be useful for biological and material science applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":520750,"journal":{"name":"Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Light stimuli attenuates inflammatory activation in primary bone marrow-derived macrophages.","authors":"Brenda Gabriele da Silva, Bruna Araújo Milan, Laís Kawamata de Jesus, Robson Diego Calixto, Natália Pieretti Bueno, Márcia Martins Marques, Emanuela Prado Ferraz","doi":"10.1007/s43630-026-01008-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-026-01008-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bone repair depends on a regulated macrophage-driven inflammatory response. Non-activated macrophages (M0) differentiate into pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes in response to microenvironmental signals. This study evaluated, in vitro, the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) on bone marrow-derived macrophage polarisation. Monocytes were isolated, differentiated into macrophages (M0), and induced to acquire M1- or M2-associated characteristics. Cells were irradiated using a PBM protocol for bone regeneration (equivalent dose of 2.1 E). Cells were analysed according to morphology, expression of M1 (iNOS, Tnf-α) or M2 markers (Arg1, Cd206), protein expression (iNOS and ARG1), and nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Data were analysed using 1-way analysis of variance or Student's t-test (p ≤ 0.05). PBM promoted selective and transient modulation of inflammatory and metabolic markers in M0, M1, and M2 macrophages. Compared to non-PBM-treated cells, M1^PBM cells had reduced NO levels, increased early ROS levels, and decreased gene and protein expression. In M2^PBM cells, transient changes in NO and ROS production were detected, with reduced Cd206 expression and similar Arg1 expression, although increased ARG1 protein expression was detected compared to non-irradiated controls. In M0^PBM cells, NO levels remained unchanged, while early ROS levels increased, accompanied by reduced iNos and Arg-1, and increased Cd206 expression. Under the selected parameters, PBM modulated macrophage inflammatory behaviour, but was insufficient to induce classical macrophage polarisation towards a specific phenotype. These findings suggest that modulation of macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses may contribute to the effects of this PBM protocol during bone repair.</p>","PeriodicalId":520750,"journal":{"name":"Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PanEuCOPT-01: Photodynamic Inactivation of fungal mycelial spheres of plant-pathogenic Botrytis cinerea.","authors":"Linda Jernej, Bianka Siewert, Kristjan Plaetzer","doi":"10.1007/s43630-026-00969-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43630-026-00969-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This protocol describes an assay for Photodynamic Inactivation of the plant-pathogenic filamentous fungal species Botrytis cinerea. Grey mold (B. cinerea) occurs worldwide and affects over 200 different crops. Several resistant strains of the species have been collected on fields in past years. Here, mycelial spheres are used as a three-dimensional model to mimic the mold's hyphal structures. The protocol is intended for comparative evaluation of antifungal efficacy of different variables, such as different photosensitizers, concentration dependence, and illumination parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":520750,"journal":{"name":"Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"2047-2053"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148682017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of a versatile fluorescence sensor for co-detecting ions in aqueous solution.","authors":"Yuan Chen, Yuzhu Chen, Yiduo Li, Luyue Wang, Jie Ma","doi":"10.1007/s43630-026-00963-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43630-026-00963-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A multifunctional fluorescence sensor is an important analytical method for detecting water quality. Herein, PCBH-FS, a fluorescence sensor, is first constructed by dispersing a new compound PCBH in THF-H₂O (fw 60%, v/v). PCBH-FS exhibits a distinct red-shifted emission from 405 to 475 nm and a \"turn-on\" fluorescence response to Fe³⁺ and Al³⁺ in the pH range of 5-9, and PCBH-FS exhibits a good fluorescence response to H⁺ in the pH range from 1 to 5. The Al³⁺-PCBH system can be used for F^- detection, while the Al³⁺-PCBH and Fe³⁺-PCBH systems can be used for sequential AcO^- detection in THF/H₂O mixed media. The binding ratio and the possible sensing mechanism between cations and PCBH molecules are discussed clearly. The LOD of the PCBH-FS reaches 0.44 µM, 0.36 µM, 2.02 µM, and 1.45 µM for detecting Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, F^-, and AcO^- in turn. The sensor provides a simple \"on-off\" & fluorescent-shift co-detection strategy for sequential detection of multiple ions in aqueous solutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":520750,"journal":{"name":"Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1913-1926"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148633563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In situ formation of TiS₂-decorated anatase TiO₂ via sulfate-derived synthesis for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen.","authors":"Mariana de Souza-Pereira, Eduarda Fraga Olivo, José Balena Gabriel Filho, Fabiana Lesse Dos Santos, Daniel Rodrigues Cardoso, Keila Nascimento Cavalcante, Renata Martins Benetti, Gécica Cardoso Bellettini de Souza, Fabiano Raupp Pereira, Manuel Joaquim Peixoto Marques Ribeiro, Adriano Michael Bernardin","doi":"10.1007/s43630-026-00973-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43630-026-00973-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) remains one of the most investigated photocatalysts for environmental remediation; however, its practical application under visible light is still limited by its wide band gap and rapid electron-hole recombination. In this work, TiO₂ nanoparticles were synthesized by a modified polymeric precursor method using different citric acid/metal ratios, leading to materials with distinct structural and surface properties. Structural analyses confirmed the formation of anatase TiO₂ with nanometric crystallite sizes and high specific surface area. Spectroscopic and EPR analyses revealed the presence of oxygen vacancies, Ti³⁺ species, and sulfur-related surface defects, which contributed to enhanced visible-light absorption and charge separation. Among the synthesized materials, the M1C15 sample exhibited the best photocatalytic performance toward acetaminophen degradation, achieving complete removal under UV irradiation. LC-MS analyses confirmed the disappearance of acetaminophen signals after treatment and revealed the formation of intermediate compounds associated with oxidative degradation pathways and radical coupling reactions. EPR spin-trapping experiments demonstrated the generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH), supporting the proposed photocatalytic mechanism. Under visible-light irradiation, the M1C15 sample achieved 18.2% paracetamol removal, indicating photocatalytic activity beyond the UV region. DRS, FTIR, EPR, and XPS analyses suggested that this behavior is associated with the formation of TiS₂ species on the surface of M1C15. These findings show that the proposed low-cost synthesis route produces promising photocatalysts for the treatment of pharmaceutical-contaminated wastewater under natural or artificial irradiation conditions with reduced energy demand.</p>","PeriodicalId":520750,"journal":{"name":"Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1979-1995"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148687530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abnormal-response yield and waveband prioritisation in monochromator phototesting for suspected photodermatoses.","authors":"Mingkai Wang, Chee Hian Tan, Robert Dawe, Sally Ibbotson, Ewan Eadie","doi":"10.1007/s43630-026-00972-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43630-026-00972-3","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Monochromator phototesting is a specialist investigation to assess abnormal skin response to defined ultraviolet and visible wavebands in patients with suspected photodermatoses. Monochromator phototesting spans ultraviolet B (UVB), ultraviolet A (UVA) and visible light (VL) and is used in specialist UK photodiagnostic centres. Abnormal-response yield varies between individuals and diagnostic groups. However, the procedure is time- and resource-intensive and limited to specialist centres.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;To identify the wavebands and waveband combinations that captured the greatest proportion of abnormal monochromator responses, and to explore whether these findings could inform future evaluation of limited-waveband approaches within specialist phototesting pathways.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This retrospective single-centre analysis included 668 phototesting results from 552 individuals collected between 2020 and 2025 at the Scottish Photobiology Service, NHS Tayside, Dundee, UK. Records prior to 2020 were reviewed in some selected patients to distinguish persistently negative monochromator tests from previously documented abnormal responses that had resolved before the study period. Assessed wavebands were 305 ± 5 nm (UVB), 335 ± 27 nm (UVB + UVA), 365 ± 27 nm (UVA), 400 ± 27 nm (UVA + VL) and 430 ± 27 nm (VL).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Of 552 individuals, 353 received a final clinical diagnosis of photodermatosis and 199 did not. Across individuals with photodermatoses, 335 nm showed the highest single-wavelength abnormal-response yield (203/353, 57.5%), followed by 365 nm (194/353, 55.0%), 305 nm (169/353, 47.9%), 400 nm (108/353, 30.6%) and 430 nm (46/353, 13.0%). Selected two- and three-waveband combinations increased abnormal-response yield, with 305 + 365 nm showing the highest two-waveband yield (239/353, 67.7%) and 305 + 365+400 nm showing the highest selected three-waveband yield (259/353, 73.4%). In complete-case paired analysis, abnormal-response rates differed significantly across wavelengths (Cochran's Q = 200.4, df = 4, p &lt; 0.001). Exploratory subgroup analyses showed distinct wavelength-response profiles across CAD, PLE and SU: CAD showed high yields at 305 and 335 nm, PLE showed lower monochromator abnormal-response yields across selected wavelengths and combinations, and SU showed greater longer-wavelength involvement.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;In this exploratory single-centre study, around one quarter of individuals with a final photodermatosis diagnosis in our service did not demonstrate abnormal responses on narrow-waveband monochromator phototesting. Limited waveband monochromator combinations showed differing abnormal response yields across photodermatoses, capturing most abnormal responses in chronic actinic dermatitis and many in solar urticaria, but under-detecting polymorphic light eruption. These findings support waveband phototesting across the","PeriodicalId":520750,"journal":{"name":"Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1971-1978"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148681914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining molar absorption coefficients for chromoproteins using relative actinometry with transient absorption spectroscopy: application to Orange Carotenoid Protein.","authors":"Stanisław Niziński, Elisabeth Hartmann, Michel Sliwa, Gotard Burdziński","doi":"10.1007/s43630-026-00967-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43630-026-00967-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Determining molar absorption coefficient for chromoprotein samples containing a significant fraction of apoprotein is problematic since conventional protein quantification methods, such as the Bradford assay, determine the total amount of protein. This leads to underestimation of molar absorption coefficient. Using Orange Carotenoid Protein (OCP) as a model system, we demonstrate an alternative approach employing the relative actinometry method and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. By comparing the ground state bleaching bands of OCP and β-carotene recorded immediately after the excitation, before the onset of decay, we determined a molar absorption coefficient that is representative of the holoprotein. β-carotene serves as a well-characterized reference compound with photophysics similar to that of OCP, enabling error cancellation. We obtained a value of 110,000 M^- 1 cm^-1 at the absorption maximum, significantly higher than previously reported values (63,000 M^-1 cm^-1 and 87,270 M^-1 cm^- 1). The method can also be applied to other proteins where conventional approaches fail due to a significant amount of apoprotein.</p>","PeriodicalId":520750,"journal":{"name":"Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"2061-2069"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148633532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}