Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA最新文献

{"title":"Pharmacist-driven allergy to beta-lactam evaluation in the emergency department.","authors":"Megan R Passalacqua, Edward M Stoll, Lindsay K Hoefling, Jessica L P Turner, Andrew S Purdy, Justin L Roberts, Cole R Smith, Christopher J Damlos","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2026.103541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2026.103541","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Penicillin (PCN) is the most common drug allergy in medical records and have been linked to suboptimal antibiotic regimens and negative externalities.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the successful de-labeling of PCN allergies following the implementation of a pharmacist-driven PCN de-labeling protocol in an emergency department (ED) PRACTICE DESCRIPTION: VA Indiana Healthcare System (VAIHCS) is a tertiary level 1A VAMC that registers about 30,000 ED visits annually.</p><p><strong>Practice innovation: </strong>An Allergy to Beta-Lactam Evaluation (ABLE) VA template is available that guides pharmacists through allergy history and provides recommendations on alternative beta-lactam agents. Although a recent pharmacist-led efforts in ED has been described, literature specifically in the ED remains limited.</p><p><strong>Evaluation methods: </strong>This study included patients who presented to the ED over a six-month period and underwent the ABLE protocol. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients whose PCN allergy was de-labeled. Secondary outcomes included the percentage of patients de-labeled within the ED versus de-labeled at follow-up, percentage of patients presenting to the ED with a PCN allergy compared to the number of patients de-labeled, and the number of patients who received beta-lactam antibiotics immediately following pharmacist assessment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From May 15, 2024, to October 31, 2024, 44 patients met inclusion criteria. A total of 64% (28/44) had their PCN allergy de-labeled. Of the 28 patients de-labeled, 75% (21/28) were de-labeled via direct oral amoxicillin challenge, and the remainder were de-labeled based on allergy history review alone. Following de-labeling, 36% (10/28) received a beta-lactam antibiotic during the same ED visit. No adverse reactions were observed. There was a 95% follow-up rate at 72 hours post amoxicillin challenge.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A pharmacist-led PCN de-labeling protocol in the ED is feasible, safe, and facilitates access to beta-lactam antibiotics for eligible patients, while highlighting practical barriers that must be addressed for broader implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":520694,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA","volume":" ","pages":"103541"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149129926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why Great Technicians Shape Great Pharmacies.","authors":"Danielle Lightsey","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2026.103542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2026.103542","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520694,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA","volume":" ","pages":"103542"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taboo Topics: Sex, Drugs, and HIV.","authors":"Tessa Rife-Pennington","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2026.103543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2026.103543","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520694,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA","volume":" ","pages":"103543"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The community pharmacy eras tour: …Are we ready for it? Why our next era requires leaning into community-based pharmacy post-graduate training programs.","authors":"Meagan A Brown, Jordan M Ballou, Courtney S Davis, Elizabeth B Hearn, Lindsey M Rayborn, Elizabeth S Yett, Patricia H Fabel","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2026.103538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2026.103538","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Community-based practice is an area of pharmacy that has accelerated its innovation significantly in the last decade. Pandemics, policies, and the needs of our communities have challenged this innovation. Post-graduate community-based pharmacy training programs (CPTPs) allow for community-based pharmacies to continue the work they are doing while developing new initiatives with trainees who are driven by learning, implementation, and creativity to create deliverables and complete projects during their training program. CPTPs are needed to fuel and support our profession if we want to continue to promote pharmacies as a critical hub in communities- providing not only medications, but also educational and clinical services that are crucial to the public. They also enhance the practice management skills of trainees, shaping their understanding of the critical analysis that is required in considering new business initiatives. Overall, CPTPs should continue to be promoted as a solid pathway towards developing the next generation of community-based pharmacists as well as enhancing the acceleration and adoption of the next era of community pharmacies as public health hubs.</p>","PeriodicalId":520694,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA","volume":" ","pages":"103538"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149122838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying Medicare prescription payment plan benefits under Medicare Part D.","authors":"Yi Wolf Zhang, Minlu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2026.103540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2026.103540","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Medicare prescription payment plan (MPPP) enables beneficiaries to convert prescription out-of-pocket (OOP) costs into a capped monthly bill. Clinicians and patients lack practical, mechanism-based guidance on when MPPP meaningfully smooths costs versus when it provides limited or counterproductive value. Quantifying conditions under which MPPP improves monthly affordability and predictability, to derive simple, portable rules for clinical counseling, has not been systematically evaluated.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Using diabetes regimens as a clinically familiar price-tier model, quantify how MPPP changes monthly payments across plan designs, medication regimens, fill cadences, and enrollment dates, as well as identify mechanism-based patterns that may inform patient-specific counseling.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Medication regimens comprised a generic diabetes backbone and brand-name add-ons using Jardiance (a mid-priced proxy) and Ozempic (a high-priced proxy), administered alone or in combination, to simulate monthly OOP costs with and without enrolling in MPPP, under four canonical Part D plan designs. We modeled 30- vs. 90-day fills and MPPP enrollment in January, July, or October. Monthly payment trajectories were the foundational outcomes; six study-developed descriptive measures summarized first-bill relief, peak-payment reduction, variability, and late-year payment concentration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In a deductible/co-insurance plan with brand therapy, MPPP produced payment-smoothing benefits (PBR% ≈ 40-75%, FBR% ≈ 40-80%, VR% ≈ 40-60%, DSI ≈1.0-1.4), largest for Ozempic-like or two-brand regimens and with 90-day fills. July starts retained these gains, and October starts still yielded meaningful improvements under a 90-day supply. In flat-copayment plans, generic-only or single mid-priced brand regimens showed PBR ≈ 0 and VR% ≤0 with higher late-year concentration (YES% ≥ 45, DSI ≥ 2), with exceptions for high-cost two-brand regimens on 90-day fills.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>MPPP is most effective when paired with deductibles or co-insurance plans for mid- to high-priced brand-name medications; even mid- and late-year starts can be advantageous. In flat-copayment plans or generic-only regimens, benefits are minimal, and late-year concentration can worsen. Lower early payments may be followed by MPPP bills that exceed the corresponding standard Part D payments later in the year. These mechanism-anchored rules generalize beyond diabetes to other conditions with similar price tiers under Part D.</p>","PeriodicalId":520694,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA","volume":" ","pages":"103540"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149122887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient information requests across diverse community pharmacy practice settings.","authors":"Minghui Deng, Elizabeth G Riley-Jensen, Christina Ojo, Margie E Snyder","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2026.103539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2026.103539","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Community pharmacists often need patient health information such as laboratory results to provide safe care. However, access to this information varies by pharmacy setting. While health system outpatient pharmacists have access to electronic health records (EHRs), most independent and chain pharmacies rely on limited dispensing software data.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To characterize the frequency and characteristics of patient health information requests made by community pharmacists in independent and health system outpatient pharmacies during routine care delivery and to compare findings across different pharmacy settings.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This study used an electronic card study method to capture real-time data on pharmacists' patient information requests. Pharmacists recorded patient information requests over a two-week period. Data collected from independent and health system outpatient pharmacy settings were combined with existing chain community pharmacy data collected previously using the same methodology. Chi-square tests were used to compare categorical information request characteristics across pharmacy settings. Time spent obtaining information per request was compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventeen pharmacists from independent and health system outpatient pharmacies participated. When combined with existing chain community pharmacy data, the analysis included 248 information requests across three pharmacy settings. Combined analysis demonstrated similar overall patterns across pharmacy settings, despite significant differences in certain information request characteristics. Prescriber offices were the primary source of information requests, medication orders or lists were the most frequently requested information, and most requests were to support prescription fulfillment and dispensing. Independent pharmacists spend a median of 10 minutes per request compared with 5 minutes in both chain and health system outpatient pharmacies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Community pharmacists share common patient health information needs regardless of practice setting. Study results highlight the importance of improving bidirectional health information exchange.</p>","PeriodicalId":520694,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA","volume":" ","pages":"103539"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149122885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defining pharmacist's role in optimizing prescription digital therapeutics for patients with schizophrenia: A modified Delphi consensus perspective.","authors":"Nathaniel Rickles, Ravi Patel, Smit Patel","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2026.103537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2026.103537","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As recognized members of the mental healthcare team, pharmacists are uniquely positioned to support use of prescription digital therapeutics (DTx) for schizophrenia. However, their specific role in care is yet to be clarified.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To develop recommendations for how pharmacists can embed prescription DTx within healthcare systems, improve access to and engagement with these treatments.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A modified Delphi approach captured US pharmacists' perspectives on prescription DTx for schizophrenia. A 4-member expert steering committee developed a consensus framework on scale, access, and data to inform the creation of an online survey. Ten pharmacy experts with mental- and digital-health experience (average experience: 23.7 years) completed the survey and its results were used to formulate 24 Delphi panel questions (17 yes/no; 7 multiple-choice). Pharmacy experts and steering committee members (N=14) voted on the Delphi panel questions. Consensus was defined as ≥70% agreement. Questions failing to reach consensus statements in round 1 were discussed and subjected to a second vote. If consensus was not achieved after round 2, \"no consensus achieved\" was documented and the highest-voted category was noted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Consensus statements were achieved on 20/24 (83%) questions (scale, n=8; access, n=10; data, n=2). Of these, 17/20 (85%) questions achieved consensus statements after one voting round; 3/20 (15%) required a second round. Four questions did not achieve consensus statements. The accepted statements informed recommendations regarding pharmacists' involvement in optimizing prescription DTx use for schizophrenia.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Recommendations included: Pharmacists can facilitate expanding scale by supporting integration of prescription DTx into pharmacy systems and addressing adoption barriers through prescriber education and partnerships; support access by being involved when a prescription DTx is introduced to a patient; and leverage clinical data that are a priority to stakeholders to drive awareness, usage, and adoption.</p>","PeriodicalId":520694,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA","volume":" ","pages":"103537"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149122819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Describing pharmacists' perspectives on current practices and barriers to outpatient glucagon use in people with diabetes.","authors":"Carrie Yu, Christine Schumacher, Ana C Quiñones-Boex, Elizabeth Van Dril","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2026.103536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2026.103536","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends prescribing glucagon for people with diabetes (PWD) using insulin or at high risk of hypoglycemia; however, prescribing rates remain low. Few studies have examined practices and barriers to outpatient glucagon use from pharmacists' perspectives.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to describe pharmacists' perspectives on current practices and barriers to outpatient glucagon use in PWD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A voluntary, electronic survey questionnaire was distributed to 1,624 members of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy Ambulatory Care and Endocrine and Metabolism Practice and Research Networks. Categorical, Likert, and open-ended questions were used to evaluate practice scope, patient population, and knowledge and perceptions related to glucagon use. Statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics and the Stats iQ function within the Qualtrics® platform.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 186 respondents included, most pharmacists practiced in urban areas (58.2%) and primary care (83.1%), with a mean of 10.6 years of experience managing PWD. Respondents estimated that 23.5% of their patients with diabetes have an active glucagon prescription, and 42.1% fill their prescription. In hypothetical patients, respondents were most likely to recommend or prescribe glucagon for PWD with a history of hypoglycemia requiring medical attention (95.7%), recurrent hypoglycemia (89.6%), or using intensive insulin regimens, including continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (82.3-93.9%). Respondents were less likely to do so for people with type 2 diabetes using basal insulin only (38.4%) or secretagogues (17.1%), or PWD with a history of an isolated hypoglycemic event (17.7%). The most frequently identified barriers to outpatient glucagon use were cost (75.5%), patient health literacy regarding when to use glucagon (71.7%), and insurance coverage (68.2%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Current practices among pharmacists engaged in outpatient diabetes management may not fully align with recommendations for glucagon use, highlighting opportunities for pharmacists to support strategies that optimize appropriate glucagon prescribing for high-risk patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":520694,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA","volume":" ","pages":"103536"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149122851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding medication adherence among older adults with chronic illness: Perspectives of patients, pharmacists, and physicians in Western India.","authors":"Nirmal Jyoti Jyotsana, Niraj Pandit, Kinjal Gadhavi, Salil Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2026.103535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2026.103535","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Medication adherence is critical for effective management of chronic diseases among older adults. While non-adherence is common in India, limited qualitative research has explored how older adults, pharmacists, and physicians perceive the behavioral, communication-related, and contextual factors influencing long-term medicine use.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To explore medication adherence among older adults with chronic illness by examining the perspectives of patients, pharmacists, and physicians on behavioral, communication-related, and contextual factors influencing long-term medicine use.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This qualitative study was conducted as part of a larger community-based mixed-methods study in urban and rural areas of western India. In-depth interviews were conducted with 40 participants, including 20 older adults (≥60 years), 13 pharmacists, and 7 physicians. Participants were selected purposively. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, translated where necessary, and analyzed using Braun and Clarke's inductive thematic analysis. Triangulation across participant groups enhanced the credibility of the findings.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six interconnected themes emerged, highlighting how medication adherence is shaped by symptom-based understanding of illness, daily routines, family support, communication experiences, healthcare interactions, and structural constraints. Absence of symptoms was frequently interpreted as disease control, contributing to both intentional and unintentional non-adherence. Trust in healthcare providers, clear explanations, and pharmacist-led counseling facilitated adherence, whereas communication gaps, financial burden, and polypharmacy acted as barriers. Participants described using practical self-management strategies, including medication routines, reminder systems, and family support, to sustain long-term medicine use.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Medication adherence among older adults is influenced by interconnected behavioral, social, communicative, and structural factors. Strengthening patient education, counseling, and provider-patient communication, while addressing financial and treatment-related barriers, may improve long-term adherence. Multidisciplinary, patient-centered approaches are needed to support chronic disease management in aging populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":520694,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA","volume":" ","pages":"103535"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149122847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pilot evaluation of a clinical decision support system package to facilitate proactive HPV vaccination in community pharmacies.","authors":"Parth D Shah, Jessie Schwartz, Jennifer L Bacci, William A Calo, Li Li, Morgan Glascock, Michelle Ndugulile, Kate Watabayashi","doi":"10.1016/j.japh.2026.103533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2026.103533","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine coverage among US adolescents remains below national targets. Community pharmacies are accessible vaccination sites, but proactive HPV vaccination is hindered by fragmented pharmacy management and immunization information system (IIS) workflows. Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) may reduce these workflow barriers, yet evidence for their utility in pharmacy-based HPV vaccination is limited.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To pilot-test a CDSS package designed to support proactive adolescent HPV vaccination in community pharmacies and to assess early-phase implementation and behavioral outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>CDSS were co-designed with independent pharmacies and technology partners and implemented in a single arm pre/post pilot conducted between April-August 2024. Six pharmacies in Washington State deployed a CDSS package, integrating seven linked components spanning pharmacy-level planning, staff-level point-of-care supports, and parent/patient-level interactions. Pharmacy staff completed baseline and follow-up surveys assessing implementation outcomes (acceptability, appropriateness, feasibility) and targeted vaccination behaviors (recommendation practices, self-efficacy). Pre/post changes were evaluated using descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eighteen staff completed surveys; 13 completed pre/post surveys. HPV vaccine recommendations increased from 77% to 100%. Routine recommendation at ages 9-10 increased from 15% to 46%, with fewer staff recommending vaccine at older ages. Self-efficacy for setting vaccination goals improved significantly (mean 3.4 to 4.2/5.0; p=0.012). Implementation outcomes met the threshold for high positive appraisals (mean ≥3.5/5.0) for acceptability (4.0), appropriateness (3.7), and feasibility (3.6). The most adopted CDSS components were the IIS-to-dispensing system data pull (78%), coverage/goal-setting report (72%), and eligibility screening template (72%). Vaccination audit data showed heterogeneous changes across sites.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A co-designed CDSS package was feasible to deploy in pharmacies and improved proactive HPV recommendation behaviors and goal-setting confidence. However, CDSS alone may be insufficient to drive meaningful increases in HPV vaccination rates, as workflow supports cannot substitute for strategies that actively bring adolescents to the pharmacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":520694,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA","volume":" ","pages":"103533"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149083781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}