Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)最新文献

{"title":"Valorization of date palm waste as a substrate for Reishi medicinal mushroom (<i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>) cultivation.","authors":"Mohamed A Rashwan, Fahad Alkoaik, Adil A Fickak, Ibrahim A Ibrahim, Ronnel B Fulleros, Mansour Ibrahim","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2025.2547640","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2025.2547640","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>, commonly known as Reishi mushroom, is highly valued for its medicinal properties and economic importance. Date palm residues (DPR) offer a sustainable and cost-effective substrate for mushroom cultivation by promoting the efficient utilization of agricultural waste efficiently. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different wheat bran (WB) supplementation levels on the growth performance and yield of <i>G. lucidum</i> cultivated on DPR. Three treatments were applied: DPR alone (T1), DPR supplemented with 20% WB (T2), and DPR supplemented with 30% WB (T3), each replicated ten times. The substrates were sterilized, inoculated, and incubated under controlled conditions, and yield data were recorded over four successive flushes. The results showed that T2 (20% WB) yielded the highest performance, with an average fresh weight (FW) of 469 g, dry weight (DW) of 76.4 g, moisture content (MC) of 84%, biological efficiency (BE) of 57.04%, and biological conversion efficiency (BCE) of 9.3%. T1 (DPR only) showed moderate performance, and T3 (30% WB) recorded the lowest values. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences among treatments. Across all four flushes, T2 consistently outperformed T1 and T3 in terms of FW, DW, and MC. Notably, excessive supplementation (T3) resulted in decreased efficiency and yield. This study identifies 20% wheat bran supplementation as the optimal rate for maximizing productivity and biological efficiency in <i>G. lucidum</i> cultivation using DPR. The T2 treatment is recommended for commercial production due to its superior yield and economic viability.<i>Implications:</i> The utilizing date palm residues as a substrate supports sustainable practices by recycling agricultural waste and minimizing environmental impact. Supplementing date palm residues with 20% wheat bran significantly boosts <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> yield and productivity, enhancing economic viability for farmers and commercial growers. Adopting the T2 treatment (20% wheat bran supplementation) offers a practical strategy for optimizing mushroom production, which can lead to increased operational efficiency and profitability in commercial settings. Moreover, the findings underscore the potential of integrating diverse agricultural by-products to improve mushroom growth, encouraging further research into innovative substrate formulations tailored for various mushroom species.</p>","PeriodicalId":520693,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)","volume":" ","pages":"981-991"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144884934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing uncertainties of Integrated Mass Enhancement (IME) method for estimating landfill methane emissions.","authors":"Foroozan Arkian, Md Hasibul Hasan, Erik Cornelison, Poyu Zhang, Peng Sun, Jiannan Chen, Tarek Abichou, Haofei Yu","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2025.2557323","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2025.2557323","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Integrated Mass Enhancement (IME) method is among the most popular remote sensing method for estimating methane emissions from point sources, and it has gained significant popularity in recent years. In this study, we evaluated how key environmental and observational factors, namely wind speed, instrument noise, terrain topography, and the source of 10-meter wind speed (U₁₀) data, influence emission estimates derived from the IME method. Although landfills are typically area sources, we used a simplified point-source emission setup as a controlled case to systematically explore the sensitivity of IME to each of these factors. This approach allows us to isolate the impact of individual variables on the mass enhancement (ME), plume scale (L), and estimated emission rate (Q). Our results show that higher wind speeds reduce the detectable methane ME by as much as 85%, due to lower plume concentrations, and the instrument noise further reduces ME, especially for smaller emission rates. Noise also had a stronger effect on L than wind speed, L dropped by up to 40% under just 1% noise. In complex terrain, ME increased but plume shapes became more irregular, making detection more sensitive to noise and harder to interpret. We also compared different wind data sources and found that, in the 2-8 m/s range relevant for satellite IME, GEOS overestimated U₁₀ by 10-40%, while HRRR underestimated it by 10-30%. These differences can bias IME results and highlight the need for accurate, site-specific wind data. While remote sensing methods are effective for broad methane surveys, our results show that emission estimates at the facility level, especially for landfills, can be highly sensitive to wind speed, sensor noise, and terrain. To improve accuracy, location-specific calibration is essential for regulatory or operational use.<i>Implications:</i> Integrated Mass Enhancement is a widely used remote sensing algorithm for quantifying methane emissions from sources such as landfills. In this study, we demonstrated that the performance of the IME method can vary substantially under different meteorological and terrain conditions. Although remote sensing methods are highly effective for broad-scale methane surveys, our results indicate that facility-level emission estimates, such as those for individual landfills, can be significantly influenced by factors such as wind speed, sensor noise, and terrain characteristics. Therefore, developing location-specific calibration equations is essential for improving accuracy and ensuring reliable regulatory or operational use.</p>","PeriodicalId":520693,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)","volume":" ","pages":"953-966"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145002725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social cost-benefit analysis of food waste management options on the premise of using food waste disposers.","authors":"Chuanli Zhang, Kyoohong Park, Jaena Ryu, Byungin Lim, Hyuntaek Oh","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2025.2547632","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2025.2547632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the global issue of food waste generating substantial greenhouse gas emissions, this study conducts a comprehensive social cost-benefit analysis of food waste management options to evaluate the economic and environmental impacts of integrating food waste disposers into the existing food waste management system. The analysis considers various scenarios of food waste discharge and treatment, including anaerobic digestion and resource recovery. By assessing the private costs associated with installation, maintenance, and operational expenses, the private benefits associated with administrative cost reduction, energy recovery, increased operating profits, alongside external costs such as the potential benefits of value of convenience in life and reduced environmental impact. The results indicate that Scenario 1, which involves shredding household food waste with food waste disposers, fully discharging it into the sewer system, treating it in the public sewage treatment facilities, and converting it into biogas at sewage sludge and organic waste co-digestion facilities, provided the highest value coefficient. These findings provide important insights for policymakers seeking to enhance sustainability in food waste management systems.<i>Implications:</i> This study conducts a comprehensive social cost-benefit analysis of food waste management options to evaluate the economic and environmental impacts of integrating food waste disposers into the existing food waste management system. By assessing the private costs associated with installation, maintenance, and operational expenses, the private benefits associated with administrative cost reduction, energy recovery, increased operating profits, alongside external costs such as the potential benefits of value of convenience in life and reduced environmental impact. The results provide important insights for policymakers seeking to enhance sustainability in food waste management systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":520693,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)","volume":" ","pages":"855-871"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144839905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-resolution analysis of seasonal spatial variation for urban air pollution: Implications for exposure assessment.","authors":"Sooyoung Guak, Jaehoon An, Dong-Hyun Lee, Wonho Yang, Jusung Park, Kiyoung Lee","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2025.2552978","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2025.2552978","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exposure to air pollutants is associated with significant health effects. Accurate exposure assessment remains a critical yet challenging aspect of environmental health research. Although air quality monitoring station (AQMS) data are commonly used as a surrogate for personal exposure, diverse spatial-temporal variations can lead to significant exposure misclassification. This study aimed to identify the seasonal spatial variation of five air pollutants (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, CO, and O₃) at city and small spatial scales (1 km²) in Seoul, Korea, using data from the AQMSs and in-situ monitoring sites (IMSs) for high-resolution measurements. Measurements were conducted across four seasons over one year, covering city-, district-, and small-scale spatial units, with a detailed focus on a 1 km² area within one administrative district. The air pollutant concentrations were obtained from the 25 AQMSs in each district. Fine-scale measurements were carried out at eight IMSs within a 1 km² area surrounding a single AQMS in Guro-gu, Seoul. To enable direct comparison, measurements from the AQMS and IMS were simultaneously collected following standard monitoring protocols. Moran's index was used as an indicator of spatial autocorrelation to identify the homogeneity and heterogeneity of air pollutants by spatial units. Concentrations of pollutants at IMSs were overall higher than those at nearby the AQMS, except for O₃ concentrations in the spring and summer. Seasonal spatial autocorrelation patterns in city-scale areas did not reflect variations in small-scale areas. These findings highlight the limitations of relying solely on AQMS data for exposure assessment and underscore the value of integrating high-resolution data to reduce estimation errors. This study provides a framework for enhancing air quality management and exposure assessment strategies by accounting for spatial-temporal variations, especially in areas lacking dense monitoring networks.<i>Implications</i>: This study integrates city-scale air quality monitoring station (AQMS) data with high-resolution in-situ measurements to reveal discrepancies in seasonal spatial patterns of air pollutants across different spatial scales in Seoul, Korea. By directly comparing AQMS and IMS data using standard monitoring methods, it demonstrates that commonly used AQMS-based exposure estimates may significantly underestimate pollution levels in small-scale urban environments. This high-resolution approach highlights the critical need for incorporating fine-scale monitoring to improve personal exposure assessment in areas with sparse monitoring coverage.</p>","PeriodicalId":520693,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)","volume":" ","pages":"885-896"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144986499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review of solid waste management in the textile industry.","authors":"Tamanna Hasan, Md Sohan Sheikh, Md Limon Hossain, Mohammad Bellal Hoque","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2025.2550365","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2025.2550365","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There has been a steady rise in global textile products in recent years. The growth of the worldwide population and improved living conditions have led to an increase in demand for textiles, which is a direct result of essential needs. The development of global and national strategies focuses specifically on the textile sector's sustainability and incorporates the principles of a circular economy. Textile mechanical recycling involves the regeneration of fibers, which can serve the same or different purposes as the original fabrics. Textile organizations have used sustainable practices throughout their operations to comply with environmental regulations. Hence, concerns regarding the appropriate disposal of textile waste for ecological safety have received significant attention. This paper overviews textile solid waste concerns and analyzes waste management approaches from multiple perspectives. This review is structured around three primary themes: (i) the various categories of textile waste, (ii) the methods used for waste management, and (iii) the future directions in textile waste management.<i>Implications</i>: This review highlights the pressing environmental and sustainability challenges posed by solid waste management in the textile industry, a sector significantly contributing to global waste streams. By synthesizing current practices and innovations, the manuscript identifies critical gaps and future directions for waste reduction, recycling, and resource recovery. It underscores the potential of circular economy strategies and advanced recycling technologies to minimize environmental footprints while promoting sustainable development. The findings are poised to inform policy frameworks, guide industrial stakeholders in adopting eco-friendly practices, and inspire further research to address the environmental burdens of textile waste.</p>","PeriodicalId":520693,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)","volume":" ","pages":"839-854"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144884932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The horizontal plane method of fugitive emission rate measurement.","authors":"Colin L Y Wong","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2025.2553832","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2025.2553832","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The horizontal plane method is a novel method of measuring fugitive emission rates that is based on the mass balance approach. Conventional mass balance approach methods measure concentrations or integrated concentrations of airborne matter across a substantially vertical measurement surface that is substantially perpendicular to the wind flow direction. In contrast, for the horizontal plane method, concentrations or integrated concentrations of airborne matter are measured across a substantially horizontal sampling surface that is substantially parallel to the wind flow direction. This characteristic allows users of the horizontal plane method to sample an entire cross-section of a plume that exceeds the operating ceiling of drones or if there is an operating floor for aircraft. A horizontal plane map may be used to estimate the plan location of individual emission sources. Since sampling is horizontal, there is also the potential to efficiently measure the fugitive emission rate of large areas or the fugitive emission rates of multiple sources over large areas. Optimal conditions to carry out the method include conducting the field work during daytime sunny weather and obtaining the concentration or integrated concentration measurements between an altitude of approximately 110 m and 120 m.A horizontal plane system, which incorporated the horizontal plane method to measure the upper portion of the plume and a conventional mass balance method to measure the lower portion of the plume, was applied at the Vancouver Landfill and a methane emission rate of the landfill of 181 g/s was measured. By comparison, a methane emission rate of 177 g/s was measured using the airborne matter mapping method that had been applied earlier the same afternoon, for a difference of approximately +2.5%. The horizontal plane map that was generated enabled the identification of the estimated location of four areas of the landfill with relatively high emission rates.<i>Implications</i>: Small drones are a low-cost and effective platform for measurement of fugitive emission rates. However, drones are subject to safety regulations that impose an operating ceiling, and this constrains their ability to measure emission rates, especially of large plumes, using available quantification methods. The novel horizontal plane method of fugitive emission rate measurement expands the capabilities of drones by allowing drones to operate within regulatory constraints even if the altitude of a plume exceeds the operating ceiling of drones. The method also provides a map that can be used to estimate the location of individual emission sources.</p>","PeriodicalId":520693,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)","volume":" ","pages":"897-916"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145088824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing removal of contaminants by organic waste-derived chars via steam activation and salt treatment.","authors":"Seok-Young Oh, Chanmo Park, Yujeong Cho","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2025.2547637","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2025.2547637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to investigate the effects of salt treatment and steam activation on chars derived from biomass wastes (manure, food, and kenaf) and spent tires. Batch sorption experiments were used to evaluate the absorption performance of these chars for benzene, phenol, trichloroethylene (TCE), and arsenate. Steam activation of biochars at 900°C increased their specific surface area, enhancing the sorption of all contaminants. Steam-activated chars exhibited sorption capacities of 25-125 mg/g and 15-70 mg/g for benzene and phenol, respectively, one order of magnitude higher than those of pristine biochars. Further treatment with CaCO₃ and CaSO₄ decreased the sorption capacity of manure biochar for benzene by 10-30%. In contrast, treatment with CaCO₃ and CaSO₄ enhanced the sorption capacity of manure biochar for TCE and phenol by approximately 10% and 5-10%, respectively, due to reduced hydrophobicity and the formation of surface functional groups. Similarly, the salt treatment following steam activation slightly increased the sorption capacity for arsenate, reaching up to 1.6 mg/g. These findings suggest that steam activation and surface treatment with CaCO₃ and CaSO₄ selectively enhance the sorption of various contaminants in natural and engineered systems.<i>Implications:</i> Pyrolysis is widely explored as a final disposal process for various types of organic waste, including agricultural, food, biomass, and thermoplastic wastes, due to its ability to produce valuable by-products, bio-oil, biochar, and syngas as energy sources. Compared to direct combustion with excess air, biochar production may be less cost-effective due to the additional energy required for the pyrolysis process. To overcome this economic disadvantage, improving the properties of biochar via various processes has been proposed to provide additional value to biochar.It has been reported that chemical activation of biochar with salt treatment could enhance the porosity and surface area by facilitating carbonization and preventing structural collapse, and that the steam activation could develop micro- and mesopores in carbonized material by gasification of carbon at high temperature using steam. Compared to acid and oxidants, salt treatment is less toxic, easier to remove, and more sustainable. In this study, we investigated the effects of salt treatment (CaCO3 and CaSO4) and steam activation (900 ^oC) on chars derived from biomass wastes (manure, food, and kenaf) and spent tires.</p>","PeriodicalId":520693,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)","volume":" ","pages":"872-884"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144839904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of hydrogen injection and temperature on enhancing homogeneous mercury oxidation by chlorine.","authors":"Shazib Z Vijlee, Anamol Pundle, John C Kramlich","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2025.2542996","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2025.2542996","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Experiments and models are used to investigate the potential of H₂ injection to encourage mercury oxidation to enhance removal from coal-fired power plant exhaust streams. A laboratory-scale quartz reactor creates a surrogate combustor exhaust stream within which mercury oxidation is measured. The experiments focus on the effects of multiple reactor temperatures and varying concentrations of O₂, H₂O, HCl, and H₂. The modeling study first evaluated several chemical kinetic mechanisms for mercury oxidation and identified a set of reaction parameters that replicated experimental trends. The models then explore the chemical kinetic basis for increased mercury oxidation due to H₂ injection. The models indicate that injected H₂ increases the radical pool of H and OH, provided sufficient time is allowed at an elevated temperature. The radicals then react with HCl to produce a pool of Cl (and subsequently Cl₂). The increased Cl₂ concentration reacts with Hg and HgCl, improving mercury oxidation to HgCl₂. Water-soluble HgCl₂ is much more easily removed from combustion exhaust gases by standard air pollution control equipment than elemental Hg.<i>Implications</i>: In this study, the authors present experimental data and chemical kinetic models to investigate the opportunity of reducing mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants by injecting the exhaust with H₂. The study concludes that injecting H₂ at an elevated temperature in a temporary isothermal environment is a way to enhance mercury oxidation and, ultimately, mercury removal. The implications of this work could be a reduction in mercury emissions by leveraging a new technological solution.</p>","PeriodicalId":520693,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)","volume":" ","pages":"776-788"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144763030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discussion of \"Satellite data to support air quality assessment and management\".","authors":"Susan S G Wierman, Timothy Canty, Angela F Dickens, Byeong-Uk Kim, Tracey Holloway, Jennifer R Bratburd, Arlene Fiore, Gaige Kerr, Jingqiu Mao","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2025.2541561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2025.2541561","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520693,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)","volume":"75 10","pages":"767-775"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145202804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate and health-relevant pollutant emissions from oil and natural gas boilers.","authors":"Jake Lindberg, Rebecca Trojanowski, Stephen Galvin, Thomas Butcher","doi":"10.1080/10962247.2025.2547634","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10962247.2025.2547634","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emission factor data for existing heating appliances are being used to estimate achievable emission reductions with emerging heating technologies. However, the emission factors currently being used for modeling were developed prior to low-sulfur fuel standards and rely on a small number of studies, mostly focusing on steady-state operation. In this work, detailed emission measurements of typical heating equipment fired with natural gas and No. 2 oil under relevant field-use conditions were made to update these emission factors. The work included the emissions and heating performance of three residential hydronic heating appliances (27-41 kW), two fueled with natural gas, one fueled with No.2 oil, and two commercial steam heating appliances (220-440 kW), one fueled with natural gas and the other with No.2 oil. The burner technologies employed include natural gas conversion burners, a natural gas Inshot burner, and single and dual-firing-rate pressure atomizing oil burners. The appliances were evaluated using a load-profile test method that captured transient conditions in cyclic operation, typical of field use. The emission factors of 17 pollutant compounds were measured in this work and compared with values currently published in United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) databases. These pollutants include particulate matter mass, methane, and speciated volatile organic compounds. Particulate mass was found to be 1.7 to 4.6 times less than the EPA 2020 National Emissions Inventory (NEI) value for No. 2 oil-fueled appliances and ranged 3.5 times more to 1.4 times less for natural gas appliances. Methane was 3.5 times higher for the residential natural gas appliances tested due to transient methane emissions during ignition and shutdown. Speciated volatile organic compounds were found to be lower than the closest related emission inventory values.<i>Implications</i>: The largest US building energy use is for space and water heating. In 2019, NYS established the NYS Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act, which mandates the state achieve a 40% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 and an 85% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, based on 1990 emission levels. This mandate will result in significant changes to the fuels and technologies used for heating. Emission factor data for existing heating appliances are being used to estimate achievable emission reductions with these changes. In this work, a new set of detailed emission factors has been developed through laboratory measurements which will greatly improve the knowledge about these existing sources nationwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":520693,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)","volume":" ","pages":"789-807"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145002734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}