JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association最新文献

{"title":"Common Echocardiographic Diagnoses in Patients at Tertiary Care Center: An Observational Study.","authors":"Prabha Chapagain Koirala, Richa Koirala, Lochan Karki, Milan Khadka, Prasanna Bahadur Amatya, Binayak Gautam, Samir Poudel, Kunjang Sherpa, Saroj Ghimire, Rajendra Bhandari, Pragya Koirala","doi":"10.31729/jnma.8794","DOIUrl":"10.31729/jnma.8794","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Echocardiography is an indispensable tool for the diagnosis and management of cardiac patients. It is important to know the spectrum of cardiac abnormalities detected by echocardiography for the proper management of patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the echocardiographic diagnosis of patients at a multispecialty tertiary care hospital and find out the prevalence of various cardiac diseases diagnosed via echocardiography.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a retrospective cross sectional study carried out at the Echocardiography lab of National Academy of Health Sciences. Records of all patients who had done Echocardiography from February 2024 to April 2024 were analyzed. Ethical approval was obtained from Institutional Review Committee (Reference number:1231/2080/81).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 3593 cases, there were 1750 (48.71%) female and 1843 (51.29%) male. Normal Echocardiographic study was seen in 1184 (32.95%). Mean age was 56.13±17.38 years. Left ventricle diastolic dysfunction was seen among 1428 (39.74%), followed by Tricuspid Regurgitation 1026 (28.55%) and, Pulmonary Hypertension 497 (13.83%). Other findings were, left ventricular hypertrophy 204 (5.67%), Left ventricular systolic dysfunction 165 (4.59%), Rheumatic heart Disease 102 (2.83%) and, congenital heart disease was the lowest documented finding, seen in 30 (0.83%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Most common diseases diagnosed by echocardiography in our study were, diastolic dysfunction, tricuspid regurgitation and pulmonary hypertension.</p>","PeriodicalId":520657,"journal":{"name":"JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association","volume":"62 279","pages":"714-719"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931345/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144629332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Self-vision Assessment Charts in Schools of Eastern Nepal: A Multi Method Study.","authors":"Archana Shrestha, Sudhir Kumar Thakur, Abhishek Roshan, Sanjay Kumar Singh, Archana Pokhrel, Apekshya Bohara, Lisasha Poudel, Chanda Thakur, Asmita Adhikari, Priyanka Timsina, Yunika Acharya, Rajiv Ranjan Karn","doi":"10.31729/jnma.8796","DOIUrl":"10.31729/jnma.8796","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Globally, over two billion people suffer from vision impairment, almost half preventable. In Nepal, the Eastern Regional Eye Care Program introduced self-vision assessment charts in 137 schools for early eye issue detection. This study assessed the charts' use and perceived impact.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A multi-method study was conducted to evaluate the use of self-vision assessment charts in schools in Eastern Nepal. Ethical approval was obtained from Institutional Review Board (Reference number: 72-079-040). Quantitative data were collected through a questionnaire survey. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data were analyzed using framework analysis. Both methods were integrated to enhance understanding of participants' experiences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, 400 students participated in questionnaire survey, 180 in self vision assessment, and 16 teachers in in-depth interviews. Among the participants, 198 (49.50%) of students used the chart, 125 (65.78%) expressed satisfaction, 241 (60.25%) found it useful, 276 (69%) as beneficial, and 253 (63.25%) stated improved health. There were 93 (23.25%) students who felt knowledgeable about its use, with 18 (10%) using it correctly. In 162 (90%) of schools there were adequate chart placement, 23 (12.77%) provided clear signage for viewing points. Teachers recognized the chart's benefits and encouraged its use, but students lacked awareness. Regular use was viewed as beneficial for early detection of eye issues, though challenges included a need for more awareness among students and teachers and reliance on home remedies.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Most students and teachers acknowledged self-vision assessment charts' benefits but had low utilization and accuracy rates. Strategic interventions such as regular informational sessions, teacher motivation, and engagement with eye health experts are essential.</p>","PeriodicalId":520657,"journal":{"name":"JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association","volume":"62 279","pages":"725-733"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931339/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144629335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ulnar Compression Neuropathy Secondary to Ganglion Cyst at the Elbow Joint: A Case Report.","authors":"Suman Kumar Basel, Prakash Shrestha, Gaurav Bir Bajracharya","doi":"10.31729/jnma.8810","DOIUrl":"10.31729/jnma.8810","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ulnar neuropathy is a common peripheral neuropathy, with cubital tunnel compression being the second most frequent upper extremity compression syndrome. Ganglion cysts, though rare, can contribute to ulnar nerve compression in the cubital tunnel. Here, we present a case of a 62-year-old farmer with longstanding diabetes and dyslipidemia who experienced progressive pain and numbness in his medial fingers, exacerbated by elbow flexion. Initially misdiagnosed and treated for Hansen's disease. Clinico-radiological evaluation revealed a multiloculated cystic lesion in the posteromedial aspect of his left elbow, compressing the ulnar nerve. Surgical excision of the ganglion cyst alleviated symptoms, though residual motor deficits persisted postoperatively. This case underscores the importance of considering ganglion cysts in the differential diagnosis of cubital tunnel syndrome, highlighting the diagnostic challenges and therapeutic considerations in managing this rare etiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":520657,"journal":{"name":"JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association","volume":"62 279","pages":"774-776"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931334/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144629346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual and Surgical Outcomes of Outreach Cataract Surgeries in Ilam District of Nepal: An Observational Study.","authors":"Pragya Luitel, Manish Pandey, Rajiv Ranjan Karn, Mahesh Kumar Dev, Lily Rajbanshi, Rakshya Panta Sitoula","doi":"10.31729/jnma.8798","DOIUrl":"10.31729/jnma.8798","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cataracts are the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. Although cataract blindness is reversible, its service coverage remains poor, particularly in rural and hilly areas of Nepal. The study aimed to evaluate visual outcomes of outreach cataract surgeries and associated intraoperative and post-operative complications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study was conducted at a district of Eastern Nepal after ethical clearance was taken from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 88). Total 131 subjects had cataract surgeries at the surgical camp, and their pre-operative, one-day and one-month post-operative visual acuities were compared, and intraoperative and post-operative surgical complications were recorded. Visual acuity ≥ 6/12 was considered normal. Data was collected in excel and analyzed in SPSS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of participants was 71.8 ± 9.51 years, with 70 (53.43%) male. A total of 156 eyes from 131 subjects underwent cataract surgeries and among them 25 (19.08%) cases underwent bilateral cataract surgeries. At the day one of surgery, visual acuity improved to normal in 137 (87.82%) of cases, while after one-month, visual acuity improved to normal in 150 (96.15%) of cases with best-corrected glasses. There were 4 (2.56%) intraoperative complications, which included surgery-induced subluxated bag, premature entry, iris trauma, and posterior capsule rent.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The visual and surgical outcomes of cataract surgeries performed at an outreach surgical camp were excellent with minimal surgical complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":520657,"journal":{"name":"JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association","volume":"62 279","pages":"739-743"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931336/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144629347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Haemorrhoids among Patients Visiting the Department of Surgery in a Tertiary Care Military Hospital of Nepal: An Observational Study.","authors":"Chiran Bhakta Bista, Suchit Thapa Chhetri, Bishal Kunwor, Sumit Kumar Sah, Tekendra Adhikari, Nilam Kafle, Dhiran Gurung, Priyanka Tamang, Prem Khadka Thyayat, Nitesh Kumar Shah","doi":"10.31729/jnma.8824","DOIUrl":"10.31729/jnma.8824","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Haemorrhoids is a common issue in the anorectal region and involves venous engorgement in the region. It greatly diminishes the overall quality of life of affected individuals by disrupting their physical and mental health. This descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to ascertain the prevalence of haemorrhoids and the associated risk factors among patients visiting a tertiary care center's surgery department.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Surgery of a tertiary care center from July 2023 to November 2023 after obtaining ethical approval. Convenience sampling method was used. The total sample size included in the study was 385. The data was analyzed in IBM SPSS Statistics software. Point estimate was calculated at 95% confidence interval.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 385 patients included in the study, haemorrhoids was prevalent in 53 (13.76%, 95% CI: 8.76%-18.76%). Internal haemorrhoids was most prevalent with 30 (56.60%) cases. 22 (41.51%) cases presented with Grade 1 haemorrhoids. The most prevalent symptoms were bleeding in 29 (54.72%) cases, perianal pain in 25 (47.17%) cases, itching in 28 (33.96%) cases and burning sensation in 15 (28.30%) cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The prevalence of haemorrhoids in our center was found to be higher as compared to similar studies done in Southeast Asian region but similar with studies done in other region.</p>","PeriodicalId":520657,"journal":{"name":"JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association","volume":"62 279","pages":"765-769"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931343/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144629338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Osteoporosis among Postmenopausal Women Visiting a District Hospital of Nepal: An Observational Study.","authors":"Dipendra Pandey, Samina Basnet, Smeena Pradhananga, Sarita Shrestha, Badri Rijal, Aman Neupane, Utsav Timilsina, Amit Upreti, Apil Upreti, Rabindra Baskota, Pawan Kumar Hamal","doi":"10.31729/jnma.8800","DOIUrl":"10.31729/jnma.8800","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Osteoporosis and low bone mass affect millions of people worldwide, leading to severe consequences ranging from disability to mortality. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of osteoporosis among postmenopausal women in a district of Nepal.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An analytical cross-sectional study involving postmenopausal women from Nuwakot, Dhading, and Rasuwa districts in Nepal was conducted at Trishuli Hospital, Nuwakot. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Board of Nepal Health Research Council (Reference number: 1768). The prevalence of osteoporosis was determined, and the associated factors were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (GE-Lunar Prodigy) was used to measure Bone Mineral Density (g/cm²) at the proximal femur and lumbar spine. Various factors related to osteoporosis were also analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 384 postmenopausal women and the prevalence of osteoporosis was 82 (21.35%; 95% CI: 17.25%-25.45%)e. The mean age of female with osteoporosis was 67.52±8.84 years and that without osteoporosis was 55.70±7.69 years (p <0.001). The multivariate logistic regression showed aOR 0.82 for body mass index.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study reports a lower prevalence of osteoporosis than expected in postmenopausal women. There was a significant inverse relationship between osteoporosis and body mass index. However, no significant association was observed between Bone Mineral Density, biochemical variables, smoking, and parity.</p>","PeriodicalId":520657,"journal":{"name":"JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association","volume":"62 279","pages":"744-749"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931335/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144629343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-esteem among People Living with Physical Disability Visting Rehabilitation Centers of Kathmandu, Nepal: An Observational Study.","authors":"Monsoon Jyoti Gautam, Shishir Paudel, Anisha Chalise, Santosh Khadka","doi":"10.31729/jnma.8801","DOIUrl":"10.31729/jnma.8801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Self-esteem is a comprehensive personal evaluation of an individual's worth that involves a person's perception of self, it functions as a defense mechanism that individuals possess to safeguard themselves from psychological harm. This study aims to assess the prevalence of selfesteem and its associated factors among people living with physical disability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted among people living with a physical disability residing inside Kathmandu Valley from August to November 2022 after acquiring ethical approval from institutional review committee of CiST College (Reference number: IRC/161/078/079). A total of 215 samples were taken for the study. A face-to-face interview technique was applied for data collection consisting of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Bivariate analysis applying a Chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression was carried out to identify the factors associated with selfesteem at 95% Confidence Interval and 5% level of significance (p-value <0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was observed that 71 (33.02%) participants had lower levels of self-esteem. Education, family type, the severity of disability, and family affection were the factors associated with self-esteem in bivariate analysis. In multivariable analysis, informal education (aOR: 3.932; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.129-13.696), poor family relationships were (aOR: 2.237; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.029-5.507), perceived severity of disability (aOR: 3.129; 95% 95% Confidence Interval: 1.341-7.300) to be associated with lower self-esteem.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings reveal that a significant portion of participants, approximately one-third, experience lower levels of self-esteem. Furthermore, factors such as education, family type, severity of disability, and family affection emerged as significant influencers of self-esteem.</p>","PeriodicalId":520657,"journal":{"name":"JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association","volume":"62 279","pages":"750-756"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931340/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144629344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post Cholecystectomy Choledochoduodenal Fistula: A Case Report.","authors":"Anip Joshi, Samita Shakya, Surakshya Thapa, Rifka Sultan, Alish Rajbhandari, Piya Baral","doi":"10.31729/jnma.8815","DOIUrl":"10.31729/jnma.8815","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Choledochoduodenal fistula is an abnormal connection between the common bile duct and the duodenum. The commonest cause is cholecystolithiasis, however, other causes are iatrogenic factors, bile duct stones (choledocholithiasis), and chronic duodenal ulcers. Here, we report a case of choledochoduodenal fistula secondary to long standing choledocholithiasis post cholecystectomy who presented with intermittent abdominal pain in the past three years which revealed choledochoduodenal fistula during Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography. As the patient had recurrent pain along with choledocholithiasis, surgical intervention was indicated. Choledochoduodenal fistula is suspected in case of recurrent cholangitis and surgery is recommended for refractory and complicated cases. Surgical treatment is also recommended for larger fistulas and especially with non-resolving medical treatment. This case highlights the treatment option for choledocholithiasis with choledochoduodenal fistula.</p>","PeriodicalId":520657,"journal":{"name":"JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association","volume":"62 279","pages":"777-779"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931341/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144629342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Growing Need for Web-Based Simulation in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.","authors":"Rakesh Ghimire, Sanjeev Kharel, Subarna Giri, Allan J Hamilton","doi":"10.31729/jnma.8814","DOIUrl":"10.31729/jnma.8814","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Simulation education is the bridge between learning clinical medicine in the classroom and delivering it at the bedside. As healthcare simulation has matured over the last two decades, it has begun to evolve many of the same methodologies. Rapid technological advancements across the fields of computer science, bioengineering, and curriculum design have helped to provide healthcare that is delivered more efficiently, effectively, and ethically. Web-based simulation programs (Web-SP) are poised to provide an efficient way to deliver asynchronous training in healthcare professionals' education. Web-SPs could also sponsor specialty-specific, web-based fellowships for clinicians of LMICs. The COVID-19 pandemic provided unique insight into the robustness of web-based learning tools that permitted remote learning opportunities. Under similar circumstances, should they arise again, Web-SPs would be a valuable tool for sustaining medical training under conditions where only remote learning may be feasible. Studies indicate that cost-effective simulation training can be delivered to learners in remote, low-resource areas worldwide, including South Asia, where access to such education is limited. We aimed to explore the effectiveness, challenges, and strategies for implementing web-based simulation education in low- and middle-income countries, based on a thorough PubMed search focused on web-based simulation programs in medical education.</p>","PeriodicalId":520657,"journal":{"name":"JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association","volume":"62 279","pages":"789-795"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931330/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144629345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Severity and Pattern of Early Childhood Caries Using ICDAS II Criteria: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"Amita Rai, Sunanda Sundas, Neha Dhakal, Anju Khapung","doi":"10.31729/jnma.8782","DOIUrl":"10.31729/jnma.8782","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Early childhood caries is highly prevalent worldwide. The International Caries Detection and Assessment System incorporates both the non-cavitated and cavitated carious lesions with acceptable reliability. The objective of the present study was to assess the prevalence, severity and pattern of early childhood caries among children visiting outpatient department of a dental college in Nepal. The study also aimed to compare the severity and pattern based on individual tooth type.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 children of age group 24-71 months. The International Caries Detection and Assessment System II criteria was used to detect dental caries, and its severity and pattern. The ethical approval was taken from the institutional ethical committee (IRC Reference number: 1, 36, 2079/2080 IRC PDCH 2022 21).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Highest caries prevalence was seen among 48 to 60 month olds, whereas lowest prevalence was seen among the 24 to 35 month-old children. Based on severity, dentinal caries (Code 5) 526 (13.19%) was the most prevalent and undermined dentinal caries (Code 4) 36 (0.9%) was the least prevalent. The most common pattern of dental caries was multi-surface caries 644 (16.15%), and the least common pattern was the lingual surface caries 22 (0.55%). Prevalence of dental caries was highest in occlusal surface of mandibular second molars 151 (37.75%), and 227 (5.69%) of the teeth had received restoration and sealants of some sort (CARS).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Majority of the children enrolled in the study had multiple cavitated and non-cavitated carious teeth involving different surfaces. Severity and pattern of caries also varied among individual tooth type.</p>","PeriodicalId":520657,"journal":{"name":"JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association","volume":"62 278","pages":"639-645"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11619540/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144629306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}