Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology最新文献

{"title":"Behavioural variations and activity budgets of two captive pottos (Perodicticus potto) at Birmingham Wildlife Conservation Park.","authors":"Julius Kizito, Kathryn Brookhouse, Les Basford, K A I Nekaris","doi":"10.1163/14219980-bja10092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-bja10092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Behaviours of animals in captivity tend to differ from those in the wild. This is particularly true for nocturnal species, which are often kept indoors under reversed light cycles. Knowledge of Africa's slow-moving nocturnal primates, the pottos, in captivity is lacking and wild data of the three currently recognised species are scarce. Perodicticus edwardsi, the only species studied for more than a year in the wild, lives in social pairs, spending a third of their time together during the active period, alongside sharing sleeping sites. We investigated the activity budgets and substrate use of two individuals (a female with a tail, light brown pelage and facial markings, a male with no tail, dark pelage and facial markings) at Birmingham Wildlife Conservation Park, United Kingdom. We collected data from June to August 2024 between 10:00 h and 16:00 h via 5-minute focal instantaneous sampling, totalling 240 hours. We observed 43 of 55 behaviours, suggesting that the captive environment was suitably enriching. Despite being in a relatively small enclosure, pottos spent an average of 17% of their activity in social interactions. No race walk and less bridging was observed in the study individuals as seen in other lorisids. To stimulate those behaviours, those keeping this genus in captivity need to provide interconnected bridges in the form of ropes or rubber tubes in enclosures.</p>","PeriodicalId":520627,"journal":{"name":"Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148805167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green monkeys' repertoires maintain consistency on Caribbean islands despite centuries of geographic isolation.","authors":"Rose M Amrhein, Perri K Eason, Isabella S S Bastien, Hunter M A Huffman","doi":"10.1163/14219980-bja10095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-bja10095","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Green monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus) were introduced to the Caribbean in the 17th century. Since then, they have established isolated populations on the islands of Barbados, St. Kitts and St. Martin. This geographic distribution provides a unique opportunity to assess communication differences that may have arisen in these populations over this period of geographic isolation from the native West African population. Using an established vocal repertoire from monkeys living in Barbados, we investigated how call types may have diverged across these three islands. We collected vocal data from St. Kitts and St. Martin monkey populations and used Raven Pro to isolate vocalizations and collect acoustic measurements. We then statistically compared each call type to the same call type made in the other populations to identify areas of change. We found that the majority of call types did not drastically differ in acoustic parameters across islands, suggesting that vocal repertoires are largely conserved within species despite long periods of separation. However, some call types did exhibit differences in both acoustic parameters and degree of usage. For example, populations that experienced higher levels of human food provisioning made call types unique to these events. Further, the rates of call type usage varied across islands, illustrating an underlying dynamic of change in which monkey populations are shifting their vocal repertoires in response to variation within their environments. These findings emphasize the need for further investigation into how repertoires are impacted by other environmental, social, and anthropogenic factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":520627,"journal":{"name":"Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148805216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics and usage of sleeping sites of the northern sportive lemurs (Lepilemur septentrionalis) at Montagne des Français, Madagascar.","authors":"Lucile Rasoamazava, Timothy M Sefczek, Ando N Rakotonanahary, Solofonirina Rasoloharijaona, Edward E Louis","doi":"10.1163/14219980-bja10091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-bja10091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study of sleeping site selection in primates is fundamental to the development of appropriate conservation strategies. Here we present data on the characteristics and usage of sleeping sites of the northern sportive lemurs (Lepilemur septentrionalis) at Montagne des Français, Madagascar. The study was conducted on three individuals over a period of seven months from December 2018 to June 2019. The research objective is to describe the sleeping site characteristics and usage patterns of L. septentrionalis in the dry forest of Montagne des Français. The northern sportive lemurs in this study used three types of sleeping sites: tree holes, vine tangles, and branches. Among the tree species used as sleeping sites by L. septentrionalis, Strychnos madagascariensis was used most frequently, and most of these sleeping sites were food trees. We most often observed L. septentrionalis using tall trees with large diameters at breast height. Tree holes are generally found in living trees rather than in dead or partially dead trees. We observed a significant difference in the frequency of sleeping sites reuse, with repeated use of tree holes being particularly noticeable. There is no variation in distance between the different types of sleeping sites and the first or last feeding trees. The results of this study suggest that L. septentrionalis depends primarily on large trees with tree holes. The reuse of sleeping sites may serve as a strategy for predator avoidance or for easy access to food resources, while the use of food trees as sleeping sites may be a strategy to reduce the cost of travel to access food resources. Sampling efforts must be considered to better understand the sleeping sites selection preferences of this species.</p>","PeriodicalId":520627,"journal":{"name":"Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148763330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How resource heterogeneity and social threat shape intergroup tolerance: insights from a spatial agent-based model.","authors":"Cyril C Grueter","doi":"10.1163/14219980-bja10094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-bja10094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The emergence of tolerance between distinct social groups is a central question in social evolution, with relevance to both nonhuman primates and early human societies. Ecological factors such as resource heterogeneity and social threats like bachelor male presence have each been proposed as drivers of intergroup proximity, but their combined effects remain unclear. We developed a spatially explicit agent-based model to examine how resource patchiness and bachelor threat jointly shape aggregation dynamics and intergroup tolerance among mixed-sex groups. In the model, groups forage across heterogeneous landscapes and expand their ranges with increasing patchiness. Bachelor groups move according to local resource gradients and generate location-dependent social pressure when in proximity to social groups, prompting groups to aggregate probabilistically according to threat intensity. Aggregation decisions follow a sigmoid response, and familiarity accumulates through repeated overlap or joint aggregation. Intergroup tolerance thus arises from encounter histories rather than being preprogrammed. Simulations show that resource heterogeneity promotes tolerance by increasing overlap and encounter frequency, while bachelor threat induces aggregation as a protective response. Tolerance can also emerge without consistent aggregation, provided that ecological conditions repeatedly bring groups together. When both heterogeneity and threat are high, aggregation and familiarity peak, indicating a synergistic effect. These outcomes are robust across the explored parameter space and do not require explicit coordination or cooperative intent. Our findings highlight how simple behavioural rules embedded in ecological and social contexts can yield complex intergroup outcomes, offering a general framework for understanding the evolution of intergroup tolerance in primates and humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":520627,"journal":{"name":"Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148763440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change will have limited impact on future habitat suitability for two closely related East African nocturnal primates.","authors":"Evan Miller, Luca Pozzi","doi":"10.1163/14219980-bja10090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-bja10090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anthropogenic climate change poses an ongoing major threat to Earth's biodiversity and is predicted to accelerate species extinctions. Primates in particular are considered highly vulnerable to changing temperature, precipitation, and seasonality characteristics. The Kenya coast dwarf galago (Paragalago cocos) and the Zanzibar dwarf galago (P. zanzibaricus) are two closely related nocturnal primates that are endemic to coastal lowland and submontane humid forest environments of eastern Kenya and Tanzania. This region of East Africa is predicted to become hotter under future climate change trajectories, and other similarly distributed species in the Paragalago genus are predicted to either lose considerable habitat or become significantly more exposed to weather extremes. In this study, we modeled how future climate change will impact climatic habitat suitability and potential distributions across the ranges of P. cocos and P. zanzibaricus under different models of atmospheric circulation and emissions pathways. We also assessed the degree of suitable habitat extents within protected areas and anthropogenic modification characteristics under climate change trajectories. Overall, climate change is predicted to have a negligible impact on future suitability. Protected areas will encompass a limited degree of suitable habitat under current and future climatic conditions. Most of the climatically suitable habitat predicted for both species occurs in heavily modified landscapes with little intact high canopy forest, and future climate change will not lead to any major changes in the composition of modified habitat in either species' ranges. Future studies should examine more localized abundance and habitat use patterns for both species, particularly in more modified habitats.</p>","PeriodicalId":520627,"journal":{"name":"Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology","volume":" ","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148498674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel investigation of western lowland gorilla sleep architecture.","authors":"Kaleigh R Reyes, Julie A Teichroeb, Michael A Schillaci, Vanessa A D Wilson, Klaus Zuberbühler, David R Samson","doi":"10.1163/14219980-bja10086","DOIUrl":"10.1163/14219980-bja10086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sleep behaviour has been recorded for only ten percent of primate species. Here, we contribute to this literature by using videography to collect novel sleep behaviour data on captive gorillas. We measured, to our knowledge, the first ever sleep architecture preliminary baseline estimate data in a population of captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at the Basel Zoo (Switzerland) over three months (n = 90 nights of observation). The results of this study showed significant differences in levels of sleep fragmentation between the one dominant male of our gorilla community and the subordinate individuals (one young male and females ranging in age) of the same community. This perhaps suggests that dominant individuals may suffer in their overall sleep quality however, because dominance and sex are confounded in this population, these patterns should be interpreted cautiously. While this result could be interpreted to be tradeoff between the requirements of sleep and group protection by the dominant silver back, the results of this study are novel and the first of its kind. Thus, while these preliminary differences raise questions about how social roles may relate to sleep behaviour in gorillas, further research with larger samples is required to understand how biological sex, dominance rank, and the interaction between the two within gorilla populations, influences sleep within gorillas.</p>","PeriodicalId":520627,"journal":{"name":"Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology","volume":"97 1","pages":"55-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148458388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Greater ecological flexibility in furry-eared dwarf lemurs versus sympatric Sibree's dwarf lemurs: Insights from tree-hole, nest, and underground occupancy.","authors":"Marina B Blanco, Lydia K Greene, Jean-Basile Andriambeloson, Vololonirina Rahalinarivo, Hery Nirina Théophile Randriahaingo, Nannye H Randriamanantsaina, Brigita Tsavohitra, Anne D Yoder, Kathrin H Dausmann","doi":"10.1163/14219980-bja10088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-bja10088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wild primates spend a significant portion of their lives in resting sites that are critical for survival, providing protection from predators and against weather extremes. The small-bodied and heterothermic dwarf lemurs (Cheirogaleus spp.) inhabit diverse environments in Madagascar, where they face high predation risk and thermoregulatory constraints. These lemurs variably use nests and tree holes as resting sites, and tree holes and underground locations as hibernacula, depending on the species and habitat. Here, we compare resting-site ecology in the sympatric Sibree's (C. sibreei) and furry-eared (C. crossleyi) dwarf lemurs at Tsinjoarivo forest. Whereas C. sibreei is an ecological specialist restricted to the cold rainforests of eastern Madagascar above 1500 m, C. crossleyi is an ecological generalist widely distributed across the eastern rainforests and forest fragments of the central highlands. We collate data collected between 2007 and 2019 on a total of 62 radio-collared dwarf lemurs tracked at different times of the year. We demonstrate that C. sibreei exclusively used tree holes as resting sites, showed greater resting-site fidelity, began hibernating earlier in the season, and only showed evidence of torpor once underground. In contrast, C. crossleyi occupied more and diverse resting sites in the active season, including tree holes, nests, and even exposed branches, and entered hibernation later, with many individuals expressing torpor while in nests, i.e., before switching to underground hibernacula. Adapted to cold rainforests, C. sibreei prioritizes resting sites with greater thermal insulation and a long, stable hibernation season of up to seven months. C. crossleyi opts for greater flexibility in both resting-site ecology and torpor expression. Although Tsinjoarivo is likely the coldest habitat occupied by C. crossleyi, perhaps pushing this species to the limits of their thermal tolerance, their ecological flexibility may give them a competitive edge over C. sibreei given ongoing habitat degradation at this site.</p>","PeriodicalId":520627,"journal":{"name":"Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148458357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Habitat use and conservation of the Eastern Woolly Lemur (Avahi laniger) in human-impacted landscapes outside protected areas in northeastern Madagascar.","authors":"Dominik Schüßler, Tobias van Elst, Naina R Rabemananjara, Tahiriniaina Radriarimanga, Stephan M Rafamantanantsoa, Roger D Randimbiharinirina, Emmanuel Rasolondraibe, Jasmin Mantilla-Contreras, Ute Radespiel","doi":"10.1163/14219980-bja10087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-bja10087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Madagascar's lemurs are globally unique primates, yet many nocturnal taxa remain poorly studied. Among them, the eastern woolly lemur (Avahi laniger) is widespread across the island's northern and central-eastern rainforests, but little is known about its ecology outside protected areas. We surveyed 18 unprotected forests, representing about one third of the species' range, to evaluate its occurrence, population density, habitat use, and interactions with local communities. Using 97 nocturnal line transects (291.8 km of survey effort) combined with vegetation assessments and 208 interviews, we found A. laniger at all study sites. Estimated population density was 41.3 individuals/km2, which is at the lower margin of reported values for the genus. Encounter rates did not differ significantly along a gradient of forest degradation (undisturbed to highly logged primary forest), suggesting some tolerance to structural degradation. However, use of fallow-derived habitats was restricted to sites with the early successional tree Harungana madagascariensis, highlighting the importance of vertical structures and specific food plants. Morphological measurements showed no evidence of reduced body condition compared to populations in protected areas. Interviews revealed broad local knowledge of the species (73% recognition), occasional and opportunistic hunting, and low prevalence of taboos against consumption. Notably, hunting could be linked to locally reduced abundances. We demonstrate that A. laniger persists across a gradient of human-modified landscapes, if vertical forest structures and food resources remain available. Conservation strategies should therefore include forested areas not generally considered suitable for lemurs (e.g., agroforests), while strictly preventing hunting to ensure population viability under ongoing habitat fragmentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":520627,"journal":{"name":"Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148458324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resource preference of an adult female aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) in Madagascar's Ihofa Forest.","authors":"Timothy M Sefczek, Cynthia L Frasier, Doménico R Randimbiharinirina, Jeannin N Rakotondrazandry, Edward E Louis, W Scott McGraw","doi":"10.1163/14219980-bja10084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-bja10084","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aye-ayes possess an unusual suite of morphological characteristics that are used to locate and extract xylophagous invertebrates. A growing body of evidence supports the long-held claim that xylophagous invertebrates comprise a significant portion of aye-aye diets; however, several aye-aye features are also used to harvest endosperm from seeds of Canarium spp., another important aye-aye resource. Using continuous focal animal sampling, we collected feeding data on a female aye-aye in Madagascar's Ihofa Forest from January 2016 to December 2017 to better elucidate resource preference. We used aye-aye feeding traces in woody substrates as a proxy for xylophagous invertebrate presence to estimate xylophagous invertebrate abundance along 20 transects (10 m × 100 m). During observational follows, we also counted each trace made during feeding. Using the same transects, we also estimated Canarium seed abundance based on fruit in the canopy and fruit on the ground. There were more aye-aye feeding traces in woody substrates for xylophagous invertebrates (3206) than for Canarium seeds (2153). A Wilcoxon signed-rank test found no significant difference in the number of xylophagous invertebrates and Canarium seeds consumed during this study ( p = 0.317); however, a two-item preference index indicated that xylophagous invertebrates were the preferred resource monthly and annually. Our results indicated that the aye-aye in this study preferentially consumed xylophagous invertebrates. This provides further evidence that the aye-aye's highly derived morphology is specifically adapted for extracting insect larvae from structurally defended substrates. The use of some of these morphological autapomorphies for Canarium seed feeding may be an example of an exaptation.</p>","PeriodicalId":520627,"journal":{"name":"Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148458306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A long walk for a tiny lemur: Nightly travel distances of Microcebus rufus.","authors":"Veronarindra Ramananjato, Hasinavalona Rakotoarisoa, Tanjoniaina H N P Rabarijaonina, Finaritra Randimbiarison, Onja H Razafindratsima","doi":"10.1163/14219980-bja10085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/14219980-bja10085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Movement is critical for animals' dynamics and survival. However, the movement patterns of small-bodied animals (body mass <500 g) are rarely documented, given the difficulties in tracking them in their natural habitats. Here, we report the distance travelled by a small-bodied and nocturnal lemur (brown mouse lemur, Microcebus rufus) in Ranomafana National Park, southeastern Madagascar, using telemetry and tracking data ( N = 7 night-tracking from 5 individuals). We found that M. rufus travelled up to 840.41 m in one night with a maximum 1-hour step length of 502.90 m. Our data also showed that, on average, females (755.50 m) travelled further than males (381.90 m). We suggest that such long-distance movements could be a strategy to maintain their metabolic rate and budget activities, avoid predators, and/or respond to changes in food source distribution. Furthermore, such movements can have critical consequences on their ecological roles in the rainforest, contributing to the self-maintenance of diversity, health, and regeneration of the ecosystem.</p>","PeriodicalId":520627,"journal":{"name":"Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148458319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}