Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions最新文献

{"title":"Balloon Rupture During Myval TAVI: A Rare Complication and Successful Bailout Strategy.","authors":"Ali Rıza Akyüz, Niyazi Alp Peker, Mustafa Öztürk, Selim Kul","doi":"10.1002/ccd.70778","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ccd.70778","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>​Balloon rupture during transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a rare but life-threatening complication. We report a successful bailout strategy following TAVI balloon rupture during the deployment of a 24.5 mm Myval valve. Upon partial inflation failure, the valve and ruptured balloon were retracted into the descending aorta. To overcome friction, diluted propofol (1 mg in 10 mL saline) was injected through the balloon lumen as a chemical lubricant, facilitating safe balloon disengagement. Following en bloc removal of the damaged system and placement of a new sheath, the first valve was intentionally deployed in the descending aorta using a sequential balloon expansion strategy (20 mm followed by 27.5 mm). A second 24.5 mm Myval valve was subsequently implanted at the native annulus without complications. This case highlights the novel use of propofol lubrication as a rapid, effective endovascular bailout technique.</p>","PeriodicalId":520583,"journal":{"name":"Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions","volume":" ","pages":"1276-1278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148612245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Staged Revascularization Strategy for Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia With GLASS Stage IMP2 Disease: Distal Bypass Following Infrapopliteal/Pedal Endovascular Therapy.","authors":"Yoshihiko Tsuji, Taku Toyoshima, Osamu Iida, Ikuro Kitano","doi":"10.1002/ccd.70825","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ccd.70825","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) and Global Limb Anatomic Staging System (GLASS) stage IMP2 disease often lack suitable inframalleolar target arteries for distal bypass on conventional imaging, rendering them technically ungraftable. We adopted a staged revascularization strategy consisting of initial infrapopliteal/pedal endovascular therapy (EVT) to establish graftable pedal arteries, followed by distal bypass using autologous saphenous vein grafts before restenosis or reocclusion occurred. Two patients with Rutherford category 5 CLTI underwent this strategy after angiography and duplex ultrasonography failed to identify suitable bypass targets. Distal bypass was successfully performed several weeks and a few days after the initial EVT, respectively. Although restenosis of the graft and pedal arteries occurred during follow-up and required multiple additional EVT procedures, limb salvage was achieved in both patients until death from nonvascular causes at 6 and 12 months after bypass surgery. This staged strategy may represent a feasible treatment option for carefully selected patients with GLASS stage IMP2 CLTI who are initially considered unsuitable for distal bypass.</p>","PeriodicalId":520583,"journal":{"name":"Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions","volume":" ","pages":"1617-1621"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148761492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Propofol-Based Lubrication to Overcome Equipment Friction in Chronic Total Occlusion PCI: The Propoglide Technique.","authors":"Evandro Martins Filho, Marielle Rodrigues Martins, Ricardo F O Suruagy Motta, Gustavo N Araujo, Antônio Carlos Botelho","doi":"10.1002/ccd.70831","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ccd.70831","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>CTO PCI success depends on consistent equipment performance. Equipment friction (Stingray guidewire lumen fatigue, microcatheter internal lumen friction, and retrograde externalization friction) causes procedural delay and failure. The standard solution is device exchange, which is time-consuming and adds cost. To our knowledge, no published technique addresses CTO-specific equipment friction with an alternative to Rotaglide, which is unavailable in most countries.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This report aims to describe and illustrate the Propoglide technique, the use of propofol 1% lipid emulsion as an off-label lubricant to overcome equipment friction in CTO PCI across three clinically distinct scenarios.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We describe the Propoglide technique: propofol 1% lipid emulsion (soybean oil carrier) applied as an off-label lubricant across three CTO PCI scenarios: (A) Stingray balloon guidewire lumen, (B) microcatheter inner lumen, and (C) retrograde externalization. Device-specific dead space estimates for common coronary microcatheters guide propofol volume selection. Three illustrative cases demonstrate clinical application.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Propofol lubrication resolved friction-related failure in all illustrated cases, restoring device function within a single application without device exchange. Propofol volumes ranged from 0.3 to 0.8 mL (3-8 mg), pharmacologically negligible relative to sedation doses. No adverse events were observed in the illustrative cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Propofol 1% emulsion provides practical, safe lubrication for CTO PCI equipment across three clinically distinct friction scenarios, with particular relevance in settings where dedicated lubricants and externalization wires are unavailable. Prospective validation is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":520583,"journal":{"name":"Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions","volume":" ","pages":"1669-1679"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148804354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rescue Cutting Balloon Angioplasty for Heavily Calcified Carotid Artery Stenosis: A Case Report and Narrative Review.","authors":"Minyoul Baik, Dongjin Seo, Joonsang Yoo, Jinkwon Kim","doi":"10.1002/ccd.70898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.70898","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carotid artery stenting for heavily calcified lesions (HCLs) poses significant therapeutic challenges. We report an 83-year-old male with symptomatic carotid stenosis of HCLs. Angiography demonstrated 91% stenosis with a minimum lumen diameter (MLD) of 0.4 mm. Standard pre-dilation resulted in a \"dog-bone\" deformity (residual stenosis 74%, MLD 1.1 mm), preventing stent delivery. As a rescue technique, a 3.0 mm Wolverine coronary cutting balloon (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA) was employed, successfully increasing the MLD to 2.4 mm without inducing baroreceptor-mediated hemodynamic instability. This luminal gain facilitated the successful delivery and deployment of a self-expanding stent, followed by post-dilation that achieved a final residual stenosis of 19%. A subacute in-stent thrombus detected on post-procedure day 4 resolved completely with intensified antithrombotic therapy, and at 3-month follow-up the patient had no recurrent stroke or in-stent restenosis, with a modified Rankin Scale score of 2. Supported by a literature review, this case demonstrates that newer-generation cutting balloons with improved crossing profiles offer a safe, effective rescue strategy for unyielding carotid HCLs, achieving essential luminal gain while minimizing procedural risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":520583,"journal":{"name":"Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149083765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Balloon-Stopper Retrieval and Peripheral Parking After Inadvertent Ostial Right Coronary Stent Deployment.","authors":"Fernando Quevedo-Candela, Guy Proulx, Tomás Cieza","doi":"10.1002/ccd.70932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.70932","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Percutaneous treatment of right coronary artery (RCA) ostial lesions is technically challenging due to cardiorespiratory motion.</p><p><strong>Case summary: </strong>We describe a 70-year-old man undergoing PCI for an ostial RCA lesion where a forceful cough caused complete stent expansion within the aortic root. The stent remained mechanically engaged to the delivery shaft. A 4.0 × 15 mm balloon was inflated at the guiding catheter tip as a \"balloon stopper,\" enabling controlled retrieval and \"peripheral parking\" (intentional implantation) in the right brachial artery.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This case illustrates the technical feasibility of a bailout strategy for selected fully expanded extracoronary stents when guidewire access is maintained. The balloon-stopper technique provided mechanical control during retrieval, while peripheral implantation allowed relocation of the stent when further extraction was considered potentially hazardous.</p>","PeriodicalId":520583,"journal":{"name":"Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149083749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The No-Reflow Phenomenon as an Independent Predictor of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury and Mortality in STEMI Patients Undergoing Primary PCI.","authors":"Utku Raimoglu, Eser Durmaz, Damla Raimoglou, Gunduz Incesu, Ali Ugur Soysal, Sebnem Durmaz, Alpin Mert Tekin, Kudret Keskin, Bilgehan Karadag, Baris Ikitimur","doi":"10.1002/ccd.70904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.70904","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) frequently complicates primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The no-reflow phenomenon, a primary cause of inadequate reperfusion, is linked to systemic inflammation and CI-AKI development.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study evaluated the association between no-reflow and CI-AKI, and the subsequent impact on short- and long-term mortality.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective observational study included 299 STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI. CI-AKI was defined as a serum creatinine increase ≥ 25% or ≥0.5 mg/dL within 48-72 h post-contrast. No-reflow was diagnosed if final distal flow was <TIMI III and/or myocardial blush was absent.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CI-AKI occurred in 14.04% (42 patients). These patients were older, had higher inflammatory markers (WBC, CRP), and lower left ventricular ejection fraction. The incidence of no-reflow was significantly higher in the CI-AKI group (73.8% vs. 15.2%, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified the no-reflow phenomenon as an independent predictor of CI-AKI (OR: 10.925, 95% CI: 3.709-32.181, p < 0.001). Furthermore, all-cause mortality was significantly higher in patients with CI-AKI (21.4% vs. 7.4%, p = 0.008), and CI-AKI was independently associated with poor long-term survival.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The no-reflow phenomenon is a strong, independent predictor of CI-AKI following primary PCI in STEMI patients. Additionally, CI-AKI is independently associated with increased short- and long-term mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":520583,"journal":{"name":"Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149077035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Outcomes of Patients With Suspected Angina Pectoris Following Clinical Decision-Making Guided by ATP-FFR Versus Nicorandil-FFR.","authors":"Nobukiyo Tanaka, Hiroki Ishihara, Masato Fujii, Yoshio Furukawa","doi":"10.1002/ccd.70907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.70907","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fractional flow reserve (FFR)-guided revascularization improves long-term outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease. Although adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the standard hyperemic agent, nicorandil (NIC) has emerged as a practical alternative due to its combined nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel-activating properties. However, data on long-term vessel-related outcomes guided by NIC-induced FFR are limited.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>To compare long-term clinical and vessel-based outcomes in patients with suspected angina pectoris whose treatment strategies were guided by ATP-induced FFR (ATP-FFR) versus intracoronary nicorandil-induced FFR (NIC-FFR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This single-center, prospective registry enrolled 363 consecutive patients (543 vessels) who underwent FFR measurement between April 2012 and December 2017. FFR was assessed using intravenous ATP infusion (150 µg/kg/min) and/or intracoronary NIC (2 mg bolus). Ischemic and non-ischemic groups were defined as FFR ≤ 0.80 and > 0.80, respectively. Long-term clinical events were evaluated over a mean follow-up of 6.4 ± 3.1 years.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were performed in 123 (33.9%) and 5 (1.4%) patients, respectively. Overall, target vessel revascularization occurred in 3.0% of vessels. In the ischemic groups (FFR ≤ 0.80), the incidence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) was 0.0% for ATP-FFR and 0.4% for NIC-FFR (log-rank p = 0.328), and chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) occurred in 15.9% and 16.4%, respectively (p = 0.059). Among non-ischemic vessels (FFR > 0.80), ACS occurred in 0.7% versus 0.3% (p = 0.521) and CCS in 7.6% versus 5.8% (p = 0.374). Kaplan-Meier analyses showed no significant differences between the two hyperemic agents across all subgroups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Intracoronary NIC can be safely and effectively used as an alternative hyperemic agent for FFR measurement. Long-term vessel-related outcomes guided by NIC-FFR showed no statistically significant differences compared with those guided by ATP-FFR, supporting its applicability in real-world practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":520583,"journal":{"name":"Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149076868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation-Supported Aspiration Thrombectomy and Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis for Massive Pulmonary Artery and Inferior Vena Cava Thrombosis in a Neonate.","authors":"Karunakar Vadalmudi, Hope Kile, Glenn Leonard, George A Porter","doi":"10.1002/ccd.70926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.70926","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Massive pulmonary artery thrombosis in neonates is rare and frequently fatal when associated with right ventricular failure and hemodynamic collapse. We report a premature neonate with extensive inferior vena cava, right ventricular outflow tract, and bilateral pulmonary artery thrombosis resulting in respiratory failure requiring venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Progressive thrombus burden despite systemic anticoagulation prompted catheter-directed mechanical aspiration thrombectomy using escalating aspiration systems with adjunctive localized thrombolysis. Significant resolution of the thrombus was achieved with restoration of pulmonary blood flow and improvement in right ventricular function. This case demonstrates the feasibility of ECMO-supported aspiration thrombectomy as a life-saving strategy for neonatal thromboembolic disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":520583,"journal":{"name":"Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149083760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Agreement and Threshold Correspondence Between Resting Full-Cycle Ratio and Nicorandil-Based Fractional Flow Reserve in Intermediate Coronary Stenosis: A Prospective Single-Center Registry.","authors":"Yonghoon Shin, Onyou Kim, Gi Won Yu, Yun Won Lee, Jung-Joon Cha, Hyung Joon Joo, Jae Hyoung Park, Soon Jun Hong, Cheol Woong Yu","doi":"10.1002/ccd.70933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.70933","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>RFR has shown good aggregate agreement with FFR, including in prior Asian cohorts using intracoronary nicorandil. Where RFR-FFR disagreement is concentrated relative to the FFR 0.80 decision boundary, and how the two binary thresholds correspond, remain incompletely characterized.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a prospective single-center registry, 300 patients (399 lesions) underwent sequential RFR and nicorandil-based FFR measurement. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed with patient-level cluster bootstrap CIs across post hoc FFR and RFR strata. Threshold correspondence used ordinary least squares and Deming regression. Univariable logistic regression evaluated correlates of discordance (exploratory).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall threshold-based agreement was 85.0% (95% CI 81.1%-88.5%; κ = 0.684) with AUC 0.932 (95% CI 0.906-0.954). RFR exceeded FFR by +0.067 (patient-mean limits of agreement -0.040 to +0.173). Agreement was 91.6-92.8% away from the FFR 0.80 decision boundary but 72.0-73.5% in the two flanking strata. RFR 0.89 corresponded to an FFR of approximately 0.823, similar with Deming regression. Agreement exceeded 92% outside RFR 0.87-0.91 but was 63.2% within this exploratory band and 68.8% within the 0.86-0.92 interval of previous hybrid strategies. LAD territory was an exploratory univariable correlate of discordance, which likely reflected the FFR distribution of LAD lesions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>RFR showed high agreement with nicorandil-based FFR, consistent with prior cohorts. Disagreement was concentrated near the FFR decision boundary, as expected for two correlated continuous indices dichotomized at fixed thresholds, and this study quantifies its frequency. Agreement was lowest near the RFR cut-off (0.87-0.91), an exploratory interval that overlaps with previous hybrid gray zones and requires validation in outcome studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":520583,"journal":{"name":"Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149083771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PICS Live Case Demonstrations: Five-Year Review of a Collaborative Experience.","authors":"Catalina Vargas Acevedo, Ziyad M Hijazi, Damien Kenny, Gareth J Morgan","doi":"10.1002/ccd.70915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.70915","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Live case demonstrations are widely used in interventional cardiology for procedural education and exchange of techniques and experience. Their educational value must be balanced against concerns regarding patient safety, privacy, and the potential influence of live discussion on procedural decision-making. We sought to characterize the Pediatric and Congenital Interventional Cardiovascular Society (PICS) live case experience and identify potential effects of live broadcasting on patient care.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a retrospective qualitative and semi-quantitative review of PICS live case demonstrations from 2018 to 2023 for which a digitized archive was available. Case characteristics, procedures, devices, discussion content, procedural outcomes, adverse events, broadcast-related \"red flags,\" and changes in procedural strategy associated with live discussion were recorded. Qualitative content was analyzed using a general inductive approach.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ninety-four clinical cases from 28 hospitals in 11 countries were analyzed. Patients ranged from premature neonates to adults, with 54 (57.4%) involving adults with congenital/structural heart disease. Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement was the most frequently presented procedure (27.7%). Two significant procedural adverse events (2.1%) occurred; neither could be directly attributed to the live broadcast. Live discussion influenced the stated procedural strategy in seven cases (7.4%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PICS live case demonstrations encompass a broad spectrum of patients, procedures, institutions, and international practice. No adverse events were directly attributed to live broadcasting, although issues related to patient privacy, procedural delays, and the influence of discussion on procedural decision-making were identified. Structured case selection, experienced moderation, separation of procedural and communication responsibilities, and adherence to a standardized code of conduct may help preserve educational value while prioritizing patient safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":520583,"journal":{"name":"Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149083767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}