EES solar Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1039/d5el00137d

Enrique H Balaguera, F Javier Marinelli Pra, Chittaranjan Das, Lorenzo Torresani, Juan Bisquert, Michael Saliba

{"title":"'Ion-freeze' efficiency in perovskite solar cells: time scales for ion immobilization.","authors":"Enrique H Balaguera, F Javier Marinelli Pra, Chittaranjan Das, Lorenzo Torresani, Juan Bisquert, Michael Saliba","doi":"10.1039/d5el00137d","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5el00137d","url":null,"abstract":"It is essential to shed light on the complex multiscale dynamics of mobile ions in perovskite solar cells for developing efficiency testing protocols, gaining a deeper understanding of the degradation mechanisms, improving long-term stability, and, ultimately, driving the commercialization of this technology. This study provides characteristic times for inhibiting the presence of mobile ions in efficiency measurements, enabling a comparison between 'ion-freeze' and steady-state efficiencies to quantify ion-induced degradation losses. Using current transient analysis during current-voltage measurements for a wide range of sweep rates, we achieve precise time-scale mapping of the complex ionic landscape of perovskites, spanning from ion immobilization (at time scales much shorter than the diffusion rate) to the equilibrium situation, encompassing the ubiquitous hysteresis effects for which we define a scan-rate range of occurrence. We corroborate the theory by using Impedance Spectroscopy. Our study provides valuable information about the intricate ionic dynamics in the context of classical current-voltage measurements, supporting the integration of these complementary experiments into the foundational characterization practices of the perovskite photovoltaic community.","PeriodicalId":520395,"journal":{"name":"EES solar","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12495390/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145234854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Visualising ionic screening in perovskite solar cells: a bumpy ride along the J-V curve. 可视化钙钛矿太阳能电池中的离子筛选：沿着J-V曲线的颠簸之旅。

EES solar Pub Date : 2025-08-27 DOI: 10.1039/d5el00133a

Miguel A Torre Cachafeiro, Stéphanie Narbey, Beat Ruhstaller, Frank Nüesch, Wolfgang Tress

{"title":"Visualising ionic screening in perovskite solar cells: a bumpy ride along the J-V curve.","authors":"Miguel A Torre Cachafeiro, Stéphanie Narbey, Beat Ruhstaller, Frank Nüesch, Wolfgang Tress","doi":"10.1039/d5el00133a","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5el00133a","url":null,"abstract":"The current density-voltage (J-V) curve of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) commonly depends on the voltage scanning rate and direction, due to the presence of mobile ionic charges which screen the electric field, lowering the total driving force for charge extraction. In this study, experimental data and drift-diffusion simulations are combined to provide new insights into scan rate dependent J-V curves, focusing on triple mesoscopic carbon-based PSCs (CPSCs), which show a distinct current overshoot ('bump') in the backward scan which had not been fully explained until now. Additionally, the thickness optimisation problem in CPSCs is shown to be governed by the ionic distribution, which determines the ability to collect charge photogenerated in the ZrO2 layer. Using simulations, we provide intuitive visual representations of the changes in electric field across the perovskite absorber during voltage scans at different rates, which determine the hysteresis and occurrence of the bump as a result of the polarity inversion of ionic space charge layers. The spatial maps obtained are directly correlated with experimental temperature- and voltage-dependent measurements of external quantum efficiency (EQE), offering an innovative and effective method to visualise ionic screening. This study introduces significant insights for the design and optimisation of CPSC devices considering ionic effects and presents a versatile characterisation approach applicable to all PSC architectures.","PeriodicalId":520395,"journal":{"name":"EES solar","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12394794/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144985740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Single-crystalline MAPbCl₃ thin-films for photo- and X-ray voltaics. 单晶MAPbCl3薄膜用于光电和x射线光电。

EES solar Pub Date : 2025-08-06 DOI: 10.1039/d5el00087d

Waqas Zia, Mahdi Malekshahi Byranvand, Vishal Yeddu, Yuki Haruta, Dongyang Zhang, Makhsud I Saidaminov, Michael Saliba

{"title":"Single-crystalline MAPbCl3 thin-films for photo- and X-ray voltaics.","authors":"Waqas Zia, Mahdi Malekshahi Byranvand, Vishal Yeddu, Yuki Haruta, Dongyang Zhang, Makhsud I Saidaminov, Michael Saliba","doi":"10.1039/d5el00087d","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5el00087d","url":null,"abstract":"3 eV wide bandgap methylammonium lead trichloride (MAPbCl3) perovskites are promising for transparent solar cells, smart windows, and the internet of things (IoTs). However, it is challenging to crystallize uniform polycrystalline MAPbCl3 thin films from solution. On the other hand, single-crystalline MAPbCl3 can be grown as relatively uniform thin films. In this work, we demonstrate the fabrication of single-crystalline MAPbCl3 thin films on conductive glass substrates via a space-confined inverse temperature crystallization (ITC). The perovskite films exhibit no emission peaks from states located deep within the bandgap, confirming a less defective perovskite bulk than its polycrystalline counterpart. The resulting perovskite solar cells (PSCs) yield an open-circuit voltage (V OC) of up to 1.64 V and a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.1% under one sun irradiation. Additionally, the MAPbCl3 is studied for its conversion of X-rays into electrical energy, i.e., \"X-ray-voltaics\", demonstrating a V OC of 0.89 V together with an output power of 3.57 μW cm-2 at an X-ray tube voltage of 60 kV (4900 μW cm-2).","PeriodicalId":520395,"journal":{"name":"EES solar","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12355366/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144877811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Point contacts in halide perovskite solar cells: from reduced interfacial recombination to increased ionic field screening. 卤化物钙钛矿太阳能电池中的点接触：从减少的界面复合到增加的离子场筛选。

EES solar Pub Date : 2025-07-26 DOI: 10.1039/d5el00110b

Guorui He, Andrés-Felipe Castro-Méndez, Jonas Diekmann, Guus J W Aalbers, Paria Forozi Sowmeeh, Arpana Singh, Simon V Quiroz Monnens, Francisco Peña-Camargo, Martin Stolterfoht, Bernd Stannowski, Heinz Christoph Neitzert, René A J Janssen, Christian Michael Wolff, Dieter Neher, Felix Lang

{"title":"Point contacts in halide perovskite solar cells: from reduced interfacial recombination to increased ionic field screening.","authors":"Guorui He, Andrés-Felipe Castro-Méndez, Jonas Diekmann, Guus J W Aalbers, Paria Forozi Sowmeeh, Arpana Singh, Simon V Quiroz Monnens, Francisco Peña-Camargo, Martin Stolterfoht, Bernd Stannowski, Heinz Christoph Neitzert, René A J Janssen, Christian Michael Wolff, Dieter Neher, Felix Lang","doi":"10.1039/d5el00110b","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5el00110b","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of p-i-n structured perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is primarily limited by the charge recombination at the interface between the perovskite and the electron transporting layer, most commonly C60. Inspired by the silicon passivated emitter rear cell design, we propose point contacts (PCs) to reduce the recombination at the perovskite/C60 interface. Inserting PCs between the perovskite and C60 layers enables an increased efficiency from 18.9% to 20.0%, which mainly originates from the reduced non-radiative recombination that leads to a higher open-circuit voltage (V OC) from 1.16 to 1.21 V. Combining a lithium fluoride (LiF) layer beneath the PCs (perovskite/LiF/PCs) can further boost the V OC to 1.26 V, reaching 90% of the detailed balance limit. However, we find that PCs exacerbate the effect of mobile ions in PSCs, accelerating the degradation under operando conditions. Our results reveal that mobile ions accumulate at the PCs, triggering a faster degradation of the device. These observations are further supported by one- and two-dimensional drift-diffusion simulations that confirm the accumulation of ions at the PCs. This work, therefore, highlights the importance of ion management for improved stability and points to a new degradation mechanism when a discontinuous insulating layer forms at the perovskite interfaces.","PeriodicalId":520395,"journal":{"name":"EES solar","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12319528/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144796538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pow(d)ering up: FAPI perovskite nanopowders for air-processed blade coated perovskite solar modules. 功率(d)上升：空气处理叶片涂覆钙钛矿太阳能组件的FAPI钙钛矿纳米粉末。

EES solar Pub Date : 2025-07-04 eCollection Date: 2025-08-18 DOI: 10.1039/d5el00032g

Maurizio Stefanelli, Muhammed P U Haris, Luigi Vesce, Luigi A Castriotta, Hafez Nikbakht, Fabio Matteocci, Samrana Kazim, Alessandro Triolo, Shahzada Ahmad, Aldo Di Carlo

{"title":"Pow(d)ering up: FAPI perovskite nanopowders for air-processed blade coated perovskite solar modules.","authors":"Maurizio Stefanelli, Muhammed P U Haris, Luigi Vesce, Luigi A Castriotta, Hafez Nikbakht, Fabio Matteocci, Samrana Kazim, Alessandro Triolo, Shahzada Ahmad, Aldo Di Carlo","doi":"10.1039/d5el00032g","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5el00032g","url":null,"abstract":"Formamidinium lead iodide (FAPI) is the most prominent perovskite material utilized in the fabrication of single-junction perovskite solar cells. However, the cubic α-phase perovskite is difficult to retain in precursor solutions for extended periods due to thermodynamic instability, which promotes the formation of the yellow δ-phase. In this study, we demonstrate the fabrication of solar cells and modules from FAPI powders synthesised using a single-step method with a non-hazardous solvent and routine purity grade lead iodide. The pre-synthesised α-FAPI and CsFAPI powders demonstrated considerable potential for scalability and reproducibility. It was observed that similar efficiencies were achieved in small-area cells and mini-modules fabricated using an industrially adaptable blade coating process conducted in an open environment. The enhanced solution rheology and the meticulous control of stoichiometry result in an oriented and less strained crystal lattice, thereby demonstrating superior reproducibility and stability of the perovskite prepared from pre-synthesised powder in comparison to the one produced from high-purity precursor. The methodology developed offers a scalable and cost-effective approach to the production of high-performance and stable perovskite solar modules, with efficiencies reaching 18.5% on a 12.15 cm2 active area module and a T95 above 1200 h in shelf life stability at 30% RH in a UV-filtered environment.","PeriodicalId":520395,"journal":{"name":"EES solar","volume":" ","pages":"543-553"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12230647/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144602696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tuning substrate temperature for enhanced vacuum-deposited wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells: insights from morphology, charge transport, and drift-diffusion simulations. 调整衬底温度增强真空沉积宽带隙钙钛矿太阳能电池：从形态学，电荷输运和漂移扩散模拟的见解。

EES solar Pub Date : 2025-05-14 eCollection Date: 2025-06-23 DOI: 10.1039/d5el00021a

Lidón Gil-Escrig, Jasmeen Nespoli, Fransien D Elhorst, Federico Ventosinos, Cristina Roldán-Carmona, L Jan Anton Koster, Tom J Savenije, Michele Sessolo, Henk J Bolink

{"title":"Tuning substrate temperature for enhanced vacuum-deposited wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells: insights from morphology, charge transport, and drift-diffusion simulations.","authors":"Lidón Gil-Escrig, Jasmeen Nespoli, Fransien D Elhorst, Federico Ventosinos, Cristina Roldán-Carmona, L Jan Anton Koster, Tom J Savenije, Michele Sessolo, Henk J Bolink","doi":"10.1039/d5el00021a","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5el00021a","url":null,"abstract":"The efficiency of vacuum-processed perovskite solar cells lags behind that of solution-processed devices, partially because of the limited spectrum of deposition parameters that can be controlled during deposition. Substrate temperature is in principle a powerful tool to control the condensation and crystallization of thin films, but has been scarcely investigated for perovskites. This study systematically investigates the effect of substrate temperature on the deposition of the wide-bandgap perovskite Cs0.2FA0.8Pb(I0.8Br0.2)3. We observe temperature-dependent morphological changes linked to variations in the adhesion coefficient of formamidinium iodide. Optical, structural, and optoelectronic analyses reveal that increasing the substrate temperature from -20 °C to 75 °C enhances charge carrier mobility and recombination lifetime by an order of magnitude. However, these improvements do not directly translate into better device performance due to competing factors such as morphology, interface energetics, and trap densities. Using drift-diffusion simulations, we identify key performance-limiting parameters, including ion mobility and charge trapping at interfaces and in the bulk. By optimizing the organic/inorganic deposition rate at -20 °C, we achieve state-of-the-art efficient wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells with enhanced thermal stability. This study highlights substrate temperature as a crucial parameter for improving material quality and device performance in vapor-deposited perovskites.","PeriodicalId":520395,"journal":{"name":"EES solar","volume":" ","pages":"391-403"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12093137/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144145196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Incorporating thermal co-evaporation in current-matched all-perovskite triple-junction solar cells. 结合热共蒸发的电流匹配全钙钛矿三结太阳能电池。

EES solar Pub Date : 2025-01-21 eCollection Date: 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.1039/d4el00012a

Terry Chien-Jen Yang, Taeheon Kang, Melissa Fitzsimmons, Guadalupe Vega, Yang Lu, Leo Rosado, Alberto Jiménez-Solano, Linfeng Pan, Szymon J Zelewski, Jordi Ferrer Orri, Yu-Hsien Chiang, Dengyang Guo, Zher Ying Ooi, Yutong Han, Weidong Xu, Bart Roose, Caterina Ducati, Sol Carretero Palacios, Miguel Anaya, Samuel D Stranks

{"title":"Incorporating thermal co-evaporation in current-matched all-perovskite triple-junction solar cells.","authors":"Terry Chien-Jen Yang, Taeheon Kang, Melissa Fitzsimmons, Guadalupe Vega, Yang Lu, Leo Rosado, Alberto Jiménez-Solano, Linfeng Pan, Szymon J Zelewski, Jordi Ferrer Orri, Yu-Hsien Chiang, Dengyang Guo, Zher Ying Ooi, Yutong Han, Weidong Xu, Bart Roose, Caterina Ducati, Sol Carretero Palacios, Miguel Anaya, Samuel D Stranks","doi":"10.1039/d4el00012a","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d4el00012a","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal co-evaporation of halide perovskites is a solution-free, conformal, scalable, and controllable deposition technique with great potential for commercial applications, particularly in multi-junction solar cells. Monolithic triple-junction perovskite solar cells have garnered significant attention because they can achieve very high efficiencies. Nevertheless, challenges arise in fabricating these devices, as they require multiple layers and precise current matching across complex absorber stacks. Here we demonstrate a current-matched monolithic all-perovskite p-i-n triple-junction solar cell enabled by controlled thermal co-evaporation of various absorber layers in the stack. The top and middle subcells were fabricated by developing optimized thermally co-evaporated Cs0.3FA0.7Pb(I0.56Br0.44)3 (1.80 eV bandgap) and FAPbI3 (1.53 eV) perovskites, respectively, while the bottom subcell employed a solution-processed Cs0.25FA0.75Pb0.5Sn0.5I3 (1.25 eV) perovskite. By optimising absorber thicknesses and compositions through optical modelling, we achieve excellent current matching between the top (9.6 mA cm-2), middle (9.3 mA cm-2), and bottom subcells (9.0 mA cm-2), achieving an overall efficiency of 15.8%. Optical modelling simulations suggest that current matching and efficiency up to 11.4 mA cm-2 and 37.6% respectively could be attainable using the latest interlayer materials. This work highlights the potential of scalable vapour-based deposition techniques for advancing multi-junction perovskite-based solar cells, paving the way for future developments in this field.","PeriodicalId":520395,"journal":{"name":"EES solar","volume":" ","pages":"41-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11755821/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143049616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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