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Differential patterns of cross-protection against antigenically distinct variants in small animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. 在SARS-CoV-2感染的小动物模型中，针对不同抗原变体的交叉保护的不同模式
Npj viruses Pub Date : 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1038/s44298-025-00125-w
Prabhuanand Selvaraj, Charles B Stauft, Shufeng Liu, Kotou Sangare, Tony T Wang
{"title":"Differential patterns of cross-protection against antigenically distinct variants in small animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection.","authors":"Prabhuanand Selvaraj, Charles B Stauft, Shufeng Liu, Kotou Sangare, Tony T Wang","doi":"10.1038/s44298-025-00125-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44298-025-00125-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Continuous evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) will likely necessitate periodic updates of vaccine composition. Based on a series of studies carried out in human ACE2 transgenic mice (K18-hACE2) and Syrian hamsters, we show that immunity at the respiratory tract, acquired through either previous infection or vaccination with an in-house live attenuated virus, offers protection against antigenically distinct variants in the absence of variant spike-specific neutralizing antibodies. Interestingly, immunity acquired through infection of a modern variant (XBB.1.5) was insufficient in preventing brain infection by the ancestral virus (WA1/2020) in K18-hACE2 mice. Similarly, previous infection with WA1/2020 did not protect against brain infection by XBB.1.5. Our results highlight the importance of immune components other than neutralizing antibodies in maintaining protection against new variants in the respiratory tract.</p>","PeriodicalId":520240,"journal":{"name":"Npj viruses","volume":"3 1","pages":"49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12137545/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144228365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ultrastructural and transcriptional changes during a giant virus infection of a green alga. 巨型病毒感染绿藻时超微结构和转录的变化。
Npj viruses Pub Date : 2025-05-31 DOI: 10.1038/s44298-025-00128-7
Andrian P Gajigan, Christopher R Schvarcz, Cecilia Conaco, Kyle F Edwards, Grieg F Steward
{"title":"Ultrastructural and transcriptional changes during a giant virus infection of a green alga.","authors":"Andrian P Gajigan, Christopher R Schvarcz, Cecilia Conaco, Kyle F Edwards, Grieg F Steward","doi":"10.1038/s44298-025-00128-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44298-025-00128-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genome of Oceanusvirus kaneohense isolate, Tetraselmis virus 1 (TetV-1), was previously sequenced, but little was known about its infection cycle. We determined the eclipse period (4-8 h), latent period (16 h), and burst size (~1000), and observed ultrastructural changes in the host during infection. Putative viral factories and inclusion bodies appear in the cytoplasm by 8 and 16 h post-infection, respectively. Of 830 viral transcripts detected, those related to transcription, DNA synthesis, and host immune repression appeared earlier (0.25 and 4 h), and virus structural genes appeared later (8-16 h). Host lipid metabolism and endocytosis-related transcripts were upregulated during the early phase, while protein modification genes were downregulated. In the later stages, host transcripts associated with basic cellular processes were relatively more common, while developmental genes became less so. Many highly expressed host and virus genes were of unknown function, highlighting a need for additional functional studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":520240,"journal":{"name":"Npj viruses","volume":"3 1","pages":"47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12126595/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144192648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A deep dive into giant viruses. 深入研究巨型病毒。
Npj viruses Pub Date : 2025-05-31 DOI: 10.1038/s44298-025-00131-y
Jônatas Santos Abrahão
{"title":"A deep dive into giant viruses.","authors":"Jônatas Santos Abrahão","doi":"10.1038/s44298-025-00131-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44298-025-00131-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520240,"journal":{"name":"Npj viruses","volume":"3 1","pages":"48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12126519/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144192647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Influenza A virus NS1 suppresses nuclear speckles promoted gene expression by inhibition of transcription. 甲型流感病毒NS1通过抑制转录抑制核斑点促进基因表达。
Npj viruses Pub Date : 2025-05-30 DOI: 10.1038/s44298-025-00124-x
Wolfgang Nacken, Juliane Mayr, André Schreiber, Stephan Ludwig
{"title":"Influenza A virus NS1 suppresses nuclear speckles promoted gene expression by inhibition of transcription.","authors":"Wolfgang Nacken, Juliane Mayr, André Schreiber, Stephan Ludwig","doi":"10.1038/s44298-025-00124-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44298-025-00124-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>IAV-NS1 proteins that interact with Cleavage and polyadenylation specific factor 30 are known to inhibit host gene expression. Here we report that in both transfection and infection experiments, a strong attenuation of reporter gene expression is observed when NS1 proteins are fused to protein domains guiding NS1 exclusively to nuclear speckles (NSP). NS1 proteins that are fused to domains that guide them to nuclear or non-nuclear compartments other than NSP show little or no ability to attenuate reporter gene expression. An NSP-localized NS1-effector domain is sufficient to inhibit gene expression. The protein SON is an essential component of NSP. SiRNA-mediated suppression of SON reduced the ability of NS1 to suppress the expression of a reporter gene relative to cells with fully functional NSP. Lastly, we demonstrate that the NS1-mediated suppression relies on transcriptional inhibition. Our data suggest that IAV-NS1 suppresses NSP-promoted gene expression by inhibition of transcription.</p>","PeriodicalId":520240,"journal":{"name":"Npj viruses","volume":"3 1","pages":"46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12122860/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144180499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Nonviral protein cages as tools to decipher and combat viral threats. 非病毒蛋白笼作为破译和对抗病毒威胁的工具。
Npj viruses Pub Date : 2025-05-26 DOI: 10.1038/s44298-025-00127-8
Mikail D Levasseur
{"title":"Nonviral protein cages as tools to decipher and combat viral threats.","authors":"Mikail D Levasseur","doi":"10.1038/s44298-025-00127-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44298-025-00127-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Zoonotic viruses rank among the greatest threats to public health, with urbanization and global warming accelerating their emergence and spread. As the risk of future pandemics grows, innovative tools are needed to deepen our understanding of viral pathogenesis and enhance pandemic preparedness. Nonviral protein cages provide a versatile platform for studying viral mechanisms, virus-host interactions, and designing next-generation therapeutic approaches, making them powerful assets in the fight against viral threats.</p>","PeriodicalId":520240,"journal":{"name":"Npj viruses","volume":"3 1","pages":"45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12106740/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144153197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Enhanced neurotropism of bovine H5N1 compared to the Vietnam H5N1 isolate in C57BL/6J mice. 牛H5N1在C57BL/6J小鼠中的嗜神经性增强与越南H5N1分离株的比较
Npj viruses Pub Date : 2025-05-23 DOI: 10.1038/s44298-025-00121-0
Kerry Goldin, Sarah van Tol, Randall C Johnson, Reshma Koolaparambil Mukesh, Kendal G Cooper, Shane Gallogly, Jonathan E Schulz, Jessica Prado-Smith, Craig Martens, Greg Saturday, Kwe Claude Yinda, Vincent J Munster, Emmie de Wit, Neeltje van Doremalen
{"title":"Enhanced neurotropism of bovine H5N1 compared to the Vietnam H5N1 isolate in C57BL/6J mice.","authors":"Kerry Goldin, Sarah van Tol, Randall C Johnson, Reshma Koolaparambil Mukesh, Kendal G Cooper, Shane Gallogly, Jonathan E Schulz, Jessica Prado-Smith, Craig Martens, Greg Saturday, Kwe Claude Yinda, Vincent J Munster, Emmie de Wit, Neeltje van Doremalen","doi":"10.1038/s44298-025-00121-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44298-025-00121-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we investigated differences in tissue tropism of two HPAI H5N1 strains, the isolate A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (VN1203) isolated from a fatal human case in 2004 and the bovine isolate A/Bovine/Ohio/B24osu-342/2024 (Bov342) isolated in 2024, in C57BL/6J mice. Infection via aerosols was uniformly lethal in mice. However, tissue tropism differed significantly: while VN1203 replication was largely restricted to the respiratory tract, Bov342 successfully replicated in the respiratory tract as well as various regions of the brain. Correspondingly, cytokine profiles in the brain differed significantly between the isolates. Notably, in addition to abundant evidence of CNS infection in Bov342-challenged mice via immunohistochemistry, sporadic intranuclear and intracytoplasmic immunoreactivity was observed in other tissues in the head, including the choroid plexus, retina, and inner ear. This study demonstrates that while both HPAI H5N1 isolates are uniformly lethal in C57BL/6J mice upon aerosol exposure, significant differences exist in tissue tropism.</p>","PeriodicalId":520240,"journal":{"name":"Npj viruses","volume":"3 1","pages":"43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12102188/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144133367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Development of Langat virus infectious clones as a platform for live-attenuated tick-borne encephalitis vaccine. Langat病毒感染性克隆的研制及其作为蜱传脑炎减毒活疫苗的平台。
Npj viruses Pub Date : 2025-05-23 DOI: 10.1038/s44298-025-00129-6
Naveed Asghar, Rita Jaafar, Anna Valko, Olivia Merinder, Karl Ljungberg, Carl Mårten Lindqvist, Magnus Johansson
{"title":"Development of Langat virus infectious clones as a platform for live-attenuated tick-borne encephalitis vaccine.","authors":"Naveed Asghar, Rita Jaafar, Anna Valko, Olivia Merinder, Karl Ljungberg, Carl Mårten Lindqvist, Magnus Johansson","doi":"10.1038/s44298-025-00129-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44298-025-00129-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is one of the most important tick-transmitted diseases in Europe and Asia. With no specific antiviral treatment available, vaccination remains the most effective protective strategy for TBE. Unlike currently available inactivated TBE vaccines that require repeated boosters, live-attenuated vaccines could offer lifelong immunity with a single dose. Langat virus (LGTV) is a naturally attenuated strain of TBE virus (TBEV). In this study, we engineered and rescued four infectious clones (ICs) of LGTV using RNA- and DNA-based reverse genetics methods. The ICs rescued by DNA-based method showed higher genetic stability in cell culture. One of the ICs rescued by DNA-based method was further evaluated in vitro and in vivo, which exhibited growth kinetics and immune profile comparable to the LGTV strain in our laboratory. This reverse genetics platform will be utilized to introduce targeted mutations within the LGTV genome to develop a live-attenuated TBE vaccine.</p>","PeriodicalId":520240,"journal":{"name":"Npj viruses","volume":"3 1","pages":"44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12102213/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144133406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Author Correction: Transmission dynamics of avian influenza viruses in Egyptian poultry markets. 作者更正：禽流感病毒在埃及家禽市场的传播动力学。
Npj viruses Pub Date : 2025-05-22 DOI: 10.1038/s44298-025-00130-z
Sara H Mahmoud, Mokhtar Gomaa, Ahmed El Taweel, Yassmin Moatasim, Mina Nabil Kamel, Mohamed El Sayes, Noura M Abo Shama, Rebecca Badra, Mona Mahmoud, Pamela P McKenzie, Richard J Webby, Ahmed Kandeil, Mohamed Ahmed Ali, Rabeh El-Shesheny, Ghazi Kayali
{"title":"Author Correction: Transmission dynamics of avian influenza viruses in Egyptian poultry markets.","authors":"Sara H Mahmoud, Mokhtar Gomaa, Ahmed El Taweel, Yassmin Moatasim, Mina Nabil Kamel, Mohamed El Sayes, Noura M Abo Shama, Rebecca Badra, Mona Mahmoud, Pamela P McKenzie, Richard J Webby, Ahmed Kandeil, Mohamed Ahmed Ali, Rabeh El-Shesheny, Ghazi Kayali","doi":"10.1038/s44298-025-00130-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44298-025-00130-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520240,"journal":{"name":"Npj viruses","volume":"3 1","pages":"41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12098758/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144129927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Characterization of A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza viruses isolated between 2016 and 2019. 2016年至2019年分离的甲型H1N1 pdm09流感病毒的特征
Npj viruses Pub Date : 2025-05-22 DOI: 10.1038/s44298-025-00126-9
Luthfi Muawan, Kosuke Takada, Sara Yoshimoto, Yurie Kida, Shinji Watanabe, Tokiko Watanabe
{"title":"Characterization of A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza viruses isolated between 2016 and 2019.","authors":"Luthfi Muawan, Kosuke Takada, Sara Yoshimoto, Yurie Kida, Shinji Watanabe, Tokiko Watanabe","doi":"10.1038/s44298-025-00126-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44298-025-00126-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, which caused the 2009 influenza pandemic, has continued to circulate in humans for over a decade. Understanding its biological properties is crucial for effective surveillance, prevention, and control. Here, we characterized recently circulating A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, focusing on strains isolated between 2016 and 2019. HA gene-based phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that post-pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 virus strains circulating between 2016 and 2019 form two clusters: subclade 6B.1 and subclade 6B.1 A.5a. Growth kinetics of nine selected representative strains from these clusters showed that subclade 6B.1 viruses replicated well in human lung cells, whereas some subclade 6B.1 A.5a viruses replicated poorly. In vivo, all viruses from both subclades caused significantly less weight loss in infected mice compared to the prototypic pandemic strain A/California/04/2009 (Cal04/2009). Additionally, virus titers in the lungs of mice infected with most viruses from subclade 6B.1 or 6B.1 A.5a were significantly lower than those in mice infected with Cal04/2009. Furthermore, evolutionary analysis suggested multiple transitions to a less pathogenic phenotype, indicating an evolutionary trend towards attenuation. These results demonstrate that A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses isolated between 2016 and 2019 are attenuated in mice, although the mutations responsible for this attenuation require further investigation. Our findings emphasize the need for continued monitoring of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses to understand their evolutionary dynamics and potential impact on public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":520240,"journal":{"name":"Npj viruses","volume":"3 1","pages":"42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12099009/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144129931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Kinetic MUNANA assay reveals functionally relevant antibody epitopes on Influenza A virus neuraminidase. 动态MUNANA分析揭示了甲型流感病毒神经氨酸酶的功能相关抗体表位。
Npj viruses Pub Date : 2025-05-10 DOI: 10.1038/s44298-025-00123-y
Ilya V Smirnov, Danica F Besavilla, Karin Schön, Hannes Axelsson, Davide Angeletti
{"title":"Kinetic MUNANA assay reveals functionally relevant antibody epitopes on Influenza A virus neuraminidase.","authors":"Ilya V Smirnov, Danica F Besavilla, Karin Schön, Hannes Axelsson, Davide Angeletti","doi":"10.1038/s44298-025-00123-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44298-025-00123-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Influenza A virus neuraminidase (NA) is drawing attention as a target for vaccine development. In this study, we propose kinetic MUNANA assay as a tool to identify monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that specifically target functional epitopes on NA. By analyzing changes in the parameters of the Michaelis-Menten curve (Km and Vmax), we revealed distinct mechanisms of Ab-mediated inhibition. Additionally, we developed a web-based application facilitating efficient processing of the assay results and enabling statistical inference. We employed the kinetic MUNANA assay to test newly developed mAbs targeting NA of the widely used PR8 H1N1 strain. Among these, mAbs with strong effect on NA enzymatic parameters were more likely to select for escape mutants that had a substantial impact on the overall enzymatic activity of the virus. In summary, when combined with ELLA, kinetic MUNANA is a rapid method to profile the putative binding site and the effect of NA-specific mAbs.</p>","PeriodicalId":520240,"journal":{"name":"Npj viruses","volume":"3 1","pages":"40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12065816/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144048581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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