Ekonomia i Prawo-Economics and Law最新文献

{"title":"The role of institutions in controlling compliance with the obligation to conclude contracts for the supply of agricultural products","authors":"Maryla Bieniek-Majka","doi":"10.12775/eip.2023.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eip.2023.003","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation: In order to protect the interests of farmers (agricultural producers) in 2015 an obligation to conclude contracts for the supply of agricultural products was introduced, and since 2017 has been in force to impose fines on buyers of agricultural products if they purchase without a contract or if the contract is defective. The National Center for Agricultural Support (KOWR) is an institution whose tasks include control of compliance with this law. Observation of transactions in agriculture allows us to believe that the established legal regulations do not solve the problem of abuse of market power by recipients and the institutional solution does not shape economic processes.Aim: The aim of this article is to present the activity of the KOWR as an institution controlling the observance of the obligation to conclude contracts for the supply of agricultural products and its evaluation.Results: Analysis of the KOWR’s reports showed that between February 2017 and March 2022, a total of 465 controls were carried out, resulting in fines of PLN 6 670 428,19 for purchases of agricultural products without a contract or due to a defective contract (about 93% of this amount was imposed on purchasers in 2021). The relatively small number of checks carried out is due to the lack of complete information on the actual purchaser of agricultural products who is obliged to purchase agricultural products under contract. In the analyzed period, inspections were carried out based on notifications of suspected breach of contractual obligations and at market entities designated for inspection (mainly milk purchasers). In conclusion information asymmetries on the market for agricultural products do not only occur in “classical” forms. Incomplete information may be available to both parties, but also from the body responsible for monitoring compliance with the rules governing the conclusion of such transactions.","PeriodicalId":51956,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia i Prawo-Economics and Law","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84579278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global order and its enemies","authors":"M. Moszyński","doi":"10.12775/eip.2023.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eip.2023.007","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation: A series of crises have demonstrated the low resilience of the global economy to shocks and triggered a discussion about the possible end of globalisation understood as the unrestrained growth of mutual trade and business ties on a global scale. The emerging tendencies to shorten supply chains and block trade as well as calls for an active and strategic trade policy are contributing to the decay of the liberal global order built after World War II. The potential disintegration of the world economy into antagonised blocs and the conflict between the Western model of liberal democracy and autocratic regimes should be considered particularly dangerous. The above phenomena deserve the utmost attention, and the desire to understand them has provided inspiration for taking up this topic.Aim: This study aims to define and interpret the concept of global order in both economic and political dimensions. In this context, two interrelated questions are addressed. The first one is about the character of the global order after World War II and the second one concerns the causes and consequences of its decay.Results: The emerging disintegrative tendencies in the global economy and the anarchisation of international economic relations constitute a negative-sum game. Globalisation has allowed most countries in the world to achieve significant gains in wealth. The benefits that it provides to consumers are too great to be consciously abandoned in favour of an autarkic economic model. Capitalism seems to be able to operate under very different political regimes, hence — with all the differences between political models at the national level — it creates an effective platform for cooperation on the global stage. Nevertheless, the end of the “peace dividend” indicates that effectively preventing the danger of armed conflict by means of economic and military deterrence will be an important part of the future world order.","PeriodicalId":51956,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia i Prawo-Economics and Law","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86378049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equity crowdfunding in Ukraine: the proposal of legal solutions at the background of regulations in the selected countries","authors":"Robert Kurek, Magdalena Swacha-Lech, O. Druhov, N. Podolchak","doi":"10.12775/eip.2022.038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eip.2022.038","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation: The capital market developing in Ukraine is not capable of filling the capital gap for innovative ventures presenting high risk of failure, therefore equity crowdfunding can be perceived as a significant alternative offering a source of funding for enterprises, primarily in relation to the development of initiatives and projects, the value of which has not yet been verified by the market (the so-called startups). At the same time, it should be remembered that one of the important factors responsible for the development and popularization of crowdfunding in a particular country is the development of the explicit crowdfunding regulation.\u0000Aim: The aim of this article is to propose legal solutions dedicated to ECF in Ukraine, developed based on the analysis of legal regulations in the selected countries. The model of legal regulations proposed by the authors was assessed by the experts from Ukraine. The study consisted in an expert assessment of the suggested model solution being the result of legal regulations regarding the functioning of crowdfunding in the selected countries worldwide, an identification of the desired changes in legal regulations in Ukraine, and the assessment of the potential for the development of equity crowdfunding as the source of funding for the Ukrainian companies.\u0000Results: The results of the conducted research show that as many as 90% of the Ukrainian experts agreed with the proposed legal solutions dedicated to equity crowdfunding and described the developed legal model as suitable for the Ukrainian market. At the same time, the vast majority of respondents (85%) acknowledged that the scope of regulations proposed in the model is appropriate, without indicating the need for introducing regulations in other areas.","PeriodicalId":51956,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia i Prawo-Economics and Law","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81814367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of banking sector stability using the taxonomic measure of development","authors":"Marta Paduszyńska, M. Lesiak","doi":"10.12775/eip.2022.040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eip.2022.040","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation: The stability of the financial system means that the entire system performs its key functions properly. It is a prerequisite for sustained economic growth. Maintaining stability of the banking sector is of particular importance for the firmness of the financial system, as it plays a key role in financing the economy, transmission of monetary policy impulses, and monetary settlements. Therefore, in the context of financial security, it is extremely important to analyse the banking stability.\u0000Aim: Assessment of the stability of banking sectors of the Central and Eastern European EU Member States and a comparative analysis and classification of the CEE countries in terms of selected indicators characterising the stability of their banking sectors using the model method of linear ordering, i.e. the Hellwig’s method. The analysis will verify the thesis whether banks in countries of lower national income (according to the World Bank’s classification) perform worse in terms of stability than banks in countries of higher national income. To illustrate the situation in the field of banking sector stability more clearly, the authors presented the dynamics of all variables considered from the point of view of the analysis (dynamics were presented for 2015 and 2019 in relation to the base year, which was assumed to be 2011).\u0000Results: A multivariate analysis was used in the comparative analysis of banking sectors development in Central and Eastern Europe. For this purpose, the development pattern method was used so that a synthetic indicator of the development of the banking sector with regard to its stability was calculated. Based on the proposed measure of development, a ranking of the Central and Eastern European EU Member States was prepared for 2019. It should be emphasized that the thesis outlined in the article was not empirically confirmed, namely, banks from countries of lower national income (according to the World Bank classification) did not have much worse results than banks from countries of higher national income.","PeriodicalId":51956,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia i Prawo-Economics and Law","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82248632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Volatility and tail dependence between sustainable stock indices during the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Bogna Janik, P. Płuciennik","doi":"10.12775/eip.2022.037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eip.2022.037","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation: The motivation behind the study was to analyze the risk of sustainable stock indices (SSIs) and their conventional peers during the COVID-19 health crisis. We wanted to check if SSIs were more resistant to market risk in the times of huge volatility as well as what the correlation between particular SSIs was and, similarly, between their conventional peers.\u0000Aim: The main objective of the study was to analyze volatility spillover among sustainability stock indices (SSIs) and their conventional peers during the COVID-19 health crisis. The authors analyze conditional volatility among SSIs, which was obtained from univariate GARCH-type models, and the tail dependence coefficient, which was derived from the Copula-GARCH models. The indices from FTSE4Good family for the USA, Europe and Japan markets together with their corresponding conventional indices have been chosen.\u0000Results: The research shows that during the COVID-19 health crisis SSIs were less volatile than their conventional peers. Moreover the relations between particular SSIs in most cases were weaker, whereas extreme observations which occurred were less concordant for conventional indices. It implies that the stability of sustainable stock indices from FTSE4good family is greater than for their conventional peers.","PeriodicalId":51956,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia i Prawo-Economics and Law","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91387741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of using online shopping in European Union countries","authors":"A. Huterska, R. Huterski","doi":"10.12775/eip.2022.036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eip.2022.036","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation: Online shopping has gained increased economic importance as a result of restrictions on brick-and-mortar purchases due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Notwithstanding the natural partial return of consumers to direct purchases with the lifting of restrictions by the authorities, interest in online shopping does not return to pre-pandemic levels.\u0000Aim: The aim of the article is to verify the influence of various factors on the propensity to use online shopping in the European Union countries in the period 2010–2021. Due to the temporal and geographical scope of data, the panel method was used in the research.\u0000Results: The research on the determinants of online shopping, carried out by the authors, showed the statistical significance of all eight dependent variables affecting the share of people who shop online in the societies of the European Union countries. The increase in the use of online shopping is influenced by both the quality of Internet connections, the general frequency of Internet use, readiness to search the Internet for information about goods and services and the use of Internet banking. This regularity also occurs in the case of the share of older people in society, the share of people with at least the second level of education, the share of people employed in science and technology, and the level of GDP per capita.","PeriodicalId":51956,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia i Prawo-Economics and Law","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82458928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revitalization microprojects: how the civic budget supports regeneration activities in cities: the Łódź city case study","authors":"Magdalena Ślebocka","doi":"10.12775/eip.2022.041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eip.2022.041","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation: One of the distinguishing features of revitalization processes is social activation of the local community. It results directly from the very definition of revitalization, which is understood as the process of social and investment character carried out in degraded urban space which is implemented concertedly by the territorial self-government, the local community and other participants. The residents of the run-down quarters are the main beneficiaries of revitalization policy. Undertaken regeneration efforts are, first and foremost, aimed at improving their life situation. Not only grand projects are important in order to revive degraded space. It is those projects which are conducted on a microscale, which do not require substantial financial outlays and on which the inhabitants of degraded areas subjected to regeneration exert an impact that are equally significant. Undoubtedly, the civic budget and the projects submitted within its framework which supplement revitalization undertakings pose an opportunity to regenerate run-down areas on such a microscale.\u0000Aim: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the role and significance of the microprojects financed from the civic budget which fit into the revitalization process. A research hypothesis was advanced for the purpose of the article which states that the revitalization microactivities which constitute a part of the civic budget are a tool for supporting revitalization process.\u0000Results: Revitalization focuses not only on the technical aspect consisting in regeneration activities performed within the buildings themselves, but it also effectively engages local communities with the use of disposable financial means. In Łódź a systematic increase in the activation of the community dwelling in degraded area is observed. Social participation enables dialogue and cooperation among all the stakeholders, which may in turn lead to consensus and to working out the solutions satisfactory for all the parties concerned, starting from the territorial self-government which initiated the process to the inhabitants of degraded areas. One of the tools which enables local community to actively participate in the decision-making process is the civic budget. It results from the fact that the civic budget and the projects submitted within its framework are convergent with the undertaken revitalization activities. Year by year the interest in the civic budget increases and almost 50% of the projects submitted for implementation in Łódź within the analysed period of time and the spatial framework being the subject of analysis concern the activities aimed at regeneration of public space. The projects regarding public transport infrastructure, improvement of the condition of roads and pavements in revitalized areas or concerning green and recreational areas gain considerable popularity.","PeriodicalId":51956,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia i Prawo-Economics and Law","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90462022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Industry 4.0 technologies as enablers of sustainability risk management","authors":"Barbara Ocicka, W. Rogowski, Jolanta Turek","doi":"10.12775/eip.2022.039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eip.2022.039","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation: Companies operate in a volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) business environment, as evidenced by massive collapses in commodity prices, acts of terrorism, cyber security threats, natural disasters, technological failures, and pandemics. Numerous reports indicate that the top risks with the highest probability of occurrence in the next decade include extreme weather events, failure of climate protection measures, and man-made environmental damage (The Global Risk Report 2021 of the World Economic Forum, The World Business Council for Sustainable Development report and many others). The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) cover the above challenges and define the agenda for solving them to 2030. The intensification of environmental and social risks reinforces the need to deepen research and explore new ways of managing sustainability risks (SRs). At the same time, businesses are undergoing the technology transformation (Industry 4.0) accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. It became necessary to shift some investment to this business area, which also needs to be supported by additional capital. The technology-driven transformation can significantly support companies in managing SRs.\u0000Aim: The aim of the study is to diagnose the importance of investments in Industry 4.0 technologies (T4.0) as potential enablers supporting sustainability risk management from the perspective of supply chains.\u0000Results: SRs represent one of the critical risk areas of the 21st century. Despite the well-recognized potential of the T4.0 implementation for sustainable supply chain management, the research studies concentrated on their potential role within SR management in international supply chains are limited and fragmented. The diagnosis of the growing importance of T4.0 supporting risk management at strategic and operational levels of business activities implies the recommendation to integrate their use in this area into the technological transformation, and then consistently into planning and financing of development and implementation projects. Companies may attempt to address these challenges through Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) initiatives.","PeriodicalId":51956,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia i Prawo-Economics and Law","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86973403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF ENSURING THE OPENNESS OF THE CITY TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE FACTORS OF POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION","authors":"О.V. Tarasevych, Ye.S. Hradoboyeva, А.О. Volkova","doi":"10.15407/econlaw.2022.04.072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/econlaw.2022.04.072","url":null,"abstract":"Theoretical foundations of the openness of the city are summarized, interpretation of relevant key terms including the relationship between the definitions of “openness” and “transparency”, “accountability” and “responsibility” is analyzed. The current state of transparency and accountability of Ukrainian cities was evaluated, on the basis of which the most acute problems related to ensuring their openness were systematized. Economic and legal prerequisites and means of ensuring the openness of the city, taking into account the factors of post-war reconstruction, have been determined. In particular, the need to improve the legal regulation of processes and relations related to ensuring the openness of the city, in particular, by making additions in connection with a significant change in the conditions of functioning of Ukrainian cities, as a result of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation and taking into account the factors of the country’s post-war reconstruction. The expediency of developing and approving City Openness Strategy as a separate independent document of strategic urban planning or supplementing the City Development Strategy with a corresponding subdivision, which will create prerequisites for economic and legal support of city openness, as well as will contribute to the earliest possible recovery of Ukrainian cities affected by the armed aggression of the Russian Federation and the sustainable development of the rest of the cities and Ukraine as a whole. It will allow all stakeholders (state bodies authorities and local self-government, business entities and city residents) to get positive social effect (on the one hand, ensuring openness of the city contributes to the growth of the well-being and comfort of life of the residents cities, thanks to the improvement of living conditions due to the increase availability and quality of city services, on the other hand, it creates prerequisites formation of citizens’ trust and positive attitude of territorial members community to representatives of the city government), economic effect (increasing the efficiency of the city economy due to the facilitation, thanks to the provision of the openness of the city, their access to investment resources, international technical assistance, financial assistance from international donor partners, which will be provided for recovery and development) and environmental effect (improvement the state of the environment and strengthening the ecological security of cities, thanks to the transparency of the local environmental policy, publicity and efficiency of the governmental management decisions of environmental orientation).","PeriodicalId":51956,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia i Prawo-Economics and Law","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86826272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LEGAL ASPECTS OF USING A TAX INVOICE TO CONFIRM THE FACT OF SUPPLY OF THE GOODS","authors":"O. Zeldina, V.V. Gryshko","doi":"10.15407/econlaw.2022.04.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/econlaw.2022.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the norms of the Tax Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine “On Accounting and Financial Reporting in Ukraine”, which regulate the procedure for accounting and tax accounting. The judicial practice regarding the interaction of accounting and tax documents has been analyzed. It is noted that the defect in the primary documents and the buyer’s failure to acknowledge the fact of the supply of the disputed goods does not deprive the supplier of the opportunity to prove the supply of the goods with other evidence that will convincingly testify to the actual circumstances of the supply of the goods. It is noted that there is a close relationship between tax accounting and accounting, since both tax accounting and accounting have one object — economic activity and reflect the same economic transactions, as well as accounting and tax accounting are based on primary documents It was concluded that judicial practice provides for the possibility of using a tax invoice as proof of the fact of the delivery of goods under the contract, but on the condition that there is other evidence. It is emphasized that when evaluating tax invoices in combination with other evidence in the case, the courts must take into account the provisions of the Tax Code of Ukraine and the actual actions of the parties to the contract regarding the reflection of the fact of the delivery of the disputed goods in the tax accounting and accounting records. It was determined that tax invoices received from the Unified Register of Tax Invoices cause legal consequences, and the basis for the taxpayer’s right to a tax credit from value added tax is the fact of actual transactions for the purchase of tangible goods. It is noted that establishing the rule regarding mandatory confirmation of tax credit amounts taken into account by the VAT (value added tax) payer when determining tax liabilities, the legislator assumes that these documents are authentic, that is, the transactions they confirm really took place. It has been proven that registered tax invoices in combination with other evidence confirming the real movement of goods can confirm the fact of the supply of goods under the contract, however, this is not clearly provided for by the legislation of Ukraine, but requires a combined analysis of various legal norms and judicial practice. It is proposed in the Tax Code of Ukraine to determine that the presence of registered tax invoices in combination with other evidence confirming the real movement of the goods is the basis for confirming the fact of the supply of the goods in case of a disputed situation.","PeriodicalId":51956,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia i Prawo-Economics and Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91044650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}