Journal of Baltic Studies最新文献

{"title":"Introduction: memory and recognition of the Nazi genocide of the Roma in the Baltic context","authors":"Volha Bartash, Neringa Latvytė","doi":"10.1080/01629778.2023.2162681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2023.2162681","url":null,"abstract":"When Wanda Stankiewicz, a survivor of the concentration camp in Pravieniškės, Lithuania, returned to her hometown, Eišiškės, in 1944, she found almost no one of her community left alive. Many of her kin perished in Pravieniškės. Others were killed in the mass shootings at the border with Belarus or were deported to Germany for forced labor. Staying in the middle of her destroyed town, once a home to a vibrant Roma community, Wanda realized that she was left alone to struggle for her living in a hostile world. Every survivor had a unique story. Yet their accounts of return often sound alike. As surviving Roma left their forest hideouts and returned from concentrations camps, they faced the bitter reality of community destruction in which they now had to live. Even the testimonies recorded decades after World War II narrate the experiences of return in terms of loss, loneliness, and alienation. As Slawomir Kapralski notes, ‘This experience subverted the sense of traditional culture and left Roma survivors with a permanently emasculated culture, ruined tradition, destroyed family and clan bonds, and weakened system of cultural cohesion’ (see Kapralski 2022 in this Special Issue). In his contribution, Kapralski further reveals how the trauma encoded in Romani culture and came to define the relations between Roma and ‘others.’ The above seems hardly surprising in the view of existing, though preliminary, statistics on the losses of Romani communities. For the Roma of the Baltic region, the war and genocide were devastating. Arguably, only one in three Roma in Lithuania, one in two Roma in Latvia and one in ten Roma in Estonia survived the war (see Kott 2015). In the cases of Latvia and Lithuania, these estimates might be even higher, since it is as difficult to account for all victims of the Holocaust by bullets as it is to say how many Roma died, while hiding in the wilderness – from starvation, infectious diseases, natural threats, and the severe climate (Bartash 2023b). The Romani population of Estonia was almost completely destroyed in the course of well-planned and countrywide police actions (see Weiss-Wendt 2022 in this Special Issue). After World War II, the Romani picture of the region where diverse Romani groups were once at home, significantly changed. The Laiuse Roma, for instance, who had centuries of history in Estonia, were completely swept away (see Weiss-Wendt 2022 in this Special Issue). After the war, Russka Roma from Latvia gradually took their place (see Roht-Yilmaz 2022 in this Special Issue). Likewise, Many Polska Roma of the Vilnius region chose to join postwar population transfers between Poland and the Soviet Union, leaving behind the places where they had lived and traveled since the seventeenth century (for more examples, see Bartash 2023b). Eve Rosenhaft’s contribution sheds light on the fates of Sinti from East Prussia who bore a double trauma – as victims of Nazi persecution and as German expellees from the area that beca","PeriodicalId":51813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Baltic Studies","volume":"54 1","pages":"1 - 6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45906415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refugees and diaspora nationalism: national activists in Estonian settlements in Siberia and non-territorial autonomy between 1917 and 1920.","authors":"Timo Aava","doi":"10.1080/01629778.2023.2166545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2023.2166545","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article analyzes debates over the national question and non-territorial autonomy in Estonian settlement communities in Siberia from 1917 to 1920. The article demonstrates that similarly to many Siberian communities, Estonian refugees and political activists incorporated demands for non-territorial autonomy into their political agendas and established proto-institutions of non-territorial autonomy. Amid political instability during the Civil War, however, the national mobilization of the broader masses in politically relatively inactive agrarian settlements was not particularly successful. Public debates over non-territorial autonomy ended in January 1920 when Siberian political life was confined to the framework of the Russian Communist (Bolshevik) Party.</p>","PeriodicalId":51813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Baltic Studies","volume":"54 3","pages":"601-623"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/cc/c1/RBAL_54_2166545.PMC10364969.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10546160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Party system closure: party alliances, government alternatives, and democracy in Europe","authors":"Tõnis Saarts","doi":"10.1080/01629778.2023.2162698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2023.2162698","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, when the Soviet propaganda narrative has been recycled practically in its original form, the same motifs from Stalin’s time are repeated. The manuscript of this collection was completed before the full-scale war started in Ukraine. As the authors noted, a strong impetus to the resurgence of this topic was driven by the military conflict in Ukraine in 2014. Now, the topic of partisan struggle is even more relevant. In conclusion, it is wonderful to witness the continued interest of Lithuanian historians and archeologists in the study of the independence movement during the Soviet occupation, as well as the younger generation’s sustained curiosity. The joint investigation of what happened in the Baltic states after World War II would need more work in the future, and could provide a new quality of knowledge for all Baltic countries.","PeriodicalId":51813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Baltic Studies","volume":"54 1","pages":"150 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47690637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The unknown war: anti-Soviet armed resistance in Lithuania and its legacies","authors":"Meelis Saueauk","doi":"10.1080/01629778.2023.2162696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2023.2162696","url":null,"abstract":"only a few titles that hardly reflect the current academic understanding of these issues. Some explanations are not backed by any references and further illustrate the editor’s preference to treat uncertain cases as evidencing popular Christianity rather than paganism. For example, Young explains that Aukštėjas Visgalįsis mentioned in Łasicki’s On the Gods of Samogitians, of the Other Sarmatians, and of the False Christians as a ‘divine title rather than a name; literally","PeriodicalId":51813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Baltic Studies","volume":"54 1","pages":"147 - 150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46410278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Helsinki Convention’s agricultural nutrient governance: how domestic institutions matter","authors":"M. S. Andersen, A. Andersson, M. Brady, M. Graversgaard, E. Kilis, A. B. Pedersen, M. Hvarregaard Thorsøe, H. Valve","doi":"10.1080/01629778.2022.2155202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2022.2155202","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT National policy styles and path-dependencies are affecting the abilities of Baltic Sea countries to deliver on their commitments under the Helsinki Convention. This article synthesizes evidence and insights from studies relating to the provisions on agricultural nutrient management, a main source of marine pollution. We contend that governments that are strongly concentrated vertically, while fragmented horizontally, lack capacity including with respect to informal institutions that can leverage implementation. As a stocktaking of institutional impediments to sustainable development, our analysis has wider relevance for other international agreements with Baltic Sea countries involved.","PeriodicalId":51813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Baltic Studies","volume":"54 1","pages":"443 - 466"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42132290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the way to visibility: the process of creating a cultural memory of the genocide of the Lithuanian Roma","authors":"Agnieška Avin, Anna Pilarczyk-Palaitis","doi":"10.1080/01629778.2023.2153889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2023.2153889","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this article, we investigate the process of transformation of the Lithuanian Roma genocide in the cultural memory over more than twenty years since the restoration of independence. For many years, the Roma genocide has been ‘an invisible’ part of Lithuanian history, contributing to social, cultural, and historical marginalization of the Roma. We trace how the memory of the genocide is being gradually included into the public discourse, and how it is commemorated in the public spaces. We divide transformation of communicative memory into cultural memory into two periods: the ‘initial period’ (1998–2014); and the ‘period of intensification’ (2015–present) that could be characterized by the type and intensity of undertaken activities, visibility of the commemoration efforts, engagement and type of agents involved, and general socio-political context.","PeriodicalId":51813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Baltic Studies","volume":"54 1","pages":"87 - 102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46312918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Between mneme and anamnesis: on the memory and forgetting of the Roma Holocaust","authors":"S. Kapralski","doi":"10.1080/01629778.2023.2156565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2023.2156565","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The article argues that what is usually called ‘Roma memory of the Holocaust’ needs to be differentiated into four types, depending on the combination of two modes (mneme and anamnesis) and two genealogies of memory (bottom-up and top-down). The first type is memory unconsciously encoded in culture; the second emerges due to the unblocking of memories by external factors; the third refers to the construction of memories by the Roma movement; and the fourth accounts for individual management of memory. These types correspond with four different aspects of Roma identity: cultural (substance), social (relation), historical (process), and individual (choice).","PeriodicalId":51813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Baltic Studies","volume":"54 1","pages":"7 - 26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48810808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"East Prussian Sinti and/as German expellees: beyond mémoires croisées","authors":"E. Rosenhaft","doi":"10.1080/01629778.2023.2143386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2023.2143386","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Romani victims of Nazi persecution and German expellees developed as distinct memory communities after 1945, but the pre-war integration of Sinti and gadje in East Prussia has left traces in their memory texts. Non-Romani texts and photos contain rare evidence for aspects of Sinti life before the genocide, much of it now available (only) on the internet. Conversely, Sinti were among the Germans who were forced to leave East Prussia after 1944, and awareness of dual trauma and nostalgia for the Heimat they shared with other Germans is apparent in their memory texts. The article explores these points of contact between the two memory communities and their implications for more solidary forms of remembering and re-visioning the region’s multiethnic past.","PeriodicalId":51813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Baltic Studies","volume":"54 1","pages":"47 - 66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43541513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paradoxes of minority representation: a comparison of Russophone political attitudes in Estonia and Latvia","authors":"P. Chereson, Kyle W. Estes","doi":"10.1080/01629778.2022.2150667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2022.2150667","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT While Estonia’s Russophones have had comparatively little presence in national-level institutions yet have been subject to accommodative policies, Latvia’s Russophones have enjoyed consistent descriptive representation in parliament but have gained relatively less on policy outcomes. Given that existing theory suggests that descriptive and substantive representation should be associated with both heightened political efficacy and regime approval, this presents a useful comparative puzzle. Our analysis of Eurobarometer public opinion data suggests that, while Russian-speakers evince less political efficacy and democratic satisfaction than others in both countries, Latvia’s Russophones are less satisfied with their political regime than are their Estonian coethnics.","PeriodicalId":51813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Baltic Studies","volume":"54 1","pages":"581 - 599"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43371706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Europeanization by foreign banks: Latvia from 1995 to 2004","authors":"K. Bukovskis","doi":"10.1080/01629778.2022.2150666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2022.2150666","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article investigates the role of the Swedish, Finnish, and German banks during Latvia’s accession into the European Union from 1995 until 2004. It claims that private foreign banks with EU origins used their conditionality and socialization capacities to Europeanize Latvia. In the capital-scarce Latvian economy banks were able to project conditionality and influence the implementation of structural reforms in the legal and political system. Private foreign banks were important also due to their capacity to outcompete the domestic economic actors; they established meaningful social interaction with decision-makers in Latvia, and actively used persuasion and socialization strategies on Latvian institutions.","PeriodicalId":51813,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Baltic Studies","volume":"54 1","pages":"491 - 512"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45249872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}