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Ethnic Protection Rackets: Turkish Cypriot Statebuilding before 1974 种族保护网:1974年以前土族塞人的国家建设
IF 1.1
Civil Wars Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.1080/13698249.2021.1963589
C. M. Jackson
{"title":"Ethnic Protection Rackets: Turkish Cypriot Statebuilding before 1974","authors":"C. M. Jackson","doi":"10.1080/13698249.2021.1963589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2021.1963589","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT For the ten years prior to the Turkish partition of Cyprus into Greek and Turkish Cypriot zones, the Turkish Cypriot community lived in distinct ethnic enclaves governed by a parallel Turkish Cypriot administration. I argue that Turkish Cypriot elites formed a system of reciprocal relations with their community by acting as ethnic protection racketeers. With few material resources, but a demand for protection during intercommunal fighting, Turkish Cypriot leaders monopolised protection over and within enclaves, while also deterring co-ethnics from leaving their protection despite poor conditions. Ultimately, this influenced Turkish Cypriot preferences in UN-led talks, demanding to retain autonomy over specific territories they controlled, especially in providing security.","PeriodicalId":51785,"journal":{"name":"Civil Wars","volume":"23 1","pages":"520 - 544"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41994585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Conflict versus Disaster-induced Displacement: Similar or Distinct Implications for Security? 冲突与灾害导致的流离失所:对安全的相似或不同的影响?
IF 1.1
Civil Wars Pub Date : 2021-09-06 DOI: 10.1080/13698249.2021.1963586
H. Bohnet, F. Cottier, S. Hug
{"title":"Conflict versus Disaster-induced Displacement: Similar or Distinct Implications for Security?","authors":"H. Bohnet, F. Cottier, S. Hug","doi":"10.1080/13698249.2021.1963586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2021.1963586","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Recent research has found evidence for a linkage between conflict induced-displacement and violence. Yet, displacement is also caused by natural disasters, whose implications for security have until now not received much attention. Drawing on spatial data on flood-induced disasters and forced migration in Africa, we investigate the impact of migration caused by natural disasters on social conflict. We show that disaster-induced displacement differs from conflict-induced displacement and raises distinct security implications. We also consider if areas simultaneously affected by conflict and disaster-induced migration are particularly at risk of conflict. The results suggest that there is no such amplifying effect.","PeriodicalId":51785,"journal":{"name":"Civil Wars","volume":"23 1","pages":"493 - 519"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45981119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The Psychological Legacy of the Lebanese Civil War in Paramilitary Veterans 黎巴嫩内战对准军事退伍军人的心理影响
IF 1.1
Civil Wars Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13698249.2021.1963588
J. El-Khoury, R. Haidar, Zeinab El-Dirani, Fatima Farhat
{"title":"The Psychological Legacy of the Lebanese Civil War in Paramilitary Veterans","authors":"J. El-Khoury, R. Haidar, Zeinab El-Dirani, Fatima Farhat","doi":"10.1080/13698249.2021.1963588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2021.1963588","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The experiences of irregular combatants and the psychosocial impact of their participation in violent conflict are poorly understood in comparison to the body of research available on military veterans in developed countries. The Lebanese civil war (1975–1990) was an archetypal intra-national armed conflict, involving thousands of civilians turned fighters. Fifteen former fighters were interviewed about their active involvement in the war. The qualitative analysis reveals a persistent psychosocial burden decades later. Former paramilitary fighters have needs that overlap only partially with those of regular veterans. Further research on this population would be beneficial to global peacebuilding efforts and conflict prevention.","PeriodicalId":51785,"journal":{"name":"Civil Wars","volume":"23 1","pages":"396 - 416"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49251089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Understanding Violence by Non-State Armed Groups: The Case of the RUF 理解非国家武装团体的暴力行为:以联阵为例
IF 1.1
Civil Wars Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13698249.2021.1963587
Nicholas Dudek
{"title":"Understanding Violence by Non-State Armed Groups: The Case of the RUF","authors":"Nicholas Dudek","doi":"10.1080/13698249.2021.1963587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2021.1963587","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper uses a case study of Sierra Leone’s Revolutionary United Front to help explain when and where non-state armed groups (NSAGs) use violence, and what type of violence such groups use. The first part of the paper compares ‘ideological’ and ‘instrumental’ theories and finds strong support for ‘instrumental’ explanations, particularly contestation theory. The second part of the paper seeks to explain the patterns of contestation, which the existing scholarship treats as an independent variable, and finds that the patterns of contestation are explained by the interaction of the state and NSAG’s policy goals.","PeriodicalId":51785,"journal":{"name":"Civil Wars","volume":"23 1","pages":"371 - 395"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47978190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Rethinking Alcohol and Conflict: The Politics of Alcohol in Post-war Sri Lanka and Nepal 重新思考酒精和冲突:战后斯里兰卡和尼泊尔的酒精政治
IF 1.1
Civil Wars Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13698249.2021.1995682
O. Walton, S. Karn, G. Lokuge
{"title":"Rethinking Alcohol and Conflict: The Politics of Alcohol in Post-war Sri Lanka and Nepal","authors":"O. Walton, S. Karn, G. Lokuge","doi":"10.1080/13698249.2021.1995682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2021.1995682","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Existing research on the relationship between alcohol and conflict has focused on displaced populations and viewed alcohol largely as a driver of post-war social problems such as trauma and violence. We draw on qualitative research in Sri Lanka and Nepal to build a more complex picture of alcohol’s role in post-war societies that is attuned to its political economy dimensions and its politically symbolic role. This article develops a comparative and multi-disciplinary approach to demonstrate how narratives about alcohol can reinforce existing processes of social marginalisation and how alcohol can play an important symbolic role in post-war politics.","PeriodicalId":51785,"journal":{"name":"Civil Wars","volume":"23 1","pages":"461 - 487"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48085198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Managing International - Civil Militarized Conflicts (I-CMC): Empirical Patterns 管理国际-国内军事化冲突（I-CMC）：经验模式
IF 1.1
Civil Wars Pub Date : 2021-05-28 DOI: 10.1080/13698249.2021.1921501
P. Diehl, Andrew P. Owsiak, Gary Goertz
{"title":"Managing International - Civil Militarized Conflicts (I-CMC): Empirical Patterns","authors":"P. Diehl, Andrew P. Owsiak, Gary Goertz","doi":"10.1080/13698249.2021.1921501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2021.1921501","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study examines international-civil militarized conflicts (I-CMCs), those that lie at the intersection of violent intra- and interstate conflict. The data compilation identifies I-CMCs and the different conflict management approaches specifically used to manage them (i.e., negotiation, mediation, legal, peacekeeping, sanctions, and military intervention). We describe the patterns of conflict management in I-CMCs over the period 1946–2010, with respect to both serious civil and interstate conflicts. Among the key findings are that conflict management in general is very frequent (about 18 attempts per interstate confrontation and much more for serious internal conflict) and mediation is by far the most frequent approach.","PeriodicalId":51785,"journal":{"name":"Civil Wars","volume":"23 1","pages":"343 - 370"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13698249.2021.1921501","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46570661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
On the ‘Greats’ and Peace: Part 1: Towards an International Peace Architecture 论“伟人”与和平:第一部分:构建国际和平架构
IF 1.1
Civil Wars Pub Date : 2021-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/13698249.2021.1905992
Oliver P. Richmond
{"title":"On the ‘Greats’ and Peace: Part 1: Towards an International Peace Architecture","authors":"Oliver P. Richmond","doi":"10.1080/13698249.2021.1905992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2021.1905992","url":null,"abstract":"International relations theory, with a few honourable exceptions, has generally avoided drawing attention to the biases of the ‘Greats’ and their contributions on the politics of social order, chan...","PeriodicalId":51785,"journal":{"name":"Civil Wars","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13698249.2021.1905992","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43623504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Effect of Child Soldiers on Rebel Violence against Civilians 儿童兵对叛军暴力侵害平民的影响
IF 1.1
Civil Wars Pub Date : 2021-05-03 DOI: 10.1080/13698249.2021.1903780
Marius Mehrl
{"title":"The Effect of Child Soldiers on Rebel Violence against Civilians","authors":"Marius Mehrl","doi":"10.1080/13698249.2021.1903780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2021.1903780","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Existing work describes child soldiers as very violent towards civilians. Challenging this, I posit that children’s effect on group behaviour is conditioned by rebels’ civilian support. Because they have weak pre-existing norms, children are both prone to normalize violence and susceptible to rebel efforts to control their use of violence. They should thus closely follow group rules in their behaviour towards civilians, implying a moderating effect of these rules. I expect that child soldiering increases civilian victimization only for groups who lack incentives to show restraint towards civilians because they receive no support from them. Empirical tests support this expectation.","PeriodicalId":51785,"journal":{"name":"Civil Wars","volume":"23 1","pages":"417 - 460"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13698249.2021.1903780","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48845112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Rebel Leadership and the Specialisation of Rebel Operations 叛军领导和叛军行动的专业化
IF 1.1
Civil Wars Pub Date : 2021-04-27 DOI: 10.1080/13698249.2021.1906073
A. Doctor
{"title":"Rebel Leadership and the Specialisation of Rebel Operations","authors":"A. Doctor","doi":"10.1080/13698249.2021.1906073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2021.1906073","url":null,"abstract":"Rebels groups adopt different organisational structures, emerging in various shapes and sizes. Some rebel groups construct distinct military and political wings, delegating their military and political operations to specialised units. While recent studies have made great strides towards understanding militant groups’ activities on and off the battlefield, the literature has been less attentive to the root causes of the structural arrangements which groups form for these purposes. I argue that rebel leaders’ pre-war military and political experiences shape the structure of the organisations they lead into war. Using original data, I find that differences in leaders’ pre-war military experience, rather than political experience, are associated with discernible probabilities of rebel operational specialisation. In addition to offering practitioners and academics a comparative framework with which to evaluate the patterns of militant leadership, this study demonstrates how leaders wield independent agency over group structure and operations in the civil war environment.","PeriodicalId":51785,"journal":{"name":"Civil Wars","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13698249.2021.1906073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41508185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Sole Representatives in War and Peace: The Case of Sri Lanka’s Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam 战争与和平的唯一代表:斯里兰卡泰米尔伊拉姆猛虎解放组织的案例
IF 1.1
Civil Wars Pub Date : 2021-04-26 DOI: 10.1080/13698249.2021.1903774
S. I. Keethaponcalan
{"title":"Sole Representatives in War and Peace: The Case of Sri Lanka’s Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam","authors":"S. I. Keethaponcalan","doi":"10.1080/13698249.2021.1903774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2021.1903774","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper examines the hitherto unexplored subject of nonstate rebels seeking the status of sole representatives. Why do nonstate armed groups seek the status of sole representatives?, What strategies do they employ to achieve the status of sole representatives?, Is the status merely symbolic, or does it fetch tangible benefits? These research questions are explored by treating Sri Lanka’s LTTE as a case study. Primary and secondary data formed the basis of the analysis. The LTTE used three strategies to achieve a hegemonic disposition within the Tamil community. They are: (1) elimination of rival groups, (2) incorporation of some groups, and (3) battlefield efficacy. The rebels used the claim of sole representation to ensure bilateral talks with the government, get the ban on it lifted, and control the proposed interim administrative structure. The strategy worked to a certain extent, but at least partially contributed to its downfall in 2009.","PeriodicalId":51785,"journal":{"name":"Civil Wars","volume":"24 1","pages":"6 - 26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13698249.2021.1903774","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44875081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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