Frontiers in insect science最新文献

{"title":"Sustainable control of the bird cherry-oat aphid (<i>Rhopalosiphum padi</i> L.) in northwestern Ontario using <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> delivered by bumblebees.","authors":"Jean Pierre Kapongo, Morel Libere Comlan Kotomale, Alphonsine Muzinga Bin Lubusu, Romuald Simo Nana, Donald Rostand Fopie Tokam, Grace Suzert Nottin Mboussou","doi":"10.3389/finsc.2025.1468262","DOIUrl":"10.3389/finsc.2025.1468262","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Rhopalosiphum padi</i> is one of the main vectors of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), which affects the grain yield of oats. Several biological control strategies have been studied to control this pest, one of which is Bee Vectoring Technology (BVT) using bumblebees. We tested the efficacy of <i>Beauveria bassiana</i>, as vectored by bumblebees, and a direct spray application of neem (a natural bio-insecticide derived from the <i>Azadirachta indica</i> tree) on aphids. An assessment of the pest's impact on the plots surveyed in northwestern Ontario revealed incidence rates of 80%. The use of bumblebees as a dispersal agent of <i>B. bassiana</i> significantly reduced the aphid population (0.542 ± 0.147b) compared to the untreated control (0.125 ± 0.069a). The application of diluted neem also showed a reduction in the aphid population (0.708 ± 0.221a). Although the products used controlled the pests, they had no effect on the aphid's natural enemy, the ladybug. Therefore, the dissemination of <i>B. bassiana</i> by the bumblebee <i>Bombus impatiens</i> leads to a decrease in the vector <i>Rhopalosiphum padi</i> population and consequently reduces the severity of barley yellow dwarf disease in oat fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":517424,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in insect science","volume":"5 ","pages":"1468262"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11879966/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143569356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of candidate reference genes for gene expression research in <i>Vespula vulgaris</i>.","authors":"Gemma M McLaughlin","doi":"10.3389/finsc.2025.1495626","DOIUrl":"10.3389/finsc.2025.1495626","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>Vespula vulgaris</i> is an invasive wasp that causes considerable detriment to native birds and invertebrates in New Zealand. Reducing at least 80% of invasive wasp densities is necessary to manage the problems this species presents to its invaded range. To explore the function of target genes for the genetic management of <i>V. vulgaris</i>, screening of appropriate reference genes is crucial for conducting the reverse transcriptase-quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). The selection of appropriate reference genes is an important but often overlooked consideration when delving into RNA research. Many studies rely on one of two tried and trusted reference genes widely used in the literature, which may not be suitable for the normalization of data under particular variables.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Here, I selected six reference genes of <i>V. vulgaris</i> and evaluated their stability across two conditions: developmental stage and sex by using five different tools for analysis: the <i>ΔCt</i> method, <i>geNorm</i>, <i>NormFinder</i>, <i>BestKeeper</i>, and <i>RefFinder</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Differing appropriate reference genes for different research foci: <i>TBP</i>, <i>EF1A</i>, <i>RPL18X3</i>, and <i>CAPZB</i> for developmental stage treatment, and <i>KTB</i>, <i>EF1A</i>, and <i>CAPZB</i> amongst the sexes.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>My study further emphasizes that there is no \"one size fits all\" reference gene, and advocates for analysis of reference gene suitability when conducting gene quantification experiments.</p>","PeriodicalId":517424,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in insect science","volume":"5 ","pages":"1495626"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11865910/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143525935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activity of sorghum aphid and its natural enemies in the context of agroecological and weather conditions.","authors":"Tomasz E Koralewski, Michael J Brewer, Leonel L Deleon, Norman C Elliott, Kristopher Giles, Adrianna Szczepaniec, Ashleigh M Faris","doi":"10.3389/finsc.2025.1503044","DOIUrl":"10.3389/finsc.2025.1503044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Agroecological-oriented areawide pest management leverages the innate ability of agroecosystem to suppress pests, and thus to utilize ecosystem services, a key component of sustainable agriculture. A growing body of knowledge on interactions between pests and their natural enemies allows us to recognize the complexity of these interactions that often depend on environmental circumstances. Sorghum aphid, <i>Melanaphis sorghi</i> (Theobald) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a recent but established pest of sorghum in the Great Plains of North America. Both predators and parasitoids prey on sorghum aphid but their activity and impact change throughout the area and throughout the year. Both landscape and weather factors have been shown to affect the abundance and numerical responses of these insects, consistent with observations in other aphid species. In this study we used data on counts of sorghum aphids, lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and parasitoid wasps <i>Aphelinus nigritus</i> Howard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and <i>Lysiphlebus testaceipes</i> (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) collected in Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas states of the United States. We analyzed insect dynamics in the context of landscape and weather factors. We built multiple regression models using data from the years 2017-2019 for metrics such as maximum number of insects per leaf, response time of natural enemies to pest presence, and speed of increase in insect abundance. Our results indicate that various aspects of landscape composition, landscape configuration, and weather affect various insect groups and various aspects of insect dynamics in the field. Moreover, characteristics of specific landscape categories seemed to be more informative than overall measure of landscape diversity. Our study provides insights on interactions along both spatial and temporal scales, with the latter considered understudied.</p>","PeriodicalId":517424,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in insect science","volume":"5 ","pages":"1503044"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11865913/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143525974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of symbiont-targeted control of <i>Halyomorpha halys</i> on the co-occurring pentatomid community.","authors":"Sofia V Prieto, Bianca Orrù, Elena Gonella, Alberto Alma","doi":"10.3389/finsc.2025.1520065","DOIUrl":"10.3389/finsc.2025.1520065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several native species in the family Pentatomidae are recorded in north-western Italy, associated with different crops. The arrival of <i>Halyomorpha halys</i> led to a reorganization of the role of other pentatomids, some of them becoming secondary pests. Symbiont-targeted control strategies, which disrupt beneficial interactions in stink bugs, have so far been applied to <i>H. halys</i>. However, this approach could also be useful for controlling other pentatomid pests. Additionally, the effects of this strategy on non-target stink bug species need further investigation to assess its potential impact on agroecosystems. Here the effect of symbiont disruption was assessed for stink bugs that share host crops (<i>e.g.</i>, hazelnut, wheat, soybean) or the environment (especially wild areas adjacent to crops) with <i>H. halys</i> in north-western Italy (<i>Carpocoris purpureipennis</i>, <i>Dolycoris baccarum</i>, <i>Graphosoma italicum</i>, <i>Palomena prasina</i> and <i>Rhaphigaster nebulosa</i>). Their symbionts were identified as allied to the genus <i>Pantoea</i> through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and also other bacteria were detected in the V4 ventricle of the midgut. Strikingly, variable symbiont infection was found across species. Laboratory tests were conducted assessing the consequences of symbiont deprivation during the first nymphal instar. Egg masses treatment with an anti-symbiont formulation affected hatching rates in <i>D. baccarum</i> and <i>G. italicum</i>, while the mortality rates during the first instar increased in <i>C. purpureipennis</i> and <i>G. italicum</i>. A correspondence between mortality induction and the alteration of symbiont infection rates was observed, with species showing the highest infection drop being the most affected by treatments. These results provide new insights into pentatomid symbionts and reveal significant variability in the response to symbiosis disruption, likely due to species-specific intensity of symbiotic interactions. The consequences of this variability are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":517424,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in insect science","volume":"5 ","pages":"1520065"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11836026/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143461486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bug off or bug out: mapping flight secrets of <i>Triatoma garciabesi</i> (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) through climate, geography, and greenery.","authors":"Thaiane Verly, Federico G Fiad, Ana Laura Carbajal-de-la-Fuente, Sebastián Pita, Romina V Piccinali, Patricia A Lobbia, Paz Sánchez-Casaccia, Antonieta Rojas de Arias, María José Cavallo, Gisel V Gigena, Claudia S Rodríguez, María C Vega-Gómez, Miriam Rolón, Julieta Nattero","doi":"10.3389/finsc.2025.1532298","DOIUrl":"10.3389/finsc.2025.1532298","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>Triatoma garciabesi</i> is a vector of <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>, the causative agent of Chagas disease, and is found across northwest and central Argentina, southern Bolivia, and western Paraguay. It frequently invades rural houses during the warm seasons and is common in peridomestic and wild environments. Recently, the existence of two lineages has been demonstrated based on variation in cytochrome <i>c</i> oxidase I gene (<i>coI</i>). These lineages occur across the species distribution range and coincide with different ecological regions. Here, we aim to examine how phenotypic variation in flight-related traits is structured, determine the association between these traits and geographic distance, and identify the climatic, geographic, and/or vegetation cover variables that best explain the morphometric variation in flight-related traits.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 198 males of <i>T. garciabesi</i> from 24 populations in Argentina and Paraguay were included in this study, covering almost the entire <i>T. garciabesi</i> distribution range. Size and shape components of the forewing, membranous, and stiff portions of the forewing and head were measured using a landmark-based methodology.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our study documents that the size component of the membranous and stiff portions showed significant variation across the species range. Although forewing and head shape did not show significant differences in Procrustes distances across all pairs of populations, the membranous and stiff portions did. There is a strong and consistent association between shape and geographic distances at all levels of comparison (species and lineage ranges). The size and shape components and the geographic, climatic, and/or vegetation indexes explained covariation in all flight-related traits.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong><i>T. garciabesi</i> appears to be a species sensitive to vegetation cover and landscape features. This study provides evidence for this by showing clear variation in flight-related traits across the species and lineage distribution range, as well as indications of isolation by distance and variation in flight-related traits according to climate, geography, and vegetation cover.</p>","PeriodicalId":517424,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in insect science","volume":"5 ","pages":"1532298"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11810922/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143412211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the impact of xenobiotic drugs on forensic entomology for accurate post-mortem interval estimation.","authors":"Sapna Jain, Jonathan J Parrott, Gulnaz T Javan","doi":"10.3389/finsc.2024.1411342","DOIUrl":"10.3389/finsc.2024.1411342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Forensic entomotoxicology is an emerging field within forensic entomology that investigates the effects of chemicals, drugs, and toxins on insect development and their implications for postmortem interval (PMI) estimation. This systematic overview delves into the influence of drugs such as Morphine, heroin, Opiates, and cocaine on the variables affecting the use of forensically significant insects as evidence tools. Notably, it has been observed that the presence of drugs does not appear to alter the progression of the lifecycle from the first instar to the emergence of flies, indicating that PMI estimations based on fly emergence remain unaffected by drugs. However, larvae treated with drugs frequently show delayed pupation, suggesting the need for further research into the impact of different compounds on various insect species over more extended observation periods. Additionally, conflicting results have been noted regarding how toxins can influence the developmental process in larvae, underscoring the necessity to assess the effect of different classes of compounds on other insect species. The study also recommends exploring factors such as the samples' collection site and the drugs' pathological implications to inspire future research. Furthermore, the paper underscores the potential for varying drug effects across insect species, emphasizing the complexity of interpreting drug impacts on PMI estimations. This systematic review was conducted by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":517424,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in insect science","volume":"4 ","pages":"1411342"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11810894/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143401155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of wing geometric morphometrics in <i>Chrysodeixis</i> spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to support pest identification in invasive species survey programs.","authors":"Allan H Smith-Pardo, Karina M Torres, Silvana V Paula-Moraes","doi":"10.3389/finsc.2025.1542467","DOIUrl":"10.3389/finsc.2025.1542467","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Looper moths of the genus <i>Chrysodeixis</i> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae) are important pests of many crops and native plants worldwide. <i>Chrysodeixis chalcites</i> (Esper) is listed as an invasive species for the United States with records of interception. Native species of the Plusiinae subfamily are morphologically similar and commonly cross-attracted in survey trapping programs for <i>C. chalcites</i>, such as <i>Chrysodeixis includens</i> (Walker), a native economic pest. The species identification relies on male genitalia dissection and DNA analysis. These processes are time and cost-consuming and require expertise. In this work, we evaluated the use of wing geometric morphometrics (GM) as a tool to overcome the identification challenges associated with the complex morphologies of <i>Chrysodeixis</i> spp. The cleaned wings of specimens with validated identification were photographed under a digital microscope, and seven venation landmarks were annotated from the images. The digital coordinates of the wing landmarks were analyzed in MorphoJ. Our results validated the use of GM for distinguishing the invasive <i>C. chalcites</i> from the native <i>C. includens</i>. A limited number of landmarks on the center of the wing was used to address the challenges in GM for trap-collected lepidopteran pests. Future automation of the novel application of GM for identifying <i>C. includens</i> can be explored in trapping systems for IPM and surveys for the invasive <i>C. chalcites</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":517424,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in insect science","volume":"5 ","pages":"1542467"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11811107/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143412212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Focus on <i>Popillia japonica</i>: New research for IPM of the Japanese beetle.","authors":"Giselher Grabenweger, Giulia Torrini, William D Hutchison","doi":"10.3389/finsc.2024.1532825","DOIUrl":"10.3389/finsc.2024.1532825","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":517424,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in insect science","volume":"4 ","pages":"1532825"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11804108/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143384921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repellents against <i>Aedes aegypti</i> bites: synthetic and natural origins.","authors":"Melissa Noguera-Gahona, Cindy Peña-Moreno, Natalia Quiñones-Sobarzo, Caroline Weinstein-Oppenheimer, María Guerra-Zúñiga, Ximena Collao-Ferrada","doi":"10.3389/finsc.2024.1510857","DOIUrl":"10.3389/finsc.2024.1510857","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dengue fever, transmitted by mosquitoes of the <i>Aedes</i> genus, particularly <i>Aedes aegypti</i>, has emerged as a global health issue. With the expansion of this mosquito to new geographical areas, driven by factors such as climate change, the need for preventive measures like using insect repellents has become critical. The present review explores the current state of the art on topical mosquito repellents, both synthetic and natural, used globally, especially in regions where dengue is endemic. Among synthetic repellents, DEET is the most widely used, supported by investigations demonstrating its efficacy and safety, although concerns about its toxicity exist in exceptional cases. Other compounds, such as picaridin, IR3535, and PMD are also common and offer alternatives with variable safety and efficacy profiles. Natural repellents, such as essential oils of citronella, lemon eucalyptus, and clove, have proven effective against <i>Aedes aegypti</i>. However, they present challenges due to rapid volatilization and the limited duration of their protective effect. To address these issues, combinations of essential oils and synthetic compounds have been proposed to improve efficacy and safety. Finally, the review highlights the complexity and the challenges of developing new repellents, including the high costs and lengthy timelines for commercialization, as well as the importance of continued research to improve the efficacy and safety of these products.</p>","PeriodicalId":517424,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in insect science","volume":"4 ","pages":"1510857"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11795662/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143256555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Government and farmer responses to the fall armyworm outbreak in mainland Southeast Asia.","authors":"Eiichi Kusano, Nipon Poapongsakorn, Urairat Jantarasiri, Kamphol Pantakua, Cuong H Tran, Khin Akari Tar, Thong Kong, Viengsavanh V Phimphachanhvongsod, Youichi Kobori","doi":"10.3389/finsc.2024.1455585","DOIUrl":"10.3389/finsc.2024.1455585","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Native to the Americas and highly polyphagous, the fall armyworm (FAW), <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has garnered attention for causing significant damage, primarily to maize.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study synthesizes FAW emergence, government responses, and farmer reactions in mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA), and assesses the feasibility of government-recommended measures in terms of efficacy and cost-efficiency.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From late 2018 to the rainy season of 2019, FAW infestations extensively emerged in MSEA maize fields. MSEA governments promptly issued strategies and guidelines through plant protection divisions/departments, which involved international organizations, foreign governments, and private web portals. Alongside the foliar application of emamectin benzoate (EMB), which is the most frequently mentioned method, MSEA governments advocated for integrated pest management (IPM)-oriented approaches. These include application methods of chemical insecticides, use of host plant resistance, biological control, cultural and interference methods, and local measures aimed at reducing chemical usage. Despite comprehensive recommendations, maize farmers primarily rely on EMB foliar treatment for FAW control.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>We highlight the need for further research and dissemination regarding the widely accepted foliar application of chemical insecticides, specifically in relation to human safety, improvements in application technology, and clear guidelines for large-scale outbreaks. On the other hand, the concentrative foliar application of chemical insecticides raises concerns about resistance evolution. Alternatives to foliar treatment with chemical insecticides, mainly EMB, such as seed treatment with diamides and neonicotinoids, genetically modified maize seeds approved only in Vietnam, and biological control, have demonstrated efficacy. Seed treatment provides cost and labor benefits for early-stage FAW infestation prevention. Validation of natural enemy rearing costs may prove advantageous as preliminary estimates suggest they could be relatively low. Not all strategies recommended by the government or widely discussed are necessarily relevant at farm-level. This study provides the following suggestions for the proposal of more acceptable strategies. 1) Studying the actual responses of governments and farmers with special emphasis on cost efficiency; 2) Making alternatives to EMB foliar application more cost-effective inclusive of the cost of labor; and finally, 3) Verifying the effectiveness of the alternative techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":517424,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in insect science","volume":"4 ","pages":"1455585"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11794807/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143256552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}