Frontiers in insect science最新文献

{"title":"Spatial distribution and fixed-precision sequential sampling plans for <i>Popillia japonica</i> (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) adults in primocane raspberry: influence of foliar insecticides.","authors":"Adam G Toninato, Eric C Burkness, William D Hutchison","doi":"10.3389/finsc.2024.1465829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/finsc.2024.1465829","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Japanese beetle, <i>Popillia japonica</i> Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), an invasive species from northern Japan, was first detected in Minnesota in 1968. According to fruit growers and the Minnesota Department of Agriculture, population size and feeding damage has been an increasing concern since 2010. Based on trap-catch data, populations have recently exceeded 4,000 beetles/trap/week during July-August near raspberry fields, and can increase by an order of magnitude within 7-10 days. The primary goals of this study were to assess the spatial distribution of <i>P. japonica</i> adults in raspberry, and to develop and validate a practical fixed-precision sequential sampling plan for grower use. Taylor's Power Law (TPL) regression was used to characterize the beetle's spatial pattern in research plots and commercial fields, either with or without insecticide applications. We then used Green's plan to develop an enumerative sequential sampling plan to estimate <i>P. japonica</i> density in primocane raspberry. Beetle population data were collected at two locations in southern Minnesota, including the Rosemount Research and Outreach Center, and a commercial field near Forest Lake. The TPL results, via slope comparisons, indicated no significant differences in <i>P. japonica</i> spatial pattern between insecticide treated plots versus untreated plots, or among 4 different insecticides (P>0.05). Utilizing all spatial pattern data, we characterized the distribution of <i>P. japonica</i> beetles to be highly aggregated in raspberry, with TPL slopes ranging from b = 1.38 to 1.55; all slopes were found to be >1.0. Although the slopes were not significantly different, we accounted for variability in spatial pattern by using 33 independent data sets, and the Resampling for Validation of Sampling Plans (RVSP) model to validate a sampling plan with a final average precision level of 0.25 (SEM/mean), recommended for integrated pest management (IPM) purposes. The final sampling plan required an average sample number of only 15, 1-m-row samples, while providing high relative net precision (RNP), and thus a cost-effective, efficient sample plan for growers.</p>","PeriodicalId":517424,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11479985/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142485267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Rising stars in insect physiology.","authors":"Peter M Piermarini, Nicholas M Teets","doi":"10.3389/finsc.2024.1483760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/finsc.2024.1483760","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":517424,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11465575/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142402605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Context-specific variation in life history traits and behavior of <i>Aedes aegypti</i> mosquitoes.","authors":"Clément Vinauger, Karthikeyan Chandrasegaran","doi":"10.3389/finsc.2024.1426715","DOIUrl":"10.3389/finsc.2024.1426715","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Aedes aegypti</i>, the vector for dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika, poses a growing global epidemiological risk. Despite extensive research on <i>Ae. aegypti</i>'s life history traits and behavior, critical knowledge gaps persist, particularly in integrating these findings across varied experimental contexts. The plasticity of <i>Ae. aegypti</i>'s traits throughout its life cycle allows dynamic responses to environmental changes, yet understanding these variations within heterogeneous study designs remains challenging. A critical aspect often overlooked is the impact of using lab-adapted lines of <i>Ae. aegypti</i>, which may have evolved under laboratory conditions, potentially altering their life history traits and behavioral responses compared to wild populations. Therefore, incorporating field-derived populations in experimental designs is essential to capture the natural variability and adaptability of <i>Ae. aegypti</i>. The relationship between larval growing conditions and adult traits and behavior is significantly influenced by the specific context in which mosquitoes are studied. Laboratory conditions may not replicate the ecological complexities faced by wild populations, leading to discrepancies in observed traits and behavior. These discrepancies highlight the need for ecologically relevant experimental conditions, allowing mosquito traits and behavior to reflect field distributions. One effective approach is semi-field studies involving field-collected mosquitoes housed for fewer generations in the lab under ecologically relevant conditions. This growing trend provides researchers with the desired control over experimental conditions while maintaining the genetic diversity of field populations. By focusing on variations in life history traits and behavioral plasticity within these varied contexts, this review highlights the intricate relationship between larval growing conditions and adult traits and behavior. It underscores the significance of transstadial effects and the necessity of adopting study designs and reporting practices that acknowledge plasticity in adult traits and behavior, considering variations due to larval rearing conditions. Embracing such approaches paves the way for a comprehensive understanding of contextual variations in mosquito life history traits and behavior. This integrated perspective enables the synthesis of research findings across laboratory, semi-field, and field-based investigations, which is crucial for devising targeted intervention strategies tailored to specific ecological contexts to combat the health threat posed by this formidable disease vector effectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":517424,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11461241/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142396612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abundance and diversity of cotton insect pests under repeatedly cultivated cotton fields of Tanzania.","authors":"Madama Benjamin, Gration M Rwegasira","doi":"10.3389/finsc.2024.1385653","DOIUrl":"10.3389/finsc.2024.1385653","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cotton production in Tanzania is facing significant challenges due to insect pests that cause extensive damages to the crop. The most notable pests include the African bollworm (<i>Heliothis armigera</i> Hubner), Spiny bollworm (<i>Earias biplaga</i> Walker), Cotton stainers (<i>Dysdercus sidae</i> (Herrich-Schaeffer), Cotton Aphids (<i>Aphis gossypii</i> Glover), Thrips (<i>Thrips tabaci</i> Lindeman), Jassids (<i>Amrasca biguttula</i>, Bigutula), Leafhoppers (<i>Cicadellidae jassidae</i>), and Whiteflies (<i>Bemisia tabaci</i> Genn). If left uncontrolled, these pests can cause up to 60% damage to the crop. Despite the importance of cotton and the fact that most of these pests are endemic, there are scanty knowledge on the dynamics and distribution of cotton pests across the seasons of the year and crop's phenological growth stages (germination, vegetative growth, flowering and boll formation) in areas under repeated cultivation of the crop in Tanzania. Here we report on the influence of seasons and cotton's phenological stages on the abundance, diversity, distribution and richness of cotton insect pests.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study was conducted in the Misungwi district for two cotton-growing seasons, using the UKM08 cotton variety. Stick traps and handpicking methods were deployed in catching the cotton insect pests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On average, a total of 8,500 insect specimen of diverse families and species were collected every season. The four dominant species among the collected were <i>Aphis gossypii</i> (17.37%), <i>Amrasca biguttula</i> (11.42%), <i>Nezara viridura</i> (10.7%), and <i>Bemisia tabacci</i> (10.68%). Both cotton phenological growth stages and seasons significantly (<i>p</i><0.05) influenced the abundance, diversity, distribution and richness of cotton insect pests. In particular, the phenological growth stage 3 exhibited greater diversity of insect pests. The pests' distribution patterns remained relatively uniform across the crop growth stages.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Findings from the present study could contribute to developing sustainable pest management strategies in areas under repeated cotton production in Tanzania and elsewhere.</p>","PeriodicalId":517424,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11445183/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142368156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of temperature and storage duration on quality of an insect artificial diet.","authors":"Khanh-Van Ho, Bruce E Hibbard, Michael G Vella, Kent S Shelby, Man P Huynh","doi":"10.3389/finsc.2024.1475411","DOIUrl":"10.3389/finsc.2024.1475411","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artificial diets are widely used to produce insects for research and education programs. Completed diets, in which the diets are fully made from individual ingredients and ready to use, often have high water activity, making them vulnerable to degradation. Proper storage is critical to maintaining diet quality, yet the storage conditions are not well investigated. In this study, we characterized the effects of storage conditions (temperatures and storage duration) on the quality of a diet capable of rearing both specialist and generalist insect species. The completed diet, produced by both private industry and a USDA-Agricultural Research Service laboratory, was exposed to varying temperatures during a 24-hour transit over 1600 km. After transit, it was stored at 4°C for a total storage period of 28 days. In a separate experiment, the completed diet was stored immediately after diet production at five fixed temperatures (-20, 4, 22, 25, and 33°C) for up to 28 days. For both experiments, at 5 intervals after storage (1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days), diet quality was accessed by life history parameters (survival, molting, and weight) of western corn rootworm (<i>Diabrotica virgifera virgifera</i> LeConte) larvae, the most serious maize pest in the United States. Our results showed that exposure to varying temperatures between -2°C and 27°C for 24 hours had no significant impact on diet quality. However, extended storage (beyond 24 hours) at any of the fixed temperatures negatively affected diet quality. Insects reared on diets stored for over 24 hours at fixed temperatures ranging from -20°C to 33°C had significant declines in performance. Among the tested temperatures, -20°C and 4°C were found to be the most effective for preserving diet quality. At these low temperatures, there were no significant changes in insect weight and survival for diets stored within 21 and 28 days, respectively, though molting was significantly reduced within 7 days of storage. These findings provide the base of information on the storage conditions for completed diets, supporting the production of healthy insects.</p>","PeriodicalId":517424,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11445214/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142368157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential uses of silkworm pupae (<i>Bombyx mori</i> L.) in food, feed, and other industries: a systematic review.","authors":"Luis Miguel Rodríguez-Ortiz, Carlos A Hincapié, Gustavo Adolfo Hincapié-Llanos, Marisol Osorio","doi":"10.3389/finsc.2024.1445636","DOIUrl":"10.3389/finsc.2024.1445636","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing pressures imposed on ecosystems by the growing needs of the human population are stimulus for research into innovative and unconventional sources of raw materials for different industries. This systematic review was carried out to investigate the available literature on the possible industrial uses of silkworm (<i>Bombyx mori</i> L.) pupae, a residue of silk production. The review was conducted using an adapted version of PRISMA. After a screening process, 105 articles were obtained and subjected to a detailed quantitative and qualitative analysis. It was found that in the last decade there has been a significant increase in the number of papers devoted to the study of the potential use of silkworm pupae in different applications, with a significantly higher number in the last three years of the scope of this review, indicating a growing interest in the subject. From the analysis of the information collected, promising uses in human and animal food, such as fish, mammalian, poultry, swine and companion animals, as well as potential uses for the pharmaceutical industry, were identified. The evaluated research identified compounds with antioxidant activity and important contents of unsaturated fatty acids, which are related to beneficial effects on cardiovascular health, diabetes control, reduction of the risk of developing certain types of cancer and inflammatory activity, among other benefits. One of the most relevant findings is that many studies report a significant concentration of α-linolenic acid in silkworm pupae oil, which is attributed with anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-obesity and neuroprotective properties, among others.</p>","PeriodicalId":517424,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11442273/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142362681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RNA modifications in insects.","authors":"Yaoyu Jiao, Subba Reddy Palli","doi":"10.3389/finsc.2024.1448766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/finsc.2024.1448766","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>More than 100 RNA chemical modifications to cellular RNA have been identified. <i>N</i> ⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A) is the most prevalent modification of mRNA. RNA modifications have recently attracted significant attention due to their critical role in regulating mRNA processing and metabolism. tRNA and rRNA rank among the most heavily modified RNAs, and their modifications are essential for maintaining their structure and function. With our advanced understanding of RNA modifications, increasing evidence suggests RNA modifications are important in regulating various aspects of insect life. In this review, we will summarize recent studies investigating the impact of RNA modifications in insects, particularly highlighting the role of m⁶A in insect development, reproduction, and adaptation to the environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":517424,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11381373/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142305759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of non-lethal doses of pyriproxyfen on male and female <i>Aedes albopictus</i> reproductive fitness.","authors":"Sri Jyosthsna Kancharlapalli, Corey L Brelsfoard","doi":"10.3389/finsc.2024.1430422","DOIUrl":"10.3389/finsc.2024.1430422","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Control of the mosquito <i>Aedes albopictus</i> is confounded by its behavior due to females preferring to oviposition in small natural and artificial containers that are often difficult to remove or treat with insecticides. Autodissemination strategies utilizing highly potent insect growth regulators (IGRs) have emerged as promising tools for the control of this container-inhabiting species. The intended goal of autodissemination approaches is to use mosquitoes to self-deliver an IGR to these cryptic oviposition locations. Previous studies have focused on the efficacy of these approaches to impact natural populations, but little focus has been placed on the impacts on mosquitoes when exposed to non-lethal doses of IGRs similar to the levels they would be exposed to with autodissemination approaches.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, the impact of non-lethal doses of pyriproxyfen (PPF) on the reproductive fitness of <i>Ae. albopictus</i> was investigated. Female and male <i>Ae. albopictus</i> mosquitoes were exposed to non-lethal doses of PPF and their fecundity and fertility were measured. To examine the impact of non-lethal doses of PPF, the expression of the ecdysone-regulated genes <i>USP</i>, <i>HR3</i>, and <i>Vg</i>, which are involved in vitellogenesis, was determined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results demonstrated a significant reduction in female fecundity and in the blood feeding and egg hatching rates upon exposure to non-lethal doses of PPF. Oocyte development was also delayed in PPF-treated females. Furthermore, exposure to non-lethal doses of PPF altered the expression of the genes involved in vitellogenesis, indicating disruption of hormonal regulation. Interestingly, PPF exposure also reduced the sperm production in males, suggesting a potential semi-sterilization effect.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These findings suggest that non-lethal doses of PPF could enhance the efficacy of autodissemination approaches by impacting the reproductive fitness of both males and females. However, further research is needed to validate these laboratory findings in field settings and to assess their practical implications for vector control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":517424,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11250599/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141629648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A universal artificial diet for corn rootworm (<i>Diabrotica</i> spp.) larval biopesticide assays.","authors":"Khanh-Van Ho, Bruce E Hibbard, Thu T H Do, Adrian J Pekarcik, Man P Huynh","doi":"10.3389/finsc.2024.1392198","DOIUrl":"10.3389/finsc.2024.1392198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We identified a single diet formulation that can be used for three <i>Diabrotica</i> species including southern (SCR), western (WCR), and northern corn rootworm (NCR) by evaluating the performance of these pests on specialized diets (F9800B diet for SCR, WCRMO-2 diet for WCR, and NCRMO-1 diet for NCR) and a larval diet (F9772 diet) widely used for lepidopteran species. After 10 days of rearing, the WCRMO-2 diet yielded better or equal larval growth and development of all three rootworm species compared to other diets. For SCR larvae, the WCRMO-2 diet outperformed other diets. Larval fresh weight, percent molt to 2nd instar, and percent molt to 3rd instar on the WCRMO-2 diet were 12-fold, 2.7-fold, and 14-fold increases, respectively compared to that of the F9800B diet. Significantly more SCR larvae survived on the WCRMO-2 diet (98.9%) than on the F9800B diet (90.6%). The WCRMO-2 diet supported WCR and NCR larvae equal to the NCRMO-1 diet and better than other diets. The F9772 diet was the worst diet of all examined species. The availability of a universal diet (the WCRMO-2 diet) for the three <i>Diabrotica</i> species would facilitate research programs to monitor resistance development and develop new control tactics targeting these important pests.</p>","PeriodicalId":517424,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11249545/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141629647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of specific reference gene for normalization of RT-qPCR data in rhythmic gene expression studies of the effect of developmental hormone antagonist in postembryonic development in <i>Bombyx mori</i>.","authors":"Minurani Dalai, Anita Jagota","doi":"10.3389/finsc.2024.1362473","DOIUrl":"10.3389/finsc.2024.1362473","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Bombyx mori</i> is a lepidopteran holometabolous insect with distinct developmental stages: egg, larvae, pupae, and adult. The lepidopteran insect undergoes major modifications in the central nervous system (CNS) so as to adapt to the lifestyle of these distinct stages with specific habitats and functions from voraciously feeding larval stages to flying reproductive adults via dormant pupal stages. Such transitions are linked to transcriptional, epigenetic, and translational complexities. Therefore, studying rhythmic gene expression in CNS of various developmental stages and the effects of antagonists on developmental hormones requires a very stable reference gene (RG). To facilitate rhythmic gene expression studies using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in <i>B. mori</i> and the effect of developmental hormone juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-hydroxy ecdysone hormone (20 HE), antagonists Precocene 1 and testosterone, respectively, were used. Eight candidate RGs, namely, <i>Translational initiation factor 3 subunit 4</i> (TI3S4), <i>Translational initiation factor 3 subunit 5</i> (TI3S5), <i>Ribosomal protein subunit 7</i> (RPs7), <i>TATA-binding protein association factor</i> (TAF13), <i>Translational initiation factor 4 A</i> (TI4A), <i>Ribosomal protein</i> (RPL32), <i>Elongation factor</i> 1 (EF1), and <i>Arginine kinase</i> (AK), were assessed in the CNS of <i>B. mori</i>. The postembryonic developmental (PED) stages used were the fifth late larval instar, early pupa, mid pupa, late pupa, and adult. The assessments were done at four different time points, Zeitgeber time (ZT) 0, 6, 12, and 18, to find stability towards 24-h rhythmic expression. RefFinder, geNorm, and Ct value analysis were performed. RefFinder and geNORM studies suggested stability order as TI3S4 > TI3S5 > RPs7, but Ct value evaluation showed stability order as TI3S5 > TI3S4 > RPs7. We therefore demonstrated that TI3S4, TI3S5, and RPs7 can be used as RG in various PED stages in CNS of <i>B. mori</i> (Strain: CB-hybrid, PM×CSR2) towards studies with effects of JH and 20 HE antagonists.</p>","PeriodicalId":517424,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11239437/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141617985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}