Avian diseases最新文献

{"title":"Immune Responses in the Harderian Gland After Newcastle Disease Vaccination in Chickens with Maternal Antibodies.","authors":"Raimundo Espejo, Cassandra Breedlove, Haroldo Toro","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00007","DOIUrl":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immune responses in the Harderian gland (HG) were characterized after Newcastle disease virus (NDV) LaSota ocular vaccination in antibody-naïve specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens and in chickens of commercial origin with NDV maternally derived antibodies (MDA). Ocular LaSota vaccination of 13-day-old white leghorn SPF chickens elicited serum antibody levels that consistently increased 15 days postvaccination, while the specific IgA response in lacrimal fluids was already detectable 10 days after vaccination. Eleven days postvaccination, the relative abundance of B cells, as well as T-helper cells (CD4⁺) and cytotoxic T cells (CD8⁺), in HGs was significantly increased, achieving maximum frequencies 16 days postvaccination. In a second experiment, chickens with MDA originating from NDV-vaccinated commercial white leghorn layer breeders, as well as white leghorn SPF chickens, were vaccinated with NDV LaSota. The LaSota virus successfully replicated in periocular tissues and in the trachea both in commercial and control SPF chickens after vaccination at 2 or 15 days of age (DOA). Vaccination at 2 DOA did not induce a serum NDV antibody response in chickens of commercial origin. In contrast, seroconversion was elicited in commercial chickens upon vaccination at 15 DOA, likely associated with waning of MDA. Unlike systemic IgG responses, vaccination at 2 or 15 DOA elicited strong specific IgA responses in lacrimal fluids in commercial chickens. The IgA response was highest 9 days after vaccination and showed a tendency to decline 15 days postvaccination. Commercial chickens vaccinated at 2 DOA showed increased B cells in HG 10 and 16 days postvaccination. The expansion of B cells in the HG in these chickens is consistent with increased IgA levels detected in lacrimal fluids. In contrast, control SPF chickens showed a more limited B-cell expansion in HG and lower IgA levels. Vaccination at 15 DOA also triggered a greater increase of B cells in HGs in commercial chickens than in control SPF chickens. The B-cell response was accompanied by T-helper (CD4⁺) cell expansion, occurring both in commercial and control SPF chickens. These cells expanded to a lesser extent when vaccination was performed at 2 DOA compared with vaccination at 15 DOA. CD8⁺ showed significant expansion irrespective of vaccination day and without differences detected between control SPF chickens and chickens with MDA. We conclude that NDV LaSota elicits vigorous humoral and cell immune responses in the HG. Furthermore, unlike the interference shown by MDA on vaccine-induced serum antibody responses, MDA do not interfere with the mucosal immune response of the HG.</p>","PeriodicalId":516846,"journal":{"name":"Avian diseases","volume":"68 3","pages":"192-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142485247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protection of Broiler Chickens Against Necrotic Enteritis by Intrapulmonary Delivery of a Live Clostridium perfringens Vaccine Exploiting the Gut-Lung-Axis Concept.","authors":"Hemlata Gautam, Khawaja Ashfaque Ahmed, Iresha Subhasinghe, Shelly Popowich, Ayumi Matsuyama-Kato, Betty Chow-Lockerbie, Lisanework E Ayalew, Suresh Tikoo, Philip Griebel, Susantha Gomis","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00014","DOIUrl":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Clostridium perfringens</i> (CP)-induced necrotic enteritis (NE) is an economically important disease in the broiler chicken industry. The incidence of NE is common in 3-to-6-wk-old broiler chickens, once maternal antibodies start declining. Developing an effective vaccination strategy against NE, preferably delivering a single dose of vaccine at hatch to protect broiler chickens against NE without a booster vaccine, is an enormous challenge. The objective of this study was to induce mucosal immunity in the intestines against NE by intrapulmonary (IPL) delivery of a live CP vaccine at hatch, exploiting the gut-lung-axis (GLA) concept by vaccine delivery following <i>in ovo</i> administration of cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) to induce immune cell maturation in the lungs. Experiments were conducted to explore the dose of CP and immune protection against heterologous CP challenge, and to study the efficacy of IPL delivery of a CP vaccine without a booster. Additional studies were conducted to measure serum immunoglobulin (Ig)Y, mucosal IgA, and histopathology of lungs following vaccination. Delivery of a live CP vaccine by the IPL route, with or without <i>in ovo</i> CpG-ODN, provided significant protection against NE (<i>P</i> < 0.0001). Systemic IgY and mucosal IgA against CP were correlated with protection against NE. There was no necrosis or inflammation in the pulmonary parenchyma. There was a low number of CP isolated from the lungs following live CP delivery by the IPL route. A significant influx of (<i>P</i> < 0.001) of CD8+ T cells and macrophages were noted in the lungs 2 days following live CP delivery by the IPL route. IPL delivery of a live CP vaccine, rather than inactivated CP, provided better protection. This study demonstrated the utility in exploiting the GLA concept in vaccine delivery in broiler chickens.</p>","PeriodicalId":516846,"journal":{"name":"Avian diseases","volume":"68 3","pages":"240-253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142485251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Isolation and Genetic Characterization of Avian Nephritis Virus 4 from Commercial Poultry in India.","authors":"Riyesh Thachamvally, Yogesh Chander, Ram Kumar, Garvit Kumar, Nitin Khandelwal, Anagha G, Anju Manuja, Rajesh Kumar Vaid, Naveen Kumar, Sanjay Barua, Yash Pal, B N Tripathi, T K Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00053","DOIUrl":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Avian nephritis virus (ANV), which belongs to the family <i>Astroviridae</i>, is associated with different clinical manifestations (enteric and kidney disorders) in poultry. Despite being a significant pathogen of the avian industry worldwide, information regarding genetic features of these viruses in India is scarce. In this study, 386 intestinal samples collected from 37 slaughterhouses in two north Indian states (Rajasthan and Haryana) were screened for ANV with reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) targeting the conserved ORF1b gene, followed by nucleotide sequencing of the amplified product. RT-PCR and sequencing confirmed the presence of ANV in 32 clinical samples (8.29%), with concurrent infections of infectious bronchitis virus, chicken astrovirus, and fowl adenoviruses observed in some clinical samples (<i>n</i> = 4). Virus isolations were successful from four out of 12 ANV-positive clinical samples passaged via the yolk-sac route in specific-pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs. Additionally, the near-complete genomes of two viruses were determined through sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis based on full-length capsid protein sequences classified the viruses into ANV genotype 4 (ANV4), and to the best of our knowledge this is the first report of ANV4 from India. This study revealed the presence and circulation of new strains of ANV in Indian poultry. Genetic profiling and isolation of the viruses in this study will not only aid in the development of diagnostic tools and vaccines for ANV but also offer valuable insights into its epidemiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":516846,"journal":{"name":"Avian diseases","volume":"68 3","pages":"202-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142485243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cocirculation of Newcastle Disease Virus Genotypes XII and VII Along with Nonvirulent Forms Characterized in Domestic Birds from Peru.","authors":"Eliana Icochea, Gina Castro-Sanguinetti, Rosa Gonzalez-Veliz, Alonso Callupe-Leyva, Juan More-Bayona","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00029","DOIUrl":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is one of the most important pathogens affecting poultry, given its impact on health and production systems worldwide, despite widespread vaccination. Over the past 20 years, NDV has caused severe outbreaks of disease in Peru. These outbreaks primarily affected gamecocks and broiler chickens, with an additional reported case in commercial layers. Therefore, our objective was to identify and characterize the virus responsible for these cases in Peru. We analyzed 14 suspected clinical cases in domestic birds for NDV detection, isolation, and genetic characterization. Among these cases, seven involved gamecocks, with six genotype XII isolates and one genotype VII isolate, representing the first report of NDV genotype VII isolate from fighting roosters in Peru. Additionally, among the six cases in broiler chickens, we detected four genotype XII isolates and three genotype II isolates, including one sample containing both genotypes XII and II. Furthermore, a genotype I viral isolate was identified in a laying hen. Hence, we concluded that two divergent, highly virulent NDV genotypes, genotypes XII and VII, along with avirulent forms such as genotypes I and II are circulating among domestic birds in Peru. Genetic analysis indicates that these viruses are evolving locally within avian species and offers the basis necessary for vaccine adaptation to circulating viruses. Our results highlight the cocirculation of multiple virulent and nonvirulent NDV genotypes in domestic birds in Peru, underscoring the potential role of gamecocks as a viral source of virulent NDV strains in the country and the occurrence of outbreaks in poultry farms.</p>","PeriodicalId":516846,"journal":{"name":"Avian diseases","volume":"68 3","pages":"231-239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142485239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Inactivation of Three Different Subtypes of Avian Influenza Virus by Ozonized Water.","authors":"Nader Maher Sobhy, Angie Quiñonez Muñoz, Christiana Rezk Bottros Youssef, Sagar Mal Goyal","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00058","DOIUrl":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Avian influenza virus (AIV) causes frequent outbreaks in poultry with high morbidity and mortality. The virus can survive on different fomites, resulting in indirect transmission to susceptible hosts. We investigated the inactivation by ozonated water (O3W) of three different subtypes of AIV (H4N8, H4N6, and H9N9) on seven different fomites. All subtypes were sensitive on all fomites, but there was a slight variation in the sensitivity of different subtypes. For example, AIV H9N9 showed more than 99% reduction on denim fabric, polypropylene, and Styrofoam after 3 min of exposure. More than 97% of H4N8 was eliminated from cardboard, denim fabric, and stainless steel after 3 min of exposure. Subtype H4N6 was the least sensitive; highest inactivation (98%) was seen on cardboard and polypropylene after 3 min of exposure. In conclusion, O3W can inactivate a large percentage of AIV applied to fomites within 3 min in all tested subtypes. Interestingly, an increase in contact time to 10 min did not result in an increase in the virus inactivation rate, probably because of the low half-life of ozone. Further studies are needed to determine how the residual virus can be inactivated so that it does not pose a problem to naïve birds.</p>","PeriodicalId":516846,"journal":{"name":"Avian diseases","volume":"68 3","pages":"225-230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142485241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Egg Drop Syndrome 76 in a U.S. Broiler Breeder Flock.","authors":"Sabrina Hurst-Proctor, R M Fulton, T Gaydos","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00019","DOIUrl":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A four-house broiler breeder farm of approximately 35-wk-old hens was diagnosed with egg drop syndrome (EDS'76) utilizing PCR and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) testing. Based on communication with local practitioners, the geographic area near where this flock was located had numerous EDS'76 cases in table egg layers at the time of diagnosis. An egg production drop was seen in the broiler breeder flock over a 7-day period, which prompted an investigation. During this investigation, a significant number of shell-less, wrinkled, and pale eggs were noted, but no increases in mortality or respiratory signs were observed. The disease and subsequent production drops spread horizontally across the farm over a 5-wk period. Production returned to approximately the breed standard egg production 4 wk after initial egg production drop. However, hatching egg utilization continued to be reduced for another 2 wk because of the number of thin-shelled eggs. A similar pattern of drop in egg production and subsequent return was observed in the other houses. No significant lesions were noted in the tissues submitted for histopathology. Differential diagnoses that could cause shell abnormalities and egg production drops were ruled out by submitting appropriate samples for diagnostic investigation. Egg drop syndrome 76 PCR was performed on shell-less eggs and EDS'76 was detected by PCR at two separate laboratories. Subsequently, serum was submitted for HI and positive results were found in each house as they showed egg production drop concurrent with shell abnormalities. At the time the flocks returned to breed standard production, EDS'76 titers were consistent with a uniformly exposed and seroconverted flock. The authors suspect that immunosuppression as pullets played a role in this flock being impacted by EDS. No other farms in the company's system were observed with production drops or shell abnormalities similar to this case.</p>","PeriodicalId":516846,"journal":{"name":"Avian diseases","volume":"68 3","pages":"282-286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142485242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combination of Live and Inactivated <i>Salmonella</i> Vaccines to Protect Against Fowl Typhoid in Laying Hens.","authors":"Patricia Joaquim, Facundo Balbiani, M Laura Socas, Hernando Morales, Marcos Casey, Jesús Rubio, Pablo Chacana","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00024","DOIUrl":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fowl typhoid (FT) caused by <i>Salmonella</i> Gallinarum (SG) is a poultry disease distributed worldwide that has been eradicated in commercial production of many developed countries but still persists in many developing countries. Vaccination is one of the main strategies to reduce mortality, clinical signs, and vertical or horizontal transmission. The aim of this work was to assess the protection against FT conferred by vaccines based on <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis (SE), SG, or a combination. Five experimental groups of birds, vaccinated with different live or inactivated SG and SE vaccines were included in the trial: 1) two doses of a SG-SE bivalent inactivated vaccine; 2) four doses of the live attenuated SE vaccine; 3) three doses of the live attenuated SE vaccine and two doses of the SG-SE bivalent inactivated vaccine; 4) two doses of the live attenuated SG9R vaccine; and 5) unvaccinated birds. At 28 wk of age, all hens were challenged with a virulent strain of SG, and mortality was recorded during the subsequent 15 days. The results showed that the plan that included only the inactivated vaccine did not show significant protection (<i>P</i> = 1), while the plan based on the administration of the attenuated strain of SE significantly reduced mortality in the group of birds (<i>P</i> = 0.0309). However, the highest levels of protection were obtained in the group of hens immunized with the combination of the inactivated vaccine and the live attenuated SE strain (<i>P</i> < 0.0001), which was statistically similar to the homologous protection conferred by the SG 9R strain, a vaccine used in many countries to control FT. These results demonstrate that the combination of existing vaccines together with strict biosecurity measures on farms may help improve the control of the pathogen in countries where FT in an emerging or reemerging disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":516846,"journal":{"name":"Avian diseases","volume":"68 3","pages":"259-262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142485240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infectious Coryza in Pennsylvania.","authors":"Sherrill Davison, Linnea Tracy, Donna J Kelly, Susan J Bender, Meghann K Pierdon, James Mills, Denise J Barnhart, Shelby Licciardello, Eman Ahmed Mohamed Anis, Eva Wallner-Pendleton, Patricia Dunn, Corissa Robinson, Brian Ladman, Suresh Varma Kuchipudi","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00073","DOIUrl":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infectious coryza (IC) is a respiratory disease of chickens, including pullets, layers, and broilers, caused by the bacteria <i>Avibacterium paragallinarum</i> (AP), which was previously known as <i>Hemophilus gallinarum</i>. IC classically causes production decreases and mortality in chickens, frequently paired with swelling of the sinuses, mucoid nasal discharge, and respiratory rales. Although IC is considered an endemic disease of chickens in California, it has been unusual to rare in commercial chickens in Pennsylvania. The last reported IC case in Pennsylvania was in 2002, involving broiler breeders. However, between December 2018 and December 2019, 68 farms were affected by IC in Pennsylvania, involving approximately 14 million birds. Several farms had multiple flocks affected. Most affected farms housed layer chickens (37/68), but a smaller number of broiler farms, pullet farms, and layer breeder farms have been affected. Ages of affected birds and duration of disease were variable between flocks, as were the severity of clinical signs, pathologic lesions, and rates of mortality. PCR testing has greatly aided and sped diagnostic efforts in addition to traditional bacterial culture. In eight layer cases and five broiler cases, bacterial culture of the sinus or choanal cleft proved unrewarding, whereas culture of trachea, air sacs, lungs, heart, or liver were diagnostic. Although cases of IC in commercial Pennsylvania poultry continue, they have been greatly reduced because of implementation of a successful vaccination program. In this case series report we detail epidemiologic, clinical, and pathologic aspects of this outbreak and discuss vaccination as a control measure of IC in the state of Pennsylvania.</p>","PeriodicalId":516846,"journal":{"name":"Avian diseases","volume":"68 3","pages":"175-182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142485248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marek's Disease in a Flock of Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica) in Germany.","authors":"Theresa Sophie Klostermann, Janina Müller, Kernt Köhler, Heinrich Windhaus, Michael Lierz, Franca Möller Palau-Ribes","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00075","DOIUrl":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A case of increased mortality was investigated at a German farm housing Japanese quails (<i>Coturnix japonica</i>) for egg production. Different age groups were kept in aviaries in one barn. The quail chicks had diarrhea and the adults were emaciated, some also with diarrhea and conjunctivitis. Postmortem examination showed gross tumorlike lesions in 7 of 15 adult quails examined, with ocular lesions in 2 of them. On histopathological examination, infiltrates of monomorphic round cells were found in liver, spleen, lung, and proventriculus. In the eyes of two quails, similar cells were infiltrating the choroid layer, limbus, and adjacent parts of the cornea. Malignant lymphoma was diagnosed. Immunohistochemical examination identified tumor cells as T cells, and <i>Mardivirus gallidalpha 2</i>-specific PCR was positive for five quails with gross lesions. Additionally, <i>Proteus mirabilis</i> and <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> were detected in the chicks and <i>Clostridium</i> spp. and coccidia in the adults. Marek's EcoQ protein (Meq) gene from <i>Mardivirus gallidalpha 2</i> was sequenced and analyzed, confirming Marek's disease. The results of our examinations demonstrate that the ocular lesions were caused by Marek's disease and that the <i>Meq</i> gene from <i>Mardivirus gallidalpha 2</i> was detected in the flock of quails. As a control strategy for Marek's disease in quails, an all-in/all-out system was introduced. Additional laying quails acquired from a breeder at 35 days of life were vaccinated at stabling with a combined turkey herpesvirus (HVT)-Rispens vaccine and 14 days later with a Rispens vaccine. Subsequently, the losses and laying rates returned to normal.</p>","PeriodicalId":516846,"journal":{"name":"Avian diseases","volume":"68 3","pages":"263-271"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142485249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histopathologic Features and Viral Antigen Distribution of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Clade 2.3.4.4b from the 2022-2023 Outbreak in Iowa Wild Birds.","authors":"Cheng-Shun Hsueh, Olufemi Fasina, Pablo Piñeyro, Rachel Ruden, Mohamed Medhat El-Gazzar, Yuko Sato","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00085","DOIUrl":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-23-00085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 2022, a new epornitic of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus clade 2.3.4.4b emerged in U.S. domestic poultry with high prevalence in wild bird populations. We describe pathological findings of HPAI H5N1 in nine wild birds encompassing eight different species, including Accipitriformes (red-tailed hawk, bald eagle), Cathartiforme (turkey vulture), Falconiforme (peregrine falcon), Strigiforme (one adult great-horned owl, one juvenile great-horned owl), Pelecaniforme (American white pelican), and Anseriformes (American green-winged teal, trumpeter swan). All these birds died naturally (found dead, or died in transit to or within a rehabilitation center), except for the bald eagle and American green-winged teal, which were euthanized. Gross lesions were subtle, characterized by meningeal congestion observed in the turkey vulture, bald eagle, and adult great-horned owl. Histologically, encephalitis was observed in all cases (9/9, 100%). Leukocytoclastic and fibrinoid vasculitis with necrotizing encephalitis was observed in the red-tailed hawk, great-horned owls, and American white pelican (5/9, 55.6%), and perivascular lymphohistiocytic encephalitis was seen in the turkey vulture, peregrine falcon, green-winged teal, and bald eagle (4/9, 44.4%). Coagulative necrosis or lymphohistiocytic/lymphoplasmacytic inflammation was identified in the kidney (6/8, 75%), liver (6/9, 66.7%), heart (5/9, 55.6%), and lung (2/9, 22.2%). Immunopositive signals against Influenza virus A nucleoprotein were predominantly detected within the brain (9/9, 100%), air sac (7/9, 77.8%), lung (7/9, 77.8%), kidney (6/8, 75%), heart (6/9, 66.7%), and liver (5/9, 55.6%). Additionally, other organs, such as the pancreas, spleen, intestines, gonads, and adrenals occasionally exhibited positive viral protein signals. In these organs, in addition to parenchymal cells, viral protein signals were often identified in endothelial cells. Our results suggest that the 2022-2023 HPAIV H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b replicated systemically in all examined birds, with brain lesions being the most prevalent and associated with a subset of birds displaying clinical signs observed perimortem.</p>","PeriodicalId":516846,"journal":{"name":"Avian diseases","volume":"68 3","pages":"272-281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142485246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}