Oxford Development Studies最新文献

{"title":"Urbanising futures and sustainability","authors":"J. Beall","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2023.2176861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2023.2176861","url":null,"abstract":"The ODS-sponsored opening plenary of the Development Studies Association Conference, 2022, focused on the challenges of sustainability in a world that is increasingly urbanized. Chaired by Christoph Linder (Dean of the Bartlett, UCL), the speakers included Jo Beall (Professor Emeritus, London School of Economics and Political Sciences), Aromar Revi (Director of the Indian Institute for Human Settlements [IIHS]) and William E. Rees (Professor Emeritus, University of British Columbia)","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43773544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Women and plant entanglements: pulses commercialization and care relations in Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad A. Kavesh, Kuntala Lahiri-Dutt, Rajendra Adhikari","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2023.2177265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2023.2177265","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Commercialization of agriculture in patriarchal rural Pakistan has transformed women’s critical roles in pulses production and has re-organised the gendered division of labour in what used to be widely known as a ‘women’s crop’. Pulses are grown in the marginal and arid lands by small-holder farming families where women care for the crops as an extension of their other caring roles for the households. Based on an ethnographic study of women pulse farmers in Pakistan, this paper examines the complex relations of women with the crop and the challenges they face. It argues that the restoration of a caring relationship between women and the pulses crop through a re-animation of multispecies contact zones may be a way to ensure everyday food provisioning in rural Punjab, maintain traditional socio-cultural and ecological relationships, understand the masculinity that has pushed women to the margins, and value women’s contribution, experience, and knowledge in agriculture.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43656207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using solicited audio-recorded diaries to explore the financial lives of low-income women in Kenya during COVID-19: perspectives, challenges, and lessons","authors":"L. Rabinovich","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2023.2168259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2023.2168259","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Solicited diaries in audio, written and online forms are increasingly used in qualitative data collection. However, most studies using this approach are set in high-income, high-literacy country settings. This paper discusses the opportunities and challenges of this approach in a low-income, low-resource, low-literacy setting. We used solicited audio-recorded diaries to explore the financial lives of low-income women in Kenya during the COVID-19 pandemic. We enrolled 24 women to submit diary entries every day for seven days. We found that the audio-recorded diaries worked well with low-income women in Kenya, which has high penetration of cell phone ownership. The diaries provided textured, detailed insights into participants’ day-to-day challenges, fluctuations, and coping strategies while relying less on recall. Nevertheless, the approach required two pilots to perfect, which may be challenging when research resources and time are limited. This study provides timely evidence on the use of audio-recorded solicited diaries in low-income settings.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41530236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The interconnection with climate crisis and inequality in the future of urbanization","authors":"Aromar Revi","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2023.2176863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2023.2176863","url":null,"abstract":"I would like to look at the connection between the three agendas of this conference (sustainable development, climate change and disaster risk agendas) that many people, present here at this meeting and otherwise, have helped construct over the last decade. Before I do that, one way of looking forward through the question of urbanizing futures of sustainability, is to look back. If we want to get some sense of where we might be in the 2050s and the 2070s, it might be useful to look back (maybe 30 or 50 years) and see what distance we have come over that period of time. The obvious thing may be to go back to Brundtland and the framing of sustainable development in the formal process (United Nations, 1987). In that, of course, urbanization is tagged on at the end. It is not a central part of that agenda. Brundtland’s definition is very focused on intergenerational equity concerns. There are very serious issues of intergenerational questions, apart from other environmental considerations. Or, one could go back to Barbara Ward. It is 50 years since 1972 and Stockholm. She was pivotal in trying to frame this agenda, both in the sustainability space but also bringing together the urban and the sustainability argument, especially around the Habitat 1 forum in 1976 and her writing. I will take you to a slightly different space. I will take you back to 1972 and a book that made waves at that point of time, written by colleagues, friends and mentors of mine; a book called The Limits to Growth (Meadows et al., 1972). When I came to look at it analytically – maybe 30 years ago when we were in the run-up to the Rio conference and we recalibrated the models they put together in the early 70s – there was actually a shock that we experienced. What I found was that in the early 90s, we were unfortunately very much on track to where the broad global dynamics would work, as far as that model is concerned. It was an analytical model. It was a global model. It had lots of critiques that came from all shapes and sizes, including from the Harvard economists. The unfortunate fact today is (and it’s not a prediction) is that in the 2020s we are (in some dramatic and unfortunate ways) in the midst of a series of very deep challenges; on the development front of course, on the economic and political front, and also on the environmental front. In a sense what Limits was saying at that time in trying to get a handle on questions of sustainability of the global system and global society, is that there may well be an overshoot and these now manifest consequent challenges. It seems that we are close to at least one of those cusps at this current point of time. Two and a half years ago we would have had no sense that we would have the kind of global challenges seen with COVID. COVID (as I’ve written about elsewhere) is the perfect SDG (Sustainable Development Goal) crisis. It started around health (in SDG 3), but permeated through the entire system touching poverty, inequality a","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48984662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cities, energy and the uncertain future of urban civilization","authors":"W. Rees","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2023.2176862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2023.2176862","url":null,"abstract":"I will begin by summarizing what I am going to say as a primer for what is to come. I argue that modern cities could not have developed at all without fossil fuels and that today’s urban civilization will find it difficult to persist without fossil fuels. Of course, there is a catch. Fossil fuels are the principal enablers of ‘ecological overshoot’ and its many symptoms, including climate change. Mainstream efforts to address climate change will not only not fix climate change but will also worsen overshoot. Unfortunately, overshoot is a fatal condition. Unless we address overshoot directly, the remaining life of modern urban civilization may well be nasty, brutish and short. Current thinking about urbanization ignores overshoot and is taking us precisely down this Hobbesian pathway. This may seem like a sweeping overstatement, but it does describe humanity’s current trajectory. A dramatic transformation in thinking is essential for urban sustainability. Now to elaborate, most governments and mainstream international agencies think that climate change is the major ‘environmental’ issue and that we can halt climate change. People in highincome countries generally seem to believe that the future will unfold as a technology-enhanced extension of the relatively recent past. We project urban populations to increase to 6.7 billion by 2050. There are supposedly going to be 43 mega cities with more than 10 million inhabitants by 2030 etc. I argue that all such conventional projections are simplistically reductionist. The mainstream prognosis ignores energy and resource constraints, deteriorating geopolitics and the accelerating degradation of the ecosphere. Most urban sustainability efforts are single-focused on mitigating climate change or on so-called ‘smart-city’ initiatives. There is virtually no consideration of the concept of ecological carrying capacity or the need for high-income city dwellers in particular to achieve material standards that are consistent with living on a single planet (i.e. we must reduce consumption to be compatible with ‘one-planet living’). Even those cities that are focusing on reversing climate change are generally falling short in reducing their carbon dioxide emissions. Urbanists commit another major perceptual error. We frequently read that ‘urbanized land constitutes only ~3% of the total land area’ (excluding Antarctica and Greenland), as if Earth were empty and urbanization is not a major factor in global change. But this is, again, static simplicity. Cities are not just dots on a map but also dynamic living systems. An urban ecosystem is globally dispersed far beyond the city proper. A city’s true ecological footprint (EF) is the total area of productive ecosystems that its population requires, on a continuous basis, to produce the bio resources that it consumes and to assimilate its carbon and other wastes wherever on earth those ecosystems may be located. Typically, the eco-footprint of a large modern city is a hu","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44395965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spread of corruption in Indonesia after decentralisation: a spatiotemporal analysis","authors":"Z. Yunan, B. Freyens, Yogi Vidyattama, I. Mohanty","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2022.2162493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2022.2162493","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The end of the Suharto era in 1998 brought two prominent reforms to Indonesia: (i) a raft of anti-corruption policies and (ii) decentralisation of administrative and fiscal functions. District-level reported corruption swelled in following years and the role of decentralisation came under scrutiny, but data limitations prevented direct examination of a contributing role. This paper combines perceived and reported (observed) regional measures of corruption to examine spatiotemporal corruption patterns across Indonesian districts post-decentralisation. That period saw both improvements in perceptions measures and increases in the reported number of convicted perpetrators and in the reported value of financial loss. Cross-sectional comparisons show corruption perceptions (i) were milder in districts with less reported incidents of corruption, and (ii) responded positively to efforts by the judiciary and law enforcement agencies to curb corruption. These findings suggest that increased capability and resources allocated to combatting corruption play a large role in determining corruption perceptions.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48711276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are young internal migrants ‘favourably’ selected? Evidence from four developing countries11","authors":"Maria Franco Gavonel","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2022.2156491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2022.2156491","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Young people 2 are more likely to migrate than older people. During the transition to adulthood, they make important choices regarding education, labour force participation, and family formation. Using a unique panel dataset on youth born in 1994–95 in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam, this paper investigates whether young migrants are ‘positively’ self-selected in observable characteristics, specifically on educational attainment. First, I document patterns on prevalence, frequency, timing, reasons and streams of migration. Second, I describe the factors associated with young people’s reasons for migrating. Results suggest that ‘favourable’ self-selection only holds for those moving for education: a year of schooling is associated with a higher probability of moving for studies, while an extra year of education is correlated with a lower probability of moving for family formation. In sum, migrants are a heterogeneous group: there are systematic differences in the characteristics across them depending on their reasons for moving.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43031142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A torrent or a trickle? The local economic impacts of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor","authors":"David Landry","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2022.2124241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2022.2124241","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Chinese mammoth investment projects abroad, and especially those under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) umbrella, are receiving heavy scrutiny in academic and policy circles. However, there is insufficient empirical evidence to evaluate their impact. This paper employs a difference- in-differences approach and a pair of new datasets on government spending and economic activity compiled by the World Bank to examine the local impacts of the Chinese-Pakistan Economic Corridor in Pakistan. It finds that the 2013 announcement of CPEC was accompanied by a disproportionate increase in government spending in CPEC districts. However, in the six years after it was first announced, CPEC has not directly contributed a significant increase in economic activity in the districts along its path.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44439908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of precolonial political centralisation on local development: Ghana’s paradox","authors":"Mohammed Iddrisu Kambala","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2022.2115474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2022.2115474","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT I investigate the impact of precolonial political centralisation (PPC) on local development in Ghana. Accounting for the potential endogeneity associated with the emergence of political centralisation, I find that PPC has a strong negative impact on local development. Further, PPC does not significantly correlate with the provision of local public goods. These results are robust to a battery of sensitivity checks and a wealth of controls at a fine unit. Two mechanisms plausibly explain these findings. First, I show that past colonial public investments, which still significantly determine contemporary development outcomes in Ghana, disfavoured politically centralised regions. Second, I argue that in centralised areas colonial rule might have empowered despotic local patrons who served the interest of the colonial state at the expense of local development.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42774208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Under pressure: assessing the cost of forced solidarity in Côte d’Ivoire","authors":"L. Olié","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2022.2104238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2022.2104238","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Despite the extensive literature on forced solidarity – especially its substantial disincentive effects – some fundamental questions remain unanswered. How many households face pressure to share in a given country? How much does it cost to satisfy it? Which income group is the most impacted? What are the correlates of complying with strong sharing norms? This paper provides a novel measure of the pressure to share to answer these questions. Using nationally representative data from Côte d’Ivoire, I find that one in five Ivorian households faces social pressure to share income. They devoted 10% and 17% of household expenditure and income, respectively, to fulfill their social obligations. This social taxation concerns both the richest and poorest households. Overall, this study offers new insights into the economic cost of such practices and calls attention to targeting households in public cash transfer policies. Implications for policy and research are spelled out.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42621712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}