Oxford Development Studies最新文献

{"title":"Cities, energy and the uncertain future of urban civilization","authors":"W. Rees","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2023.2176862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2023.2176862","url":null,"abstract":"I will begin by summarizing what I am going to say as a primer for what is to come. I argue that modern cities could not have developed at all without fossil fuels and that today’s urban civilization will find it difficult to persist without fossil fuels. Of course, there is a catch. Fossil fuels are the principal enablers of ‘ecological overshoot’ and its many symptoms, including climate change. Mainstream efforts to address climate change will not only not fix climate change but will also worsen overshoot. Unfortunately, overshoot is a fatal condition. Unless we address overshoot directly, the remaining life of modern urban civilization may well be nasty, brutish and short. Current thinking about urbanization ignores overshoot and is taking us precisely down this Hobbesian pathway. This may seem like a sweeping overstatement, but it does describe humanity’s current trajectory. A dramatic transformation in thinking is essential for urban sustainability. Now to elaborate, most governments and mainstream international agencies think that climate change is the major ‘environmental’ issue and that we can halt climate change. People in highincome countries generally seem to believe that the future will unfold as a technology-enhanced extension of the relatively recent past. We project urban populations to increase to 6.7 billion by 2050. There are supposedly going to be 43 mega cities with more than 10 million inhabitants by 2030 etc. I argue that all such conventional projections are simplistically reductionist. The mainstream prognosis ignores energy and resource constraints, deteriorating geopolitics and the accelerating degradation of the ecosphere. Most urban sustainability efforts are single-focused on mitigating climate change or on so-called ‘smart-city’ initiatives. There is virtually no consideration of the concept of ecological carrying capacity or the need for high-income city dwellers in particular to achieve material standards that are consistent with living on a single planet (i.e. we must reduce consumption to be compatible with ‘one-planet living’). Even those cities that are focusing on reversing climate change are generally falling short in reducing their carbon dioxide emissions. Urbanists commit another major perceptual error. We frequently read that ‘urbanized land constitutes only ~3% of the total land area’ (excluding Antarctica and Greenland), as if Earth were empty and urbanization is not a major factor in global change. But this is, again, static simplicity. Cities are not just dots on a map but also dynamic living systems. An urban ecosystem is globally dispersed far beyond the city proper. A city’s true ecological footprint (EF) is the total area of productive ecosystems that its population requires, on a continuous basis, to produce the bio resources that it consumes and to assimilate its carbon and other wastes wherever on earth those ecosystems may be located. Typically, the eco-footprint of a large modern city is a hu","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":"51 1","pages":"11 - 17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44395965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spread of corruption in Indonesia after decentralisation: a spatiotemporal analysis","authors":"Z. Yunan, B. Freyens, Yogi Vidyattama, I. Mohanty","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2022.2162493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2022.2162493","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The end of the Suharto era in 1998 brought two prominent reforms to Indonesia: (i) a raft of anti-corruption policies and (ii) decentralisation of administrative and fiscal functions. District-level reported corruption swelled in following years and the role of decentralisation came under scrutiny, but data limitations prevented direct examination of a contributing role. This paper combines perceived and reported (observed) regional measures of corruption to examine spatiotemporal corruption patterns across Indonesian districts post-decentralisation. That period saw both improvements in perceptions measures and increases in the reported number of convicted perpetrators and in the reported value of financial loss. Cross-sectional comparisons show corruption perceptions (i) were milder in districts with less reported incidents of corruption, and (ii) responded positively to efforts by the judiciary and law enforcement agencies to curb corruption. These findings suggest that increased capability and resources allocated to combatting corruption play a large role in determining corruption perceptions.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":"51 1","pages":"198 - 215"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48711276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are young internal migrants ‘favourably’ selected? Evidence from four developing countries11","authors":"Maria Franco Gavonel","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2022.2156491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2022.2156491","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Young people 2 are more likely to migrate than older people. During the transition to adulthood, they make important choices regarding education, labour force participation, and family formation. Using a unique panel dataset on youth born in 1994–95 in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam, this paper investigates whether young migrants are ‘positively’ self-selected in observable characteristics, specifically on educational attainment. First, I document patterns on prevalence, frequency, timing, reasons and streams of migration. Second, I describe the factors associated with young people’s reasons for migrating. Results suggest that ‘favourable’ self-selection only holds for those moving for education: a year of schooling is associated with a higher probability of moving for studies, while an extra year of education is correlated with a lower probability of moving for family formation. In sum, migrants are a heterogeneous group: there are systematic differences in the characteristics across them depending on their reasons for moving.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":"51 1","pages":"97 - 125"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43031142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A torrent or a trickle? The local economic impacts of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor","authors":"David Landry","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2022.2124241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2022.2124241","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Chinese mammoth investment projects abroad, and especially those under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) umbrella, are receiving heavy scrutiny in academic and policy circles. However, there is insufficient empirical evidence to evaluate their impact. This paper employs a difference- in-differences approach and a pair of new datasets on government spending and economic activity compiled by the World Bank to examine the local impacts of the Chinese-Pakistan Economic Corridor in Pakistan. It finds that the 2013 announcement of CPEC was accompanied by a disproportionate increase in government spending in CPEC districts. However, in the six years after it was first announced, CPEC has not directly contributed a significant increase in economic activity in the districts along its path.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":"51 1","pages":"145 - 162"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44439908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of precolonial political centralisation on local development: Ghana’s paradox","authors":"Mohammed Iddrisu Kambala","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2022.2115474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2022.2115474","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT I investigate the impact of precolonial political centralisation (PPC) on local development in Ghana. Accounting for the potential endogeneity associated with the emergence of political centralisation, I find that PPC has a strong negative impact on local development. Further, PPC does not significantly correlate with the provision of local public goods. These results are robust to a battery of sensitivity checks and a wealth of controls at a fine unit. Two mechanisms plausibly explain these findings. First, I show that past colonial public investments, which still significantly determine contemporary development outcomes in Ghana, disfavoured politically centralised regions. Second, I argue that in centralised areas colonial rule might have empowered despotic local patrons who served the interest of the colonial state at the expense of local development.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":"51 1","pages":"163 - 178"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42774208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Under pressure: assessing the cost of forced solidarity in Côte d’Ivoire","authors":"L. Olié","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2022.2104238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2022.2104238","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Despite the extensive literature on forced solidarity – especially its substantial disincentive effects – some fundamental questions remain unanswered. How many households face pressure to share in a given country? How much does it cost to satisfy it? Which income group is the most impacted? What are the correlates of complying with strong sharing norms? This paper provides a novel measure of the pressure to share to answer these questions. Using nationally representative data from Côte d’Ivoire, I find that one in five Ivorian households faces social pressure to share income. They devoted 10% and 17% of household expenditure and income, respectively, to fulfill their social obligations. This social taxation concerns both the richest and poorest households. Overall, this study offers new insights into the economic cost of such practices and calls attention to targeting households in public cash transfer policies. Implications for policy and research are spelled out.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":"51 1","pages":"33 - 49"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42621712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rural Classes and Credit Participation: The Itasy Livelihood Classes (Madagascar) Between Risk-aversion and Debt Capacity","authors":"Tsiry Andrianampiarivo, C. Gondard-Delcroix","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2022.2104239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2022.2104239","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT While technical and economic factors are traditionally advanced to explain the failures of microfinance, a growing literature explores how moral factors and socioeconomic norms help to shape financial behaviors. In order to examine this issue in more depth, we conducted an empirical analysis of the links between socioeconomic stratification and financial behaviors. This original perspective enriches the literature on financial inclusion in the under-explored Malagasy context. Using data from the 2008 Itasy Observatory survey, we conducted a cluster analysis to identify five classes of rural households, ranging from a very poor and insecure group to an upper group of educated farming and non-farming households. Using a multinomial treatment-effects model, we established distinct ‘class-based’ credit behaviors showing that financial needs vary according to the users’ socioeconomic profile. What is more, such financial behaviours can be explained by taking social factors into account in addition to economic ones.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":"51 1","pages":"18 - 32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42208114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When coping strategies become a way of life: a gendered analysis of Syrian refugees in Lebanon","authors":"Saja Al Zoubi","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2022.2096210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2022.2096210","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Using a field survey in informal Syrian refugee camps in Lebanon, this paper analyses refugee coping strategies and demonstrates how severe strategies become a way of life. It addresses how each refugee’s strategic choices are determined by an environment that is conceptualized via four dimensions of displacement: the civil host community, national and international policy, and humanitarian aid, in addition to individual characteristics such as gender. The findings show that the gender of the household head influences the severity of coping strategies, both directly and indirectly. The likelihood of using child labour and reducing the number of daily meals is higher for female-headed households. To categorise coping strategies among refugees, a new framework is proposed based on three categorisations: survival strategies, enhancing strategies and improving strategies.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":"51 1","pages":"126 - 144"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44586284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Children’s work in environmental chores: ‘says who?’","authors":"D. DeGraff, D. Levison, E. Dungumaro","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2022.2092609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2022.2092609","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The standard approach for collecting sociodemographic data about children in developing countries is to elicit information from adults. While using proxy respondents is appropriate for very young children or for questions likely beyond children’s knowledge, it is less clear that it is better for older children and topics within their experience. Several arguments can be made that children could provide better or equally valid information on their activities than proxy respondents. We explore this question in the context of children’s work on environmental chores in rural Tanzania, using data that include parallel questions to children ages 10–17 and to proxy respondents about those children. Given the paucity of research on this issue, we offer exploratory evidence suggesting that efforts to collect data directly from children are fruitful and should be vigorously pursued, in keeping with Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":"51 1","pages":"50 - 65"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44039522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 induced national lockdown and income inequality: evidence from Pakistan","authors":"Noman Ahmad, F. Rehman, Nasir Sarwar","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2022.2091124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2022.2091124","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT COVID-19 posits two risks to developing countries. On the one hand, growing COVID-19 cases exposed the vulnerabilities of the already debilitating health sector, while, on the other hand, policies to control the spread of COVID-19 can exasperate economic disparities. In this article, we examine one such policy response to control the spread of COVID-19 by the Government of Pakistan, the National Lockdown. This study assesses a plausible impact of this policy response on income equality across Pakistan. By exploiting a nationally representative household survey, it is observed that COVID-19 induced national lockdown is associated with increased income inequality in Pakistan. Our estimates show that about a 16 percent increase in income differences between the top 10 and the bottom 10 percent of the population could be associated with national lockdowns. Gini Coefficient also indicates an up to 3 percent increase in inequality after lockdown. At the disaggregated level, the suggestive evidence shows that inequality has increased within the urban population. Interestingly, the lockdown has also increased the inequality within occupations that can be managed remotely from home.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":"51 1","pages":"66 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42778739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}