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The Resilience of Democracy’s Third Wave 民主第三次浪潮的韧性
PS: Political Science & Politics Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1017/s1049096523000914
S. Levitsky, Lucan Way
{"title":"The Resilience of Democracy’s Third Wave","authors":"S. Levitsky, Lucan Way","doi":"10.1017/s1049096523000914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049096523000914","url":null,"abstract":"The literature on democratization has experienced radical mood swings in recent decades, from extreme optimism in the 1990s to extreme pessimism today. These mood swings have resulted in not only misguided claims about the state of democracy in the world but also a muddied understanding of what drives both democratization and democratic erosion.","PeriodicalId":515403,"journal":{"name":"PS: Political Science & Politics","volume":" 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139626628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Psychological Biases and Democratic Anxiety: A Comment on Little and Meng (2023) 心理偏差与民主焦虑：对利特尔和孟的评论（2023）
PS: Political Science & Politics Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1017/s1049096523000768
Daniel Treisman
{"title":"Psychological Biases and Democratic Anxiety: A Comment on Little and Meng (2023)","authors":"Daniel Treisman","doi":"10.1017/s1049096523000768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049096523000768","url":null,"abstract":"In their timely article, Andrew Little and Anne Meng make an important point. Despite widespread alarm over democratic backsliding, objective evidence suggests that the scale of the phenomenon is much more limited than many seem to think. Recent power holders around the world have not been entrenching themselves more effectively than in the past. Incumbents continue to lose elections about as often as they used to, and those who win have not been doing so by larger margins. Opposition parties are allowed to compete about as frequently today as 10 or 20 years ago. Moreover, there has been no increase in leaders’ ability to evade term limits.","PeriodicalId":515403,"journal":{"name":"PS: Political Science & Politics","volume":"40 26","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139533844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Measuring Democratic Backsliding 衡量民主倒退
PS: Political Science & Politics Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1017/s104909652300063x
Andrew T. Little, Anne Meng
{"title":"Measuring Democratic Backsliding","authors":"Andrew T. Little, Anne Meng","doi":"10.1017/s104909652300063x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s104909652300063x","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Despite the general narrative that the world is in a period of democratic decline, there have been surprisingly few empirical studies that assess whether this is systematically true. Most existing studies of global backsliding are based largely if not entirely on subjective indicators that rely on expert coder judgment. Our study surveys objective indicators of democracy (e.g., incumbent performance in elections) and finds little evidence of global democratic decline during the past decade. To explain the discrepancy in trends between expert-coded and objective indicators, we consider the role of coder bias and leaders strategically using more subtle undemocratic action. Although we cannot rule out the possibility that the world is becoming less democratic exclusively in ways that require subjective judgment to detect, this claim is not justified by existing evidence.","PeriodicalId":515403,"journal":{"name":"PS: Political Science & Politics","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139438774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An Events-Based Approach to Understanding Democratic Erosion 以事件为基础理解民主侵蚀的方法
PS: Political Science & Politics Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1017/s1049096523001026
Hannah Baron, Robert A. Blair, Jessica Gottlieb, Laura Paler
{"title":"An Events-Based Approach to Understanding Democratic Erosion","authors":"Hannah Baron, Robert A. Blair, Jessica Gottlieb, Laura Paler","doi":"10.1017/s1049096523001026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049096523001026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article introduces and demonstrates the utility of a new event dataset on democratic erosion around the world. Through case studies of Turkey and Brazil, we show that our Democratic Erosion Event Dataset (DEED) can help to resolve debates about the extent to which democracy is backsliding based on prominent cross-national indicators, focusing in particular on the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) and Little and Meng (L&M) indices. V-Dem suggests that democracies are deteriorating worldwide; L&M argue that this may be an artifact of subjectivity and coder bias and that more “objective” indicators reveal little to no global democratic backsliding in recent years. Using DEED, we show that—at least in these cases—objective indices may underestimate the extent of democratic erosion whereas subjective indices may overestimate it. Our analyses illustrate the ways in which DEED can complement existing indices by illuminating the nature and dynamics of democratic erosion as it occurs on the ground.","PeriodicalId":515403,"journal":{"name":"PS: Political Science & Politics","volume":" 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139626195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Expert Bias and Democratic Erosion: Assessing Expert Perceptions of Contemporary American Democracy 专家偏见与民主侵蚀：评估专家对当代美国民主的看法
PS: Political Science & Politics Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1017/s1049096523000719
Olivier Bergeron-Boutin, John M. Carey, Gretchen Helmke, Eli Rau
{"title":"Expert Bias and Democratic Erosion: Assessing Expert Perceptions of Contemporary American Democracy","authors":"Olivier Bergeron-Boutin, John M. Carey, Gretchen Helmke, Eli Rau","doi":"10.1017/s1049096523000719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049096523000719","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In an important contribution to scholarship on measuring democratic performance, Little and Meng suggest that bias among expert coders accounts for erosion in ratings of democratic quality and performance observed in recent years. Drawing on 19 waves of survey data on US democracy from academic experts and from the public collected by Bright Line Watch (BLW), this study looks for but does not find manifestations of the type of expert bias that Little and Meng posit. Although we are unable to provide a direct test of Little and Meng’s hypothesis, several analyses provide reassurance that expert samples are an informative source to measure democratic performance. We find that respondents who have participated more frequently in BLW surveys, who have coded for V-Dem, and who are vocal about the state of American democracy on Twitter are no more pessimistic than other participants.","PeriodicalId":515403,"journal":{"name":"PS: Political Science & Politics","volume":"29 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139534173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Measuring Backsliding with Observables: Observable-to-Subjective Score Mapping 用观测指标衡量倒退：可观测数据到主观分数的映射
PS: Political Science & Politics Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1017/s1049096523001075
Daniela Weitzel, J. Gerring, Daniel Pemstein, Svend-Erik Skaaning
{"title":"Measuring Backsliding with Observables: Observable-to-Subjective Score Mapping","authors":"Daniela Weitzel, J. Gerring, Daniel Pemstein, Svend-Erik Skaaning","doi":"10.1017/s1049096523001075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049096523001075","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Multiple well-known democracy-rating projects—including Freedom House, Polity, and Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem)—have identified apparent global regression in recent years. These measures rely on partly subjective indicators, which—in principle—could suffer from rater bias. For instance, Little and Meng (2023) argue that shared beliefs driven by the current zeitgeist could lead to shared biases that produce the appearance of democratic backsliding in subjectively coded measures. To assess this argument and the strength of the evidence for global democratic backsliding, we propose an observable-to-subjective score mapping (OSM) methodology that uses only easily observable features of democracy to predict existing indices of democracy. Applying this methodology to three prominent democracy indices, we find evidence of backsliding—but beginning later and not as pronounced as suggested by some of the original indices. Our approach suggests that the Freedom House measure particularly does not track with the recent patterns in observable indicators and that there has been a stasis or—at most—a modest decline in the average level of democracy.","PeriodicalId":515403,"journal":{"name":"PS: Political Science & Politics","volume":" 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139625921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
How Little and Meng’s Objective Approach Fails in Democracies 利特尔和孟晚舟的客观方法如何在民主国家失败
PS: Political Science & Politics Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1017/s1049096523001063
Michael K. Miller
{"title":"How Little and Meng’s Objective Approach Fails in Democracies","authors":"Michael K. Miller","doi":"10.1017/s1049096523001063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049096523001063","url":null,"abstract":"Little and Meng (L&M) (2023) question the prevailing narrative of widespread democratic backsliding by showing that various objective indicators of democracy are flat over time. However, because recent democratic decline is concentrated in democracies, the objective indicators can accurately test for backsliding only if they can track democratic quality within democracies. This response article shows that they cannot, for conceptual and empirical reasons. The indicators generally can distinguish democracies from autocracies but are blind to variation in quality within democracies. L&M, therefore, are showing that one form of variation in democracy is stagnant but are systematically missing the very type of variation that has most informed current warnings about backsliding.","PeriodicalId":515403,"journal":{"name":"PS: Political Science & Politics","volume":" 26","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139627078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Puzzle of Chile’s Resilient Support for Gender Parity 智利对性别均等的持久支持之谜
PS: Political Science & Politics Pub Date : 2024-01-10 DOI: 10.1017/s1049096523000811
Catherine Reyes-Housholder, Julieta Suárez-Cao, Javiera Arce-Riffo
{"title":"The Puzzle of Chile’s Resilient Support for Gender Parity","authors":"Catherine Reyes-Housholder, Julieta Suárez-Cao, Javiera Arce-Riffo","doi":"10.1017/s1049096523000811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049096523000811","url":null,"abstract":"Chile’s 2021–22 Constitutional Convention was the first in the world to feature mechanisms that guaranteed gender parity among constituents (Arce and Suárez-Cao 2021). This was not an easy win. Feminist activists and women politicians pushed for gender parity in 2020-21 in a country that had adopted gender quotas relatively late (Figueroa 2021; Reyes-Housholder, Suárez-Cao, and Le Foulon 2023; Suárez-Cao 2023; personal interview #1, April 21, 2023). Reserving seats for Indigenous groups and using other mechanisms to allow space for independent constituents further broadened the convention’s ostensible inclusiveness. After the September 2022 rejection of the 2021–22 Constitutional Convention’s draft, political parties immediately started over by crafting an elite-controlled process. Lawmakers—this time with surprising speed—again coalesced around the idea that an equal number of men and women should write the new draft.","PeriodicalId":515403,"journal":{"name":"PS: Political Science & Politics","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139440296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Introduction to the Symposium, “Constitution-Making in the 21st Century: Lessons from the Chilean Process” 21 世纪的制宪 "专题讨论会导言：智利制宪进程的经验教训
PS: Political Science & Politics Pub Date : 2024-01-10 DOI: 10.1017/s1049096523000963
Claudia Heiss, Julieta Suárez-Cao
{"title":"Introduction to the Symposium, “Constitution-Making in the 21st Century: Lessons from the Chilean Process”","authors":"Claudia Heiss, Julieta Suárez-Cao","doi":"10.1017/s1049096523000963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049096523000963","url":null,"abstract":"Expressions of social discontent that trigger deep political reform appear to be a sign of the times. Emerging political actors challenge delegitimized political elites with promises of a closer relationship with electorates, new rules to fight corruption, and more open access to the benefits of economic growth. Often, however, reforms in recent decades have weakened instead of strengthened democracy, leaving political systems less fair and more exclusive than before. The Chilean constitution-making process of 2021–2022 reasonably raised hopes for a different outcome.","PeriodicalId":515403,"journal":{"name":"PS: Political Science & Politics","volume":"65 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139441101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Constitution-Making in the 21st Century: Lessons from the Chilean Process 21 世纪的制宪：智利制宪进程的经验教训
PS: Political Science & Politics Pub Date : 2024-01-10 DOI: 10.1017/s104909652300104x
Claudia Heiss, Julieta Suárez-Cao
{"title":"Constitution-Making in the 21st Century: Lessons from the Chilean Process","authors":"Claudia Heiss, Julieta Suárez-Cao","doi":"10.1017/s104909652300104x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s104909652300104x","url":null,"abstract":"A distinctive feature of 21st-century constitution making is the role assigned to citizens through various forms of direct participation, as well as special efforts to include groups underrepresented and marginalized in ordinary politics. The legitimacy of these processes increasingly requires a role for actors and groups previously excluded from crucial institutional decisions (Elster 1998; Fishkin 2011; Reuchamps and Welp 2023; Rubio-Marín 2020; Welp and Soto 2020). However, vested interests have proven challenging to overcome amid a global crisis of representation. The failed Chilean process of 2021–2022 provides valuable lessons about the triumphs and pitfalls of embracing an open approach to constitution making.","PeriodicalId":515403,"journal":{"name":"PS: Political Science & Politics","volume":"2 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139439784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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