The American Sociologist最新文献_第6页

Biology and American Sociology, Part II: Developing a Unique Evolutionary Sociology. 生物学与美国社会学，第二部分:发展独特的进化社会学。

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The American Sociologist Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Epub Date: 2020-06-06 DOI: 10.1007/s12108-020-09448-y

Jonathan H Turner, Russell K Schutt, Matcheri S Keshavan

{"title":"Biology and American Sociology, Part II: Developing a Unique Evolutionary Sociology.","authors":"Jonathan H Turner, Russell K Schutt, Matcheri S Keshavan","doi":"10.1007/s12108-020-09448-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12108-020-09448-y","url":null,"abstract":"In sociology's formative period between 1830 and 1930, evolutionary analysis organized much theorizing and research. This line of work ended abruptly in the 1920s but, over the last decades, has come back into the discipline somewhat piecemeal with the reintroduction of more sophisticated stage models of societal evolution, functional analysis, human ecological analysis, and other new lines of evolutionary inquiry outlined in this paper. Our goal is to demonstrate that revitalized paradigms of the past can still be useful with modest reconceptualization, while at the same time new intellectual movements in the other social sciences, especially economics and psychology, incorporating evolutionary ideas from biology provide sociology with an opportunity to develop its own approach to evolutionary analysis that avoids the problems that let to the demise of this line of inquiry in the 1920s, as well as the problems of other social sciences applying their more narrowly focus models to sociological problems. Indeed, sociology can become a leader in the social sciences in developing more sophisticated theoretical and methodological approaches to incorporating biology and evolutionary analysis into the social sciences. When presented in a new, more sophisticated guise, old approaches like functionalism, stage models of societal evolution, and ecological models can be seen as still having a great deal of explanatory power, while revealing a progressive and future orientation that should appeal to all contemporary sociologists. It is time, then, for sociology to remember its past in order to move into the future.","PeriodicalId":515284,"journal":{"name":"The American Sociologist","volume":"51 4","pages":"470-505"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12108-020-09448-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38302059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

How Society Changes: Sociological Enlightenment and a Theory of Social Evolution for Freedom. 社会如何变化:社会学启蒙与自由社会进化理论。

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The American Sociologist Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Epub Date: 2020-10-27 DOI: 10.1007/s12108-020-09464-y

Mitsuhiro Tada

{"title":"How Society Changes: Sociological Enlightenment and a Theory of Social Evolution for Freedom.","authors":"Mitsuhiro Tada","doi":"10.1007/s12108-020-09464-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12108-020-09464-y","url":null,"abstract":"This article clarifies the relationship between individual freedom and social order by relying on Niklas Luhmann's social systems theory and thereby defines sociology's contribution to social evolution as sociological enlightenment, which seeks otherwiseness in living experience and action. For this purpose, Luhmann's theory will specifically be compared with Emile Durkheim's and Alfred Schutz's sociological theories. Durkheim, a \"child of the Enlightenment,\" considered freedom a collective ideal of moral individualism and conceived that the rational state realizes freedom by spreading the civil-religious human ideal for modern social order. In contrast, Schutz, following Henri Bergson, who criticized rationality for spatially fixing inner time, regarded freedom as a given in the individual's underlying duration, not as a shared ideal. Yet, unlike Bergson, he continued relying on rationalism, and he thought that the sociological observer observes how something appears to people with the epoché of natural attitude, not what it objectively is. Inheriting this phenomenological subjectivism, Luhmann showed that the self-referentiality of consciousness also applies to society: A social system, which path-dependently emerges itself from a double contingency, observes the world in its own way based on its self-referentially constituted eigen-time. On account of this system closure, and contrary to Durkheim's illuminist belief, there is no controlling entity in a highly evolved society, where freedom results from the enlarged, diversified possibilities of living experience and action (contingency). Thus, sociological enlightenment doubts self-evidence so that society brackets the taken-for-granted social order or social reality and amplifies individuals' deviations to evolve toward freedom.","PeriodicalId":515284,"journal":{"name":"The American Sociologist","volume":"51 4","pages":"446-469"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12108-020-09464-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38559587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Afterword 后记

The American Sociologist Pub Date : 2019-06-17 DOI: 10.1007/s12108-020-09451-3

Andrew Abbott

引用次数: 0

Larregue's Critique of Cofnas et al. (2017): A Rejoinder. Larregue对Cofnas等人(2017)的批判。

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The American Sociologist Pub Date : 2018-01-01 Epub Date: 2018-03-12 DOI: 10.1007/s12108-018-9372-6

Nathan Cofnas, Noah Carl, Michael A Woodley Of Menie

{"title":"Larregue's Critique of Cofnas et al. (2017): A Rejoinder.","authors":"Nathan Cofnas, Noah Carl, Michael A Woodley Of Menie","doi":"10.1007/s12108-018-9372-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12108-018-9372-6","url":null,"abstract":"Data from the General Social Survey indicate that conservatives' self-reported trust in scientists has steadily decreased since 1974. In Cofnas et al. (The American Sociologist, 2017), we suggested that this trend may have been partly driven by the increasing tendency of scientific institutions, and the representatives of such institutions, to distort social science for the sake of liberal activism. Larregue (The American Sociologist, 2017) makes three opposing arguments: (1) It is \"very hard\" to establish the charge of bias, especially since we did \"not state what [we] mean by 'bias.'\" (2) We did not establish a causal relationship between scientists' (alleged) liberal activism and conservatives' distrust of science, and we ignored activism by conservative scientists. (3) We were wrong to advocate \"affirmative action\" for conservatives in academia. We address these arguments in turn: (1) Larregue does not engage with our main arguments that liberal bias exists in social science. (2) In recent years, prominent scientific organizations have, with great publicity, intervened in policy debates, always supporting the liberal side without exception. It is not unreasonable to assume that this would diminish conservatives' trust in these organizations. Contra Larregue, in Cofnas et al. (The American Sociologist, 2017) we explicitly acknowledged that conservative scientists can also be biased. (3) We never advocated \"affirmative action\" for conservatives, and in fact we object to such a proposal.","PeriodicalId":515284,"journal":{"name":"The American Sociologist","volume":"49 2","pages":"328-335"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12108-018-9372-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36275403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Ethical Considerations and Dilemmas Before, during and after Fieldwork in Less-Democratic Contexts: some Reflections from Post-Uprising Egypt. 在民主程度较低的背景下实地考察之前、期间和之后的伦理考虑和困境:埃及起义后的一些反思。

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The American Sociologist Pub Date : 2018-01-01 Epub Date: 2017-08-19 DOI: 10.1007/s12108-017-9363-z

Arne F Wackenhut

{"title":"Ethical Considerations and Dilemmas Before, during and after Fieldwork in Less-Democratic Contexts: some Reflections from Post-Uprising Egypt.","authors":"Arne F Wackenhut","doi":"10.1007/s12108-017-9363-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12108-017-9363-z","url":null,"abstract":"How do we conduct ethically sound social research in less- or non-democratic settings? Here, the 'ethical guidelines,' or 'codes of conduct' outlined by our professional organizations provide some, albeit only insufficient guidance. In such contexts, issues like informed consent or the avoidance of harm to research participants have to be - based on a careful analysis of the situation on the ground - operationalized. What are, considering the particular social and political context in the field, the potential risks for interviewees and the researcher, and what can be done to eliminate or at least mitigate these risks? Reflecting on extensive fieldwork on the role of the prodemocracy movement during the Egyptian Uprising of 2011 in the wake of the so-called 'Arab Spring,' this study illustrates how rather abstract ethical considerations can be handled practically in an environment that is characterized by increasing levels of political repression and decreasing civil liberties. It is in such contexts that a failure to carefully consider such ethical questions entails a very real risk of endangering the livelihoods and even lives of research participants. Furthermore, it is shown that these and similar issues are not only of critical importance when designing a research project, but that they might have to be revisited and renegotiated at later stages of the research process - even after the conclusion of the data collection phase. Here, questions of data protection, anonymity of informants, and the associated 'do no harm' principle are particularly pertinent.","PeriodicalId":515284,"journal":{"name":"The American Sociologist","volume":"49 2","pages":"242-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12108-017-9363-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36275402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 23

The Axial Age and the Problems of the Twentieth Century: Du Bois, Jaspers, and Universal History. 轴心时代和二十世纪的问题:杜波依斯、雅斯贝尔斯和世界史。

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The American Sociologist Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/s12108-015-9254-0

John D Boy

{"title":"The Axial Age and the Problems of the Twentieth Century: Du Bois, Jaspers, and Universal History.","authors":"John D Boy","doi":"10.1007/s12108-015-9254-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12108-015-9254-0","url":null,"abstract":"The axial age debate has put big questions of social and cultural change back on the agenda of sociology. This paper takes this development as an occasion to reflect on how social thought works with (and against) nineteenth-century intellectual traditions in its efforts to understand history on a macro scale. Karl Jaspers, who initially formulated the axial age thesis in The Origin and Goal of History, revised the Hegelian account of world history by broadening the scope of the narrative to encompass all civilizations participating in the events of the first millennium BCE that saw the rise of major philosophical and religious traditions. However, his account, like the earlier philosophical accounts he seeks to improve upon, privileges cognitive developments over material practices and social interactions, and as such offers little to those seeking to make sense of how cultural patterns interact with others and spread. Here another social theorist engaging with Hegel, W. E. B. Du Bois, provides a helpful contrast. His account of the development of double-consciousness in \"Of Our Spiritual Strivings,\" the opening chapter of The Souls of Black Folk, helps us to understand experiences of encounter and the perduring historical effects they may have. Du Bois' relational theory reminds us of the importance of unpacking abstractions and understanding processes in terms of social interactions.","PeriodicalId":515284,"journal":{"name":"The American Sociologist","volume":"46 2","pages":"234-247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12108-015-9254-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33388924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Aristotle's Theory of Deviance and Contemporary Symbolic Interactionist Scholarship: Learning from the Past, Extending the Present, and Engaging the Future. 亚里士多德的越轨理论与当代符号互动主义学术:从过去学习，延伸现在，并参与未来。

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The American Sociologist Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/s12108-014-9250-9

Robert Prus

{"title":"Aristotle's Theory of Deviance and Contemporary Symbolic Interactionist Scholarship: Learning from the Past, Extending the Present, and Engaging the Future.","authors":"Robert Prus","doi":"10.1007/s12108-014-9250-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12108-014-9250-9","url":null,"abstract":"Although his work has been largely overlooked by symbolic interactionists and other students of deviance, Aristotle (c384-322BCE) addresses community life, activity, agency, and persuasive interchange in ways that not only are remarkably consistent with contemporary symbolic interactionist approaches to deviance, but that also conceptually inform present day theories of deviance and provide valuable transhistorical comparison points for subsequent analysis. Following (1) a brief overview of an interactionist approach to the study of deviance, attention is given to (2) classical Greek conceptions of good and evil (especially as these are articulated by Plato) before turning more directly to (3) Aristotle's notions of wrongdoing as this is reflected in his considerations of community, morality, agency, and culpability. While informed by Aristotle's considerations of causality (as addressed in Physics and Metaphysics), this statement builds most centrally on Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics and Rhetoric. Striving for a broader understanding of deviance as a humanly engaged feature of community life, the paper briefly compares Aristotle's \"theory of deviance\" with Prus and Grills (2003) interactionist analysis of deviance. The paper (4) concludes with an assessment of the relative contributions of contemporary interactionist scholarship and Aristotle's materials for the study of deviance as a community-engaged process.","PeriodicalId":515284,"journal":{"name":"The American Sociologist","volume":"46 1","pages":"122-167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12108-014-9250-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33151749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Sociology and American Studies: A Case Study in the Limits of Interdisciplinarity. 社会学与美国研究:跨学科界限的个案研究。

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The American Sociologist Pub Date : 2011-12-01 Epub Date: 2011-04-08 DOI: 10.1007/s12108-011-9138-x

Joshua Kjerulf Dubrow

引用次数: 11

Enduring Legacy? Charles Tilly and Durable Inequality. 持久的遗产吗?查尔斯·蒂利和持久的不平等。

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The American Sociologist Pub Date : 2010-12-01 Epub Date: 2010-11-06 DOI: 10.1007/s12108-010-9113-y

Kim Voss

引用次数: 10

Charles Tilly as a Theorist of Nationalism. 查尔斯·蒂利作为民族主义理论家。