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Minimum Wages around Birth and Child Health. 围绕生育和儿童健康的最低工资。
IF 2.5 3区 经济学
World Bank Economic Review Pub Date : 2023-04-03 eCollection Date: 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1093/wber/lhad004
Muhammad Farhan Majid, Jere R Behrman
{"title":"Minimum Wages around Birth and Child Health.","authors":"Muhammad Farhan Majid, Jere R Behrman","doi":"10.1093/wber/lhad004","DOIUrl":"10.1093/wber/lhad004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper studies the effects of minimum wages in Indonesia around the time of birth on child height-for-age Z scores (HAZ) up to five years of age. Using variations in annual fluctuations in real minimum wages in different Indonesian provinces, it finds that children exposed to increases in minimum wages in their birth years have higher HAZ in the first five years of their lives. The estimated impacts are based on difference-in-differences models with biological-mother fixed effects and year-of-birth fixed effects and are robust to inclusion of multiple time-varying factors. The impacts are prominent particularly among male children.</p>","PeriodicalId":51420,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Economic Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10375577/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10266849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
How Important Is Temptation Spending? Maybe Less than We Thought. 诱惑消费有多重要？也许比我们想象的要少
IF 2.5 3区 经济学
World Bank Economic Review Pub Date : 2022-01-08 eCollection Date: 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1093/wber/lhab027
Lasse Brune, Jason T Kerwin, Qingxiao Li
{"title":"How Important Is Temptation Spending? Maybe Less than We Thought.","authors":"Lasse Brune, Jason T Kerwin, Qingxiao Li","doi":"10.1093/wber/lhab027","DOIUrl":"10.1093/wber/lhab027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Temptation plays a key role in theoretical work on spending and saving in developing countries. The limited empirical evidence on its importance, however, suggests that cash transfers do not induce increases in temptation spending. This paper expands the evidence base by studying the effect of randomized exposure to temptation on spending decisions in rural Malawi. Consistent with the cash transfer literature, a more tempting environment does not induce significant changes in temptation spending. However, the magnitudes of both temptation spending levels and the treatment effects are somewhat sensitive to the definition of temptation spending used. This paper examines the potential factors that may be driving these null results, and suggests that future research may find a limited role for temptation in the economic decisions of the poor.</p>","PeriodicalId":51420,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Economic Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9082544/pdf/lhab027.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10865425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Decomposing Learning Inequalities in East Africa: How Much Does Sorting Matter?
IF 2.5 3区 经济学
World Bank Economic Review Pub Date : 2021-06-03 DOI: 10.1093/wber/lhab014
P. Anand, J. Behrman, Hai-Anh H. Dang, Sam Jones
{"title":"Decomposing Learning Inequalities in East Africa: How Much Does Sorting Matter?","authors":"P. Anand, J. Behrman, Hai-Anh H. Dang, Sam Jones","doi":"10.1093/wber/lhab014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhab014","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Inequalities in learning opportunities arise from both household- and school-related factors. Although these factors are unlikely to be independent, few studies have considered the extent to which sorting between schools and households might aggravate educational inequalities. To fill this gap, this article presents a novel variance decomposition, which is then applied to data from over one million children from East Africa. Results indicate that sorting accounts for around 8 percent of the test-score variance, similar in magnitude to the contribution of differences in school quality. Empirical simulations of steady-state educational inequalities reveal that policies to mitigate sorting could substantially reduce educational inequalities over the long run.","PeriodicalId":51420,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Economic Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45947644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cash Transfers, Microentrepreneurial Activity, and Child Work: Evidence from Malawi and Zambia. 现金转移、微型企业活动和儿童工作:来自马拉维和赞比亚的证据。
IF 2.5 3区 经济学
World Bank Economic Review Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/wber/lhz004
Jacobus de Hoop, Valeria Groppo, Sudhanshu Handa
{"title":"Cash Transfers, Microentrepreneurial Activity, and Child Work: Evidence from Malawi and Zambia.","authors":"Jacobus de Hoop,&nbsp;Valeria Groppo,&nbsp;Sudhanshu Handa","doi":"10.1093/wber/lhz004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhz004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cash transfer programs are rapidly becoming a key component of the social safety net of many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The primary aim of these programs is to help households improve their food security and smooth consumption during periods of economic duress. However, beneficiary households have also been shown to use these programs to expand their microentrepreneurial activities. Cluster-randomized trials carried out during the rollout of large-scale programs in Malawi and Zambia reveal that children may increase their work in the household enterprise through such programs. Both programs increased forms of work that may be detrimental to children, such as activities that expose children to hazards in Malawi and excessive working hours in Zambia. However, both programs also induced positive changes in other child well-being domains, such as school attendance and material well-being, leading to a mixed and inconclusive picture of the implications of these programs for children.</p>","PeriodicalId":51420,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Economic Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/wber/lhz004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9118516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 19
Demand for Information on Environmental Health Risk, Mode of Delivery, and Behavioral Change: Evidence from Sonargaon, Bangladesh. 对环境健康风险信息的需求、传递方式和行为改变：孟加拉国索纳贡的证据。
IF 2.5 3区 经济学
World Bank Economic Review Pub Date : 2020-05-25 eCollection Date: 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/wber/lhaa009
Alessandro Tarozzi, Ricardo Maertens, Kazi Matin Ahmed, Alexander van Geen
{"title":"Demand for Information on Environmental Health Risk, Mode of Delivery, and Behavioral Change: Evidence from Sonargaon, Bangladesh.","authors":"Alessandro Tarozzi, Ricardo Maertens, Kazi Matin Ahmed, Alexander van Geen","doi":"10.1093/wber/lhaa009","DOIUrl":"10.1093/wber/lhaa009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Millions of villagers in Bangladesh are exposed to arsenic by drinking contaminated water from private wells. Testing for arsenic can encourage switching from unsafe wells to safer sources. This study describes results from a cluster randomized controlled trial conducted in 112 villages in Bangladesh to evaluate the effectiveness of different test selling schemes at inducing switching from unsafe wells. At a price of about US0.60, only one in four households purchased a test. Sales were not increased by informal inter-household agreements to share water from wells found to be safe, or by visual reminders of well status in the form of metal placards mounted on the well pump. However, switching away from unsafe wells almost doubled in response to agreements or placards relative to the one in three proportion of households that switched away from an unsafe well with simple individual sales.</p>","PeriodicalId":51420,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Economic Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8331265/pdf/lhaa009.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39291093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Predicting Dynamic Patterns of Short-Term Movement. 预测短期运动的动态模式。
IF 2.5 3区 经济学
World Bank Economic Review Pub Date : 2020-02-01 Epub Date: 2019-12-03 DOI: 10.1093/wber/lhz036
Sveta Milusheva
{"title":"Predicting Dynamic Patterns of Short-Term Movement.","authors":"Sveta Milusheva","doi":"10.1093/wber/lhz036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhz036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Short-term human mobility has important health consequences, but measuring short-term movement using survey data is difficult and costly, and use of mobile phone data to study short-term movement is only possible in locations that can access the data. Combining several accessible data sources, Senegal is used as a case study to predict short-term movement within the country. The focus is on two main drivers of movement-economic and social-which explain almost 70 percent of the variation in short-term movement. Comparing real and predicted short-term movement to measure the impact of population movement on the spread of malaria in Senegal, the predictions generated by the model provide estimates for the effect that are not significantly different from the estimates using the real data. Given that the data used in this paper are often accessible in other country settings, this paper demonstrates how predictive modeling can be used by policy makers to estimate short-term mobility.</p>","PeriodicalId":51420,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Economic Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/wber/lhz036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37691919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Agriculture, Aid, and Economic Growth in Africa. 非洲的农业、援助和经济增长。
IF 2.5 3区 经济学
World Bank Economic Review Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Epub Date: 2018-06-13 DOI: 10.1093/wber/lhx029
John W McArthur, Jeffrey D Sachs
{"title":"Agriculture, Aid, and Economic Growth in Africa.","authors":"John W McArthur,&nbsp;Jeffrey D Sachs","doi":"10.1093/wber/lhx029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhx029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>How can foreign aid to agriculture support economic growth in Africa? This paper constructs a geographically indexed applied general equilibrium model that considers pathways through which aid might affect growth and structural transformation of labor markets in the context of soil nutrient variation, minimum subsistence consumption requirements, domestic transport costs, labor mobility, and constraints to self-financing of agricultural inputs.Using plausible parameters, the model is presented for Uganda as an illustrative case.We present three stylized scenarios to demonstrate the potential economy-wide impacts of both soil nutrient loss and replenishment, and how foreign aid can be targeted to support agricultural inputs that boost rural productivity and shift labor to boost real wages. One simulation shows how a temporary program of targeted official development assistance (ODA) for agriculture could generate, contrary to traditional Dutch disease concerns, an expansion in the primary tradable sector and positive permanent productivity and welfare effects, leading to a steady decline in the need for complementary ODA for budget support.</p>","PeriodicalId":51420,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Economic Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/wber/lhx029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25340085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 18
Does Child Sponsorship Pay Off In Adulthood? An International Study of Impacts on Income and Wealth. 抚养孩子在成年后会有回报吗?对收入和财富影响的国际研究。
IF 2.5 3区 经济学
World Bank Economic Review Pub Date : 2017-06-01 Epub Date: 2016-02-18 DOI: 10.1093/wber/lhv081
Bruce Wydick, Paul Glewwe, Laine Rutledge
{"title":"Does Child Sponsorship Pay Off In Adulthood? An International Study of Impacts on Income and Wealth.","authors":"Bruce Wydick,&nbsp;Paul Glewwe,&nbsp;Laine Rutledge","doi":"10.1093/wber/lhv081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhv081","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We estimate the impact of international child sponsorship on adult income and wealth of formerly sponsored children using data on 10,144 individuals in six countries. To identify causal effects, we utilize an age-eligibility rule followed from 1980 to 1992 that limited sponsorship to children 12 years old or younger when the program was introduced in a village, allowing comparisons of sponsored children with older siblings who were slightly too old to be sponsored. Estimations indicate that international child sponsorship increased monthly income by $13-17 over an untreated baseline of $75, principally from inducing higher future labor market participation. We find evidence for positive impacts on dwelling quality in adulthood, and modest evidence of impacts on ownership of consumer durables in adulthood, limited to increased ownership of mobile phones. Finally, our results also show modest effects of child sponsorship on childbearing in adulthood.</p>","PeriodicalId":51420,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Economic Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/wber/lhv081","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36253177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 24
Conditional Cash Transfers and HIV/AIDS Prevention: Unconditionally Promising? 有条件现金转移支付与艾滋病毒/艾滋病预防:无条件承诺?
IF 2.5 3区 经济学
World Bank Economic Review Pub Date : 2012-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/wber/lhr041
Hans-Peter Kohler, Rebecca Thornton
{"title":"Conditional Cash Transfers and HIV/AIDS Prevention: Unconditionally Promising?","authors":"Hans-Peter Kohler,&nbsp;Rebecca Thornton","doi":"10.1093/wber/lhr041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhr041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Conditional cash transfers (CCT) have recently received considerable attention as a potentially innovative and effective approach to the prevention of HIV/AIDS. We evaluate a conditional cash transfer program in rural Malawi which offered financial incentives to men and women to maintain their HIV status for approximately one year. The amounts of the reward ranged from zero to approximately 3-4 months wage. We find no effect of the offered incentives on HIV status or on reported sexual behavior. However, shortly after receiving the reward, men who received the cash transfer were 9 percentage points <i>more</i> likely and women were 6.7 percentage points <i>less</i> likely to engage in risky sex. Our analyses therefore question the \"unconditional effectiveness\" of CCT program for HIV prevention: CCT Programs that aim to motivate safe sexual behavior in Africa should take into account that money given in the present may have much stronger effects than rewards offered in the future, and any effect of these programs may be fairly sensitive to the specific design of the program, the local and/or cultural context, and the degree of agency an individual has with respect to sexual behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":51420,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Economic Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/wber/lhr041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31937870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 172
Psychological Health Before, During, and After an Economic Crisis: Results from Indonesia, 1993 - 2000. 经济危机之前、期间和之后的心理健康:1993 - 2000年印度尼西亚的调查结果。
IF 2.5 3区 经济学
World Bank Economic Review Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/wber/lhn013
Jed Friedman, Duncan Thomas
{"title":"Psychological Health Before, During, and After an Economic Crisis: Results from Indonesia, 1993 - 2000.","authors":"Jed Friedman,&nbsp;Duncan Thomas","doi":"10.1093/wber/lhn013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhn013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 1997 Indonesian financial crisis resulted in severe economic dislocation and political upheaval, and the detrimental consequences for economic welfare, physical health, and child education have been established in several studies. The crisis also adversely impacted the psychological well-being of the Indonesian population. Comparing responses of the same individuals interviewed before and after the crisis, we document substantial increases in several different dimensions of psychological distress among male and female adults across the entire age distribution. In addition, the imprint of the crisis can be seen in the differential impacts of the crisis on low education groups, the rural landless, and residents in those provinces that were most affected by the crisis. Elevated levels of psychological distress persist even after indicators of economic well-being such as household consumption had returned to pre-crisis levels, suggesting the deleterious effects of the crisis on the psychological well-being of the Indonesian population may be longer lasting than the impacts on economic well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":51420,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Economic Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/wber/lhn013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33233332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 87
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