Physics Essays最新文献

{"title":"Could motion be space-time expanding and contracting?","authors":"F. De Silva","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.112","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The author William Stukeley of Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton’s Life published in 1752 wrote: “…After dinner, the weather being warm, we went into the garden and drank thea, under the shade of some apple trees…he told me, he was just\u0000 in the same situation, as when formerly, the notion of gravitation came into his mind. It was occasion’d by the fall of an apple, as he sat in contemplative mood. Why should that apple always descend perpendicularly to the ground, thought he to himself….” Newton seeing this\u0000 apple fall formulated gravity and went on to show that the movement of the moon and planets and other heavenly bodies is due to the same force. What if Newton had instead seen Galaxies moving due to an expanding universe, would he have then wondered if the apple falling, and all movement is\u0000 due to an expanding universe? This short essay introduces a simple thought experiment to analyze this possibility. It concludes that if such is the case the passage of time and the expansion of the universe is the one and the same.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48681440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anomalous entropic effects in physical systems associated with collective consciousness","authors":"D. Radin","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.77","url":null,"abstract":"Beginning in 1998, a network of electronic random number generators located around the world has continuously recorded samples of truly random bits. The resulting data were used to explore a hypothesis that predicts the emergence of anomalous structure in randomness correlated with\u0000 events that attract widespread human attention. A formal experiment testing this hypothesis from 1998 to 2015 found a highly significant deviation from chance expectation. However, the duration of the selected events comprised less than 5% of all data available through 2022, so the present\u0000 analysis examined the full database to see if emergence of nonrandom structure was limited to those events, or if it was reflective of a persistent, if subtle, relationship between collective mind and matter. Two analytical methods were used to study emergent structure in time-series data:\u0000 Multiscale entropy and a novel deconvolution technique. Both methods provided evidence consistent with the hypothesis, suggesting that some aspect of collective consciousness appears to be anomalously associated with aspects of the physical world.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42503615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fundamentals of unified physics","authors":"A. Bacchieri","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.61","url":null,"abstract":"This work is based on the following three premises: (1) Equality c = u with u = (‐2u)1/2 as the total escape speed (from all the masses in the universe) and u the total gravitational potential;\u0000 given a value of the universe mass, as shared by many physicists, u tends to c, hence constant on Earth. Moreover, the above equality implies the massiveness of light, which regards the second premise: (2) Structure of light: Longitudinal/sinusoidal particles, photons,\u0000 moving along rays, having parameters λ (their length) and frequency ν (their number, of the same ray, flowing in a time unit); now, if photons and electron should have, at their impact, opposite direction, a circling electron could fall into its nucleus, hence the third\u0000 premise. (3) A structure of the electron where its charge is not uniformly distributed, but it can be considered as a point particle fixed on the electron surface, facing the atom nucleus during the electron orbits; the electron charge corresponds to the photons-electron impact point, where\u0000 photons are absorbed and released. Due to these structures, the photons-electron impacts will force the involved electron to move, with a radial velocity w, toward wider orbits. On these bases, and according to the classical mechanics laws, we found, but not limited to, these results:\u0000 The measured speed of light, constant on Earth because of the equality #1, turns out to be also invariant whatever the relative motion observer-source (of light) is: In short, during the interaction photons-electron, due to both the electron radial velocity and its Doppler effect,\u0000 if the photons frequency decreases, then their length will increase (and vice versa) always inducing the invariant c. [The equality c = u has a cosmological reason: If c > u, all the visible masses, following the photons\u0000 mass moving toward the infinity, would be dispersed from each other; if c < u all masses would collapse, while, for c = u, the photons mass (as well as neutrinos mass, as shown) will ensure an endless balance between dispersion and collapse.] The\u0000 gravitational redshift and the claimed time dilation depend, like c, on the variation of the total potential. On H atom, the number of the electron circular orbits turns out to be n = 1, 2…137; the electron orbital speed along its ground-state\u0000 (g-s) orbit becomes v 1 = c/137, while the electron charge g-s orbital speed is v o = αc with α being the fine-structure constant. As for the claimed fall of circling electrons into their\u0000 nucleus due to their supposed photons emission, we found that the circling electrons are emitting the previously absorbed photons only during the spiral path from higher toward lower orbits; this emission avoids their fall. Then we show that the compensation velocity (to\u0000 restore the resonance source-detector located at different heights) has opposite direction with respect to the one predicted by relativity.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49474548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of the algebraic presign of the terms in the particles partition function","authors":"B. Arneth","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.107","url":null,"abstract":"The algebraic sign of the first two terms of the novel partition function describing quantum chromodynamics and the standard model in particular, i.e., the sign of a and b, seems to play a decisive role in the calculation of the particle energies and masses. This role is discussed in\u0000 the following.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41854891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time has no dimensionality or physical existence","authors":"J. Percival","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.22","url":null,"abstract":"The author had been focusing on various treatments of time in physics for decades. The author felt that there were major shortcomings in the treatment of time in relativity and even in Newtonian physics. Then the author took a very pragmatic look at how time was actually treated in\u0000 GPS to achieve a high precision, real world, working, physics system. The author thought that the actual GPS approach might yield a pragmatic time construct for physics. GPS does NOT use special relativity’s construct of time—but rather an observer independent construct as detailed\u0000 below. The author put “Philosophical Time” musings aside and focused solely on finding the right physics construct for time. Finding that proper time was all that physics required, it dawned on the author, quite to his surprise, that proper time also met all the needs of philosophical\u0000 time. Furthermore, an even deeper physics insight was that “proper time” is simply a measure of a stable physical process’ cycles. Hence, “time” as a separate physical entity disappeared to be replaced by physical processes each with its own idiosyncratic length/duration,\u0000 all of which can be related to each other. These cyclic and noncyclic processes are all driven by known physical forces and energy sources. The properties of time, except for dimensionality, are actually just properties of each individual process that unfolds within 3D space and time is an\u0000 emergent, human, generalization of process lengths.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"399 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41286470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Further considerations about light and gravity in terms of classical mechanics","authors":"M. Curran","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.55","url":null,"abstract":"Explanations are proposed for several light behaviors using classical mechanics. The Planck‐Einstein relation is the starting point. A careful inspection reveals that this relationship has two dynamic interacting entities. One is a free (moving) photon, fp ,\u0000 represented by its angular frequency, ω. The other is a proposed, resting, independent, electromagnetic field denoted by the reduced Planck constant ħ, which is the product of energy and period. Consistent with these entities are several proposals supported by well-established\u0000 equations. They include the presence of a hidden factor that allows for the photon’s internal dynamics, a more precise description of the electromagnetic interactions of gravity with light, the mechanism behind Fraunhofer diffraction, the role of gravity in the fine structure constant,\u0000 the role of gravity in the refraction of light and its implications for relativity, and the mechanism of Fermat’s principle.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44892412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The optical measurement speed of moving bodies and the observer's position effect","authors":"Tianhe Zeng, Jiqing Zeng","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.94","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.94","url":null,"abstract":"From ancient times to the Newtonian mechanics system, people defaulted to the speed of light as infinity. People usually measure the speed of a moving object directly with the help of optical or electronic equipment and take the measured speed as the actual speed of the object. In fact, the speed of light is limited. When an object moves at high speed, we must correct the measured speed of the object. However, at present, people only use Einstein's special theory of relativity to deal with the high-speed motion of objects, and there is no theory to correct the measured speed of objects under the condition of high-speed motion. Here, we report that the optical measurement speed of an object is affected by the observer's position effect and obtain the relationship between the optical measurement speed and the actual speed. On this basis, this paper explains the reason why Newton's classical mechanics is suitable for the case of low-speed motion, and there is a large deviation between the optical measurement speed and the actual speed under the condition of high-speed motion. This paper also explains the velocity limit of high-energy particles and the phenomena of superluminal and negative velocity and analyzes the observation of microparticle motion. This paper provides a theory to explain and deal with the high-speed motion of objects, which is of great scientific significance.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47737579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mass-energy equation and the theory of photon emission derived from Bohr's theory","authors":"N. Kohiyama","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.51","url":null,"abstract":"The Einstein's relativistic mass-energy equation ε = mc2 is also obtained from Bohr's theory. The Schrödinger equation (SE) is modified using this equation. In the hydrogenlike atom, the modified SE is solved for consistency with the eigenvalues\u0000 of electron's energy derived from the Dirac equation. Based on the consistency of their eigenvalues, the theory of photon emission is expressed. From this theory, an emission process different from bremsstrahlung is expressed. X-ray and gamma-ray bursts associated with thunderclouds and lightning\u0000 are discussed by this process.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49063486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Velocity of light through a moving medium applied to the Fizeau experiment","authors":"Filip Dambi Filipescu","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.90","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.90","url":null,"abstract":"Light travels in a moving medium through densities that differ from the density of that medium at rest. This study derives a formula for the velocity of light through a moving medium for any direction of light propagation that, applied to the Fizeau experiment, gives a fringe shift\u0000 of 0.23541. The Fresnel drag coefficient applied to the Fizeau experiment offers a fringe shift of 0.20466. The mean of 0.23016 for the fringe shift observations in the Fizeau experiment confirms both expectations.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43946254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Euclidean geometric model that has a maximum speed c","authors":"Wenhui Zheng","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.117","url":null,"abstract":"Introduce a standard Euclidean geometric model with a maximum speed c, which may help us understand why the speed of light c is the universe's maximum speed, why parameter c is a constant, and the geometric mechanism that causes time dilation and length contraction.\u0000 Finally, based on this model, this paper will present a new coordinate transformation and general velocity addition formula. The new general velocity addition formula is not only consistent with the Michelson‐Morley experiment but also consistent with the one-way speed of light experiment\u0000 and the linear Sagnac experiment.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45500755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}