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Electronic transitions between energy levels without the emission of electromagnetic radiation 能级之间的电子跃迁不发射电磁辐射
IF 0.6
Physics Essays Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.358
E. Taylor, Rajan Iyer
{"title":"Electronic transitions between energy levels without the emission of electromagnetic radiation","authors":"E. Taylor, Rajan Iyer","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.358","url":null,"abstract":"In a previous paper, it was explained that the absorption and emission process (AE-process) of Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom must involve an electric charge (i.e., electron) transiting between atomic energy levels instead of quantum jumping; otherwise, there is no way to use\u0000 the AE-process to predict the fine structure constant. In this paper, it is shown that (1) a complete oscillation of the atomic electron (i.e., an electric charge) and of the induced magnetic field must occur for Bohr’s hydrogen atom to emit electromagnetic radiation, and (2) an atomic\u0000 electron (i.e., electric charge) of Bohr’s hydrogen atom can transit between energy levels without the atom emitting electromagnetic radiation.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138984779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Emergent gravity without aberration 无像差的新兴引力
IF 0.6
Physics Essays Pub Date : 2023-12-03 DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.434
John-Erik Persson
{"title":"Emergent gravity without aberration","authors":"John-Erik Persson","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.434","url":null,"abstract":"Gravity is explained here as a not moving phenomenon, that instead is emerging inside matter, since ether particles are assumed to be absorbed by matter (not colliding with matter). Therefore, no aberration in gravity. So, it was a great mistake to abolish Fatio’s great idea [M.\u0000 R. Edwards, Perspectives on Le Sage’s theory of gravitation, (C Roy Keys, Montreal 2002)] due to the lack of aberration in gravity. This mistake is the reason to the fact that we do not understand gravity today.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"24 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139012674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An intuitive and simplified formulation of general relativistic gravity in freely falling frames 自由落体框架下广义相对论引力的直观简化公式
IF 0.6
Physics Essays Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.352
Lane R. Miller
{"title":"An intuitive and simplified formulation of general relativistic gravity in freely falling frames","authors":"Lane R. Miller","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.352","url":null,"abstract":"General relativistic gravity in freely falling frames is formulated using undergraduate calculus and matrix algebra. The key to the formulation involves retaining Newton’s first law of motion in the local spacetime of freely falling frames. The formulation shows that the relative\u0000 acceleration of two particles in the freely falling frame does not depend directly on their relative velocity. Also, the 4 × 4 matrix relating the relative acceleration of two particles to their relative spacetime displacement closely resembles the physics of Newtonian\u0000 gravity, implying that the local gravitational field obeys Laplace’s equation. The results of this paper and a previous publication [L. R. Miller, Phys. Essays 35, 202 (2022)] provide an intuitive approach that enables the use of lower-level mathematics to arrive at Einstein’s\u0000 theory of gravity in empty space.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139023641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Time dilation and the equivalence of inertial frames 时间膨胀和惯性系的等价
Physics Essays Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.277
Chandru Iyer, G. M. Prabhu
{"title":"Time dilation and the equivalence of inertial frames","authors":"Chandru Iyer, G. M. Prabhu","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.277","url":null,"abstract":"It is well known that simultaneity within an inertial frame is defined in relativity theory by a convention or definition. This definition leads to different simultaneities across inertial frames and the well-known principle of relativity of simultaneity. The lack of a universal present implies the existence of past, present, and future as a collection of events on a four-dimensional manifold or continuum wherein three dimensions are space like and one dimension is time like. However, such a continuum precludes the possibility of evolution of future from the present as all events exist “forever” so to speak on the continuum with the tenses past, present, and future merely being perceptions of different inertial frames. Such a far-reaching ontological concept, created by a mere convention, is yet to gain full acceptance. In this paper, we present arguments in favor of an absolute present, which means simultaneous events are simultaneous in all inertial frames, and subscribe to evolution of future from the present.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135082747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Model of the photon made up of lines of elementary waves. Realistic explanation of obtaining interferences by emitting photons one by one through two Young’s slits 由基本波线组成的光子模型。通过两个杨氏狭缝一个接一个地发射光子来获得干涉的现实解释
Physics Essays Pub Date : 2023-09-29 DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.336
Olivier Pignard
{"title":"Model of the photon made up of lines of elementary waves. Realistic explanation of obtaining interferences by emitting photons one by one through two Young’s slits","authors":"Olivier Pignard","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.336","url":null,"abstract":"The theory of the dynamic medium of reference (DMR) has already been presented in several articles, in particular, by Olivier Pignard [Phys. Essays 32 , 422 (2019)]. The objective of this article is to present a model of the photon within the framework of the DMR theory. A concept of elementary wave on the subatomic level is introduced. An elementary wave is always identical to itself while being constantly renewed by new gravitons (entities that make up the medium of propagation of the wave). This elementary wave propagates in its medium (DMR) at the speed of light whatever its trajectory. A possible model of the elementary wave called light-vortex is presented in Appendix B. Then the concept of line of vortices is introduced. The vortices constituting a line all have their axis parallel to each other and perpendicular to the direction of propagation are separated by half a wavelength and rotate alternately in one direction and the other. The model of the proposed photon is then a set of lines of vortices parallel to each other (the number of lines of vortices as well as the length of the photon are constants whatever the frequency of the photon.) This model makes it possible to attribute to the photon, the speed c , a frequency ν , a period T = 1/ ν , a wavelength λ = c / ν , the energy E = hν , the momentum p = E / c = h · ν / c , and even a polarization (rectilinear, circular, or elliptical). It allows above all to explain that the photon has at the same time a wave aspect (because composed only of elementary waves) and a corpuscular aspect (since the elementary waves remain identical to themselves and the photon remains delimited by the same volume). It also explains the phenomenon of diffraction by emitting photons, even one by one, through a slit and that of interferences by emitting photons, even one by one, through two Young’s slits.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135131594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The zitterbewegung electron puzzle zitterbeweung电子谜题
Physics Essays Pub Date : 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.299
Inés Urdaneta Santos
{"title":"The <i>zitterbewegung</i> electron puzzle","authors":"Inés Urdaneta Santos","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.299","url":null,"abstract":"This work is an updated revision of semiclassical descriptions for the electron, including the fully relativistic QED-P model from H. J. Wilson based on the original Dirac equation (DE). The models presented hereafter go beyond the depiction of the electron as a structureless nondimensional point like charge with momentum and position determined by a probabilistic interpretation of the wavefunction described in terms of an electronic density cloud. These models share features in common that provide useful insights concerning the nature of the electron; for instance, they all consider zitterbewegung , a light speed “trembling-along-the-way” electron motion, to be a real oscillatory motion of the electron. The last model presented in this review is the electron mass model from Val Baker et al . [Phys. Essays 32 , 255 (2019)], where the electron mass is defined in terms of a holographic surface-to-volume ratio Φ and the relationship of the electric charge at the Planck scale to that at the electron scale, obtaining a value in agreement with the latest CODATA value. We discuss the relationship between these models. The large number of correspondences between the models should not be taken lightly and indicate, in our view, that something very fundamental about the nature of the electron is being put forward by this study.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135342978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Airy's experiment and the dragging of light by a moving medium 艾里的实验和运动介质对光的拖拽
Physics Essays Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.274
Filip Dambi Filipescu
{"title":"Airy's experiment and the dragging of light by a moving medium","authors":"Filip Dambi Filipescu","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.274","url":null,"abstract":"Airy observed the star γ Draconis with the telescope vertically. During observation, he introduced a tube with water in the telescope and expected to adjust the inclination of the telescope. The result was that the star's image was the same with or without water in the tube. With water in the tube and no dragging of light by the moving medium, this article indicates that the image captured by the telescope has a shift of 0.053 mm that may not be observable; therefore, there is no need to adjust the inclination of the telescope. Considering the dragging of light by the water in the tube, the derived formula of the drag coefficient in the framework of Newtonian physics based on Airy's experimental result is identical to that offered by Fresnel based on the ether theory.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135108418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On the mathematical structure of Einstein field equations and the existence of dark fields 论爱因斯坦场方程的数学结构和暗场的存在性
Physics Essays Pub Date : 2023-09-17 DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.269
Vu B Ho
{"title":"On the mathematical structure of Einstein field equations and the existence of dark fields","authors":"Vu B Ho","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.269","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we examine the possible existence of dark fields by showing that an energy‐momentum tensor associated with a dark field can be introduced into Einstein field equations of general relativity, in which the trace of the energy‐momentum of the dark field is identified with the cosmological constant. The introduction of dark fields into Einstein field equations is made possible by establishing field equations for the Ricci curvature tensor, which have similar mathematical structure to Maxwell field equations of electromagnetism. We also establish a system of field equations for the Riemann curvature tensor and investigate the possibility to represent physical systems consisting of dark fields and observable fields as spaces of constant scalar curvature, which are maximally symmetric spaces that admit the maximal number of Killing vectors. As an illustration, we show that if a dark field is considered as a dark fluid, then the pressure associated with the dark field can take negative values if the cosmological constant is assigned with positive values.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135260175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Three-dimensional space displacement through a fourth spatial dimension explains both light speed value and special relativity 通过第四维空间的三维空间位移解释了光速值和狭义相对论
Physics Essays Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.242
José M. Frade
{"title":"Three-dimensional space displacement through a fourth spatial dimension explains both light speed value and special relativity","authors":"José M. Frade","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.242","url":null,"abstract":"The special theory of relativity (STR) is based on two apparently contradictory postulates: The equality of all physical laws in all inertial reference systems and the invariance of the speed of light ( <mml:math display=\"inline\"> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:math> ). This results in counterintuitive conclusions, including time dilation, object length contraction (i.e., Lorentz contraction), and mass increase at relativistic speeds as well as the unification of mass and energy. Although the STR has been empirically confirmed, the ultimate cause of special relativity as well as the reason for the invariance of c and its actual value (2.99 × 10 8 m/s) remain unknown. We have recently postulated that a hypothetical displacement of the three-dimensional (3D) space where we live throughout a fourth spatial dimension, which would be the basis for time, is a requirement for the gravitational effects contemplated by the general theory of relativity. This tetra-dimensional model of the universe explains that the actual value of <mml:math display=\"inline\"> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:math> equals the speed at which our 3D space displaces along the fourth dimension. It also explains time dilation, Lorentz contraction, Lorentz transformation, and mass increase at relativistic speeds, as well as the unification of mass and energy, as epiphenomena derived from the projection of the fourth dimension to our 3D space. We conclude that our universe model can intuitively explain special relativity as well as the reason for the invariance of <mml:math display=\"inline\"> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:math> and its actual value.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134971470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
How Einstein prevents Bohr's quantum mechanics from being a fundamental theory 爱因斯坦是如何阻止玻尔的量子力学成为基本理论的
Physics Essays Pub Date : 2023-09-13 DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.265
Emory Taylor, Rajan Iyer
{"title":"How Einstein prevents Bohr's quantum mechanics from being a fundamental theory","authors":"Emory Taylor, Rajan Iyer","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.265","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses a limited scope to present an explanation of how quantum jumps prevent quantum mechanics from being a fundamental theory, and this paper explains how Einstein's theory that radiation conveys inertia between the emitting and absorbing bodies plays a critical role in the presented explanation.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135786008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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