Physician and Sportsmedicine最新文献

{"title":"Health status of university football athletes through multidimensional screening.","authors":"Naruto Yoshida, Shogo Miyazaki, Hideaki Waki, Yoichi Minakawa, Masaaki Koido, Sonoko Mashimo","doi":"10.1080/00913847.2023.2246178","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00913847.2023.2246178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Adequate conditioning results from various physical, environmental, and psychological factors in sports activities. In this study, we aimed to clarify the concurrence and relevance of injuries, psychological problems, and sleep disturbance in university football (soccer) players. Biomechanical characteristics and risk factors for those injuries were also investigated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Overall, 1,084 university football players participated in this cross-sectional study using a web-based health history questionnaire. Assessments were made via the presence of injuries for physical problems, the Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire (APSQ) for psychological problems, and the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ) for sleep difficulties.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 200 (19%) athletes with injuries; 413 (38%) of these were APSQ-positive, 246 (23%) were ASSQ-positive, and 468 (43%) athletes had no physical, psychological, or sleep problems. APSQ-positive respondents were significantly more likely to have a current injury than those who were APSQ-negative. No significant difference was observed between the number of ASSQ-positive and -negative respondents and current injuries. Those with sleep problems were significantly more likely to have psychological problems.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>More than 60% of university football players had one or more physical, psychological, or sleep problems. Players may have co-occurring problems, and it is important to address them for these athletes to reach peak performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":51268,"journal":{"name":"Physician and Sportsmedicine","volume":" ","pages":"291-298"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10016603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Headguard use in combat sports: position statement of the Association of Ringside Physicians.","authors":"Kevin deWeber, Lindsay Parlee, Alexander Nguyen, Michael W Lenihan, Leah Goedecke","doi":"10.1080/00913847.2023.2242415","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00913847.2023.2242415","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Headguard use is appropriate during some combat sports activities where the risks of injury to the face and ears are elevated. Headguards are highly effective in reducing the incidence of facial lacerations in studies of amateur boxers and are just as effective in other striking sports. They should be used in scenarios - especially sparring prior to competitions - where avoidance of laceration and subsequent exposure to potential blood-borne pathogens is important. Headguards are appropriate where avoidance of auricular injury is deemed important; limited data show a marked reduction in incidence of auricular injury in wrestlers wearing headguards.Headguards should not be relied upon to reduce the risk of concussion or other traumatic brain injury. They have not been shown to prevent these types of injuries in combat sports or other sports, and human studies on the effect of headguards on concussive injury are lacking. While biomechanical studies suggest they reduce linear and rotational acceleration of the cranium, changes in athlete behavior to more risk-taking when wearing headguards may offset any risk reduction. In the absence of high-quality studies on headguard use, the Association of Ringside Physicians recommends that further research be conducted to clarify the role of headguards in all combat sports, at all ages of participation. Furthermore, in the absence of data on gender differences, policies should be standardized for men and women.</p>","PeriodicalId":51268,"journal":{"name":"Physician and Sportsmedicine","volume":" ","pages":"229-238"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10433911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preseason lower extremity range of motion, flexibility, and strength in relation to in-season injuries in NCAA division I gymnasts.","authors":"Kaysha Bates, Giorgio Zeppieri, Candace Young, Michelle Bruner, Michael Moser, Kevin W Farmer, Federico Pozzi","doi":"10.1080/00913847.2023.2215775","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00913847.2023.2215775","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To determine if preseason lower extremity ROM, flexibility, and strength differ in collegiate gymnasts (NCAA Division 1) who do or do not sustain an injury during the competitive season.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Over four seasons, a total of 15 female gymnasts (age = 20.5 ± 1.0 years) underwent preseason screening (30 gymnast-season). We tested joint ROM (hip: flexion, internal and external rotation; ankle: weightbearing dorsiflexion), muscle flexibility (passive straight leg raise, Thomas,' Ober's, Ely's tests) and strength (hip extensors, abductors, and flexors isometric strength via a handheld dynamometer; knee: quadriceps and hamstring isokinetic strength at 60°/sec). The team athletic trainer tracked overuse lower extremity injuries (restricted gymnasts from full participation, occurred as from participation in organized practice or competition, and required medical attention) during each season. For athletes that tested multiple seasons, each encounter was considered independent, and each preseason assessment was linked to overuse injuries sustained during the same competitive season. Gymnasts were dichotomized into injured and non-injured groups. An independent t-test was used to measure differences in preseason outcomes between injured and non-injured groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During four years, we recorded 23 overuse lower extremity injuries. Gymnasts that sustained an in-season overuse injury demonstrated significantly lower hip flexion ROM (mean difference: -10.6°; 95% confidence interval: -16.5, -4.6; <i>p</i> < 0.01) and lower hip abduction strength (mean difference: -4.7% of body weight; 95% confidence interval: -9.2, -0.3; <i>p</i> = 0.04).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Gymnasts who sustain an in-season overuse lower extremity injury have significant preseason deficit of hip flexion ROM and weakness in the hip abductors. These findings indicate potential impairments in the kinematic & kinetic chains responsible for skill performance and energy absorption during landing.</p>","PeriodicalId":51268,"journal":{"name":"Physician and Sportsmedicine","volume":" ","pages":"200-206"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10803174/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9514109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Injury characteristics of young elite inline speed skaters: A one season retrospective study.","authors":"Marcos Quintana-Cepedal, Miguel Ángel Rodríguez, Nerea Nuño-Iglesias, Miguel Del Valle, Irene Crespo, Hugo Olmedillas","doi":"10.1080/00913847.2023.2205454","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00913847.2023.2205454","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Determining the rate of injuries related to a certain sport is accepted as the primary step toward designing, implementing and evaluating injury prevention programs. This observational and retrospective study was to examine the injuries sustained by elite young Spanish inline speed skaters during a season.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Athletes participating in the national championship (<i>n</i> = 80) were surveyed via an anonymous online questionnaire to screen for injury characteristics: incidence, location, and tissue affected; plus training information and demographics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 52 injuries were recorded across 33,351 hours of exposure, which gives a rate of 1.65/1,000 h. The lower body comprised 79% of the total amount of injuries (1.3/1000 h), and the main areas affected were the thigh and foot, accounting for 25% and 19.2% of the recorded injuries, respectively. Musculotendinous injuries were the most frequent, with an incidence of 0.92/1000 h. No significant gender differences were observed for any of the variables studied.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Speed skating can be considered a low injury rate sport based on our findings. The risk of sustaining an injury was independent of gender, age, and BMI.</p>","PeriodicalId":51268,"journal":{"name":"Physician and Sportsmedicine","volume":" ","pages":"181-186"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9441692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age and menstrual cycle may be important in establishing pregnancy in female athletes after retirement from competition.","authors":"Sayaka Nose-Ogura, Osamu Yoshino, Hiroe Kamoto-Nakamura, Mayuko Kanatani, Miyuki Harada, Osamu Hiraike, Shigeru Saito, Tomoyuki Fujii, Yutaka Osuga","doi":"10.1080/00913847.2023.2199687","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00913847.2023.2199687","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although it has been shown that amenorrhea associated with low energy availability or relative energy deficiency in sport affects body physiology in female athletes, the association between menstrual dysfunction during active sports careers and reproductive function after retirement is not clear.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the association between menstrual dysfunction during their active sports career and post-retirement infertility in female athletes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A voluntary web-based survey was aimed at former female athletes who had become pregnant and gave birth to their first child after retirement. Nine multiple-choice questions were included, on maternal age, competition levels and menstrual cycles during active sports careers, time from retirement to pregnancy, the time of resumption of spontaneous menstruation after retirement, conception method, and mode of delivery, etc. Regarding cases of primary and secondary amenorrhea among the abnormal menstrual cycle group, only those whose spontaneous menstruation had not recovered from retirement to the time of pregnancy were included in the study. The association between the presence of abnormal menstrual cycles from active sports careers to post-retirement pregnancy and the implementation of infertility treatment was evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study population included 613 female athletes who became pregnant and gave birth to their first child after retiring from competitive sports. Of the 613 former athletes, the infertility treatment rate was 11.9%. The rate of infertility treatment was significantly higher in athletes with abnormal than normal menstrual cycles (17.1% vs. 10.2%, <i>p</i> = 0.0225). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that maternal age (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.194; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.129, 1.262) and abnormal menstrual cycles (OR and 1.903; adjusted OR 1.105, 3.278) were the relevant factors for infertility treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It was suggested that menstrual dysfunction that persist from active sports careers to post-retirement may be a factor in infertility when trying to conceive after retirement.</p>","PeriodicalId":51268,"journal":{"name":"Physician and Sportsmedicine","volume":" ","pages":"175-180"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9269928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medical issues for female athletes returning to competition after childbirth.","authors":"Sayaka Nose-Ogura, Osamu Yoshino, Hiroe Nakamura-Kamoto, Mayuko Kanatani, Miyuki Harada, Osamu Hiraike, Shigeru Saito, Tomoyuki Fujii, Yutaka Osuga","doi":"10.1080/00913847.2023.2188395","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00913847.2023.2188395","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In recent years, the number of athletes who aim to return to competition after childbirth has increased. However, few international reports have investigated complications during pregnancy, and changes in physical function after childbirth in many athletes.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To conduct a retrospective investigation of medical problems during pregnancy, and postpartum, in female athletes who aim to return to competition after childbirth, and to identify the barriers and facilitators for their return.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A voluntary web-based survey was aimed at former female athletes who became pregnant with their first child and gave birth during their active sports career. The survey items included respondent background, their exercise activities during and after childbirth, perinatal complications, mode of delivery, symptoms and physical function after childbirth. The participants were divided into a vaginal delivery group and a cesarean section group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three hundred and twenty-eight (29.1 ± 5.1 years old) former athletes were included in the analysis, and about half reported undertaking exercise during pregnancy. The most common perinatal complication was anemia (27.4%). The appearance of any symptoms after childbirth, including low back pain (44.2%) and urinary incontinence (39.9%), was reported by 80.5%. The rate of urinary incontinence may be higher in the vaginal delivery than in the cesarean section group (p = 0.05). The most common physical decline after childbirth was in muscular strength, followed by speed and endurance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Addressing pregnancy-associated anemia and managing low back pain is critical for athletes aiming to return to competition after childbirth. Additionally, interventions to reduce the risk for and treat urinary incontinence are important. In addition, in order to return to competition after childbirth, it is important to strengthen muscles, especially the lower limbs and trunk, as well as to create a training program that takes into account the sport/events.</p>","PeriodicalId":51268,"journal":{"name":"Physician and Sportsmedicine","volume":" ","pages":"147-153"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9074487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reported COVID-19 vaccines side effects among Algerian athletes: a comparison between inactivated virus, adenoviral vector, and mRNA COVID-19 vaccines.","authors":"Adda Oudjedi, Abdelghani Allali, Aissa Bekli, Mohamed Lounis, Helmi Ben Saad, Mohamed Boukoufa","doi":"10.1080/00913847.2023.2186691","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00913847.2023.2186691","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Many types of COVID19 vaccines are administered globally, yet there is not much evidence regarding their side effects among athletes. This study evaluated the selfreported postvaccination side effects of inactivated virus, adenoviral vector, and mRNA COVID19 vaccines among Algerian athletes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional survey-based study was carried out in Algeria between March 01 and 4 April 2022. The study used a validated questionnaire with twenty-five multiple-choice items covering the participants' anamnestic characteristics, post-vaccination side effects (their onset and duration), post-vaccination medical care, and risk factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 273 athletes completed the survey. Overall, (54.6%) of the athletes reported at least one local side effect, while (46.9%) reported at least one systemic side effect. These side effects were more prevalent among the adenoviral vector group compared to the inactivated virus and mRNA groups. The most common local side effect was injection site pain (29.9%), while Fever (30.8%) was the most prevalent systemic side effect. The age group of 31-40 years, allergy, previous infection with COVID-19, and the first dose of vaccines were associated with an increased risk of side effects for all groups of COVID-19 vaccines. Logistic regression analysis further revealed that compared to males, the incidence of reported side effects was significantly higher in females (odd ratio (OR) = 1.16; P = 0.015*) only for the adenoviral vector vaccine group. In addition, a significantly higher percentage of athletes group of high dynamic/moderate static or high dynamic /high static components suffered from post-vaccination side effects compared to the group of athletes with high dynamic/low static components (OR = 14.68 and 14.71; P < 0.001, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The adenoviral vector vaccines have the highest rate of side effects, followed by the inactivated virus and mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. COVID‑19 vaccines were well-tolerated among Algerian athletes and there were no reports of serious side effects. Nevertheless, further long-term follow-up study with a larger sample size of athletes (from different types and sports categories) is warranted to establish the long-term safety of the COVID-19 vaccine.</p>","PeriodicalId":51268,"journal":{"name":"Physician and Sportsmedicine","volume":" ","pages":"134-146"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9083166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat stroke burden and validity of wearable-derived core temperature estimation during elite military training.","authors":"Courtney Hintz, Danielle M Presley, Cody R Butler","doi":"10.1080/00913847.2023.2190729","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00913847.2023.2190729","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Exertional heat stroke (EHS) remains a significant health concern while training in hot environments, prompting the development of noninvasive wearable technology for monitoring estimated core temperature (ECT). The objective of this study was to review the effectiveness of an ECT device during elite military training by providing a case series of individuals who developed EHS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a retrospective study of EHS cases during high-intensity training while wearing the ECT device, Zephyr Bioharness^TM. Data was collected from January 2021 through September 2021 at the Air Force Special Warfare Training pipeline in San Antonio, TX. Rectal temperatures of EHS diagnoses, defined by central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction and rectal temperature approaching or >40°C (104°F), were compared to ECT reading via Zephyr Bioharness^TM. Incidence rates and psychometric properties were calculated using R package.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 47,058 daily peak ECT measurements were collected among 1,364 trainees. A total of 499 trainees flagged as potential EHS by Zephyr Bioharness^TM reading >39.7°C (103.5°F). The incidence of confirmed EHS was 0.8/1000 person-months. Of the 10 confirmed EHS cases (9 males, 1 female; age = 23.4 ± 2.7 yrs; BMI = 25 ± 2; body fat = 13 ± 5%), 8 trainees had a peak ECT reading below 39.7°C which resulted in a sensitivity of 20%, specificity of 98.9%, positive likelihood ratio (LR) of 18.93 (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 5.5-65.6), and a negative LR of 0.81 (95% CI 0.6-1.1).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ECT had substantial false positive and negative rates. Further studies are needed to validate this technology in other populations, and the algorithm used in this device needs to be refined to better capture the environmental and physical requirements in the special operations population.</p>","PeriodicalId":51268,"journal":{"name":"Physician and Sportsmedicine","volume":" ","pages":"154-159"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9553215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hamstring muscle injuries in athletics.","authors":"Spyridon A Iatropoulos, Patrick C Wheeler","doi":"10.1080/00913847.2023.2188871","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00913847.2023.2188871","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hamstring muscle injuries (HMI) are a common and recurrent issue in the sport of athletics, particularly in sprinting and jumping disciplines. This review summarizes the latest literature on hamstring muscle injuries in athletics from a clinical perspective. The considerable heterogeneity in injury definitions and reporting methodologies among studies still needs to be addressed for greater clarity. Expert teams have recently developed evidence-based muscle injury classification systems whose application could guide clinical decision-making; however, no system has been adopted universally in clinical practice, yet.The most common risk factor for HMI is a previously sustained injury, particularly early after return-to-sport. Other modifiable (e.g. weakness of thigh muscles, high-speed running exposure) and non-modifiable (e.g. older age) risk factors have limited evidence linking them to injury. Reducing injury may be achieved through exercise-based programs, but their specific components and their practical applicability remain unclear.Post-injury management follows similar recommendations to other soft tissue injuries, with a graded progression through stages of rehabilitation to full return to training and then competition, based on symptoms and clinical signs to guide the individual speed of the recovery journey. Evidence favoring surgical repair is conflicting and limited to specific injury sub-types (e.g. proximal avulsions). Further research is needed on specific rehabilitation components and progression criteria, where more individualized approaches could address the high rates of recurrent HMI. Prognostically, a combination of physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) seems superior to imaging alone when predicting 'recovery duration,' particularly at the individual level.</p>","PeriodicalId":51268,"journal":{"name":"Physician and Sportsmedicine","volume":" ","pages":"103-114"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9090434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Systematic Review on the Effectiveness of Eyewear in Reducing the Incidence and Severity of Eye Injuries in Racket Sports.","authors":"James F D Mazarelo, Samantha L Winter, Daniel T P Fong","doi":"10.1080/00913847.2023.2196934","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00913847.2023.2196934","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess what eyewear (if any) reduces eye injury incidence and severity in squash, racketball, tennis and badminton.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Systematic review following the 'Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses' (PRISMA) and the 'implementing Prisma in Exercise, Rehabilitation, Sport medicine and SporTs science' (PERSiST) guidelines.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, SportDiscus and Web of Science were searched on 22nd February 2023. All study types except reviews were eligible. Studies had to report the type of eyewear worn (if any) with a form of eye injury incidence and severity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>364 papers were initially retrieved and after the screening process 29 remained. A subgroup analysis was carried out on studies that had a sample size of five or above, were not only looking at a particular type of eye injury and that had sufficient data to allow the percentage of eye injuries that occurred when no eyewear was worn to be calculated. From this analysis, the median percentage of eye injuries that occurred when no eyewear was worn was found to be 93%. Some of these injuries were serious and required complex treatment. Prescription lenses, contact lenses and industrial eyewear made some injuries more severe. In squash and racketball, lensless eye guards were ineffective as the ball could deform on impact, still making contact with the eye. Only eyewear compliant with updated ASTM (or similar) standards was associated with no eye injuries and so provided adequate protection in all four sports.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although this systematic review only summarizes evidence on injuries requiring hospital treatment, it is recommended that national governing bodies and key decision makers within squash, racketball, tennis and badminton examine the evidence presented and consider extending existing rules or implementing new recommendations and policies on protective eyewear use to reduce eye injury incidence and severity in their sport.</p>","PeriodicalId":51268,"journal":{"name":"Physician and Sportsmedicine","volume":" ","pages":"115-124"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9311142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}