Physician and Sportsmedicine最新文献

{"title":"Differences in athlete's left ventricular morphology by sex and sports discipline categories in elite Japanese athletes.","authors":"Kohei Ashikaga, Tomohiro Manabe, Anna Tomori, Naoya Endo, Kazuyuki Kamahara","doi":"10.1080/00913847.2025.2463320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2025.2463320","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The cardiac morphology of elite athletes is related to sports disciplines and race; however, no studies have examined the effects of sports discipline on East Asian athletes. Therefore, this study aimed to assess left ventricular (LV) remodeling using transthoracic echocardiography in elite Japanese athletes and establish standard values for the indicators of the cardiac morphology of elite athletes in East Asia, considering the influence of body size.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively evaluated 1,363 elite Japanese athletes who underwent electrocardiography and transthoracic echocardiography between January 2011 and December 2021. The athletes were assigned to four sports discipline categories (skill, power, mixed, and endurance). We evaluated the differences in LV volume and mass between the groups for each sex.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and LV mass indexed to the body surface area (BSA) in the endurance group (LVEDV/BSA: 72.3 ± 11.4 mL/m² in males and 68.7 ± 11.0 mL/m² in females, LV mass/BSA: 121.1 ± 19.1 g/m² in males and 106.5 ± 18.0 g/m² in females) were significantly larger than those of any other groups. Both values were affected by sex, BSA, and endurance sport type, whereas only LV mass was affected by age.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Cardiac remodeling is proportional to the sport type, with a significantly greater effect in athletes playing endurance sports. The remodeling is particularly evident in the left ventricle; however, the corresponding remodeling is also observed in other heart chambers. Cardiac remodeling in elite Japanese athletes is similar to that observed in elite athletes of other races, except for the changes in LV wall thickness.</p>","PeriodicalId":51268,"journal":{"name":"Physician and Sportsmedicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143191266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between medial tibial stress syndrome and the adipose tissue along the posteromedial tibial border and the crural chiasma.","authors":"Takumi Okunuki, Hideaki Nagatomo, Hirofumi Katsutani, Shota Ichikawa, Toshihiro Maemichi, Kazuki Wakamiya, Ryusei Yamaguchi, Yuki Ogawa, Hirofumi Tanaka, Masatomo Matsumoto, Takuma Hoshiba, Yasushi Shinohara, Tsukasa Kumai","doi":"10.1080/00913847.2025.2462979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2025.2462979","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) is an overuse injury characterized by pain along the posteromedial tibial border. This region contains several soft tissues, including adipose tissue and the tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus tendons. However, few studies have investigated whether these tissues exhibit abnormalities in MTSS. This study aimed to use MRI to evaluate abnormalities in the bone marrow or soft tissues of patients with MTSS and those with a history of medial tibial pain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighteen patients with MTSS, 20 uninjured athletes, and 17 individuals with a history of medial tibial pain underwent T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and short T1 inversion recovery imaging. The presence of bone marrow, periosteal, and peritendinous edema and abnormalities in the adipose tissue along the posteromedial tibial border were evaluated. Fisher's exact test was applied to determine the relationship between abnormalities and clinical status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients with MTSS exhibited abnormalities in the adipose tissue (27.3%), peritendinous edema (22.7%), bone marrow edema (22.7%), and periosteal edema (59.1%). However, the incidence of these abnormalities showed no statistically significant differences between the three groups. Athletes showed abnormalities in the bone marrow, periosteum or soft tissues, regardless of their clinical status.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Various tissues, including the adipose tissue and peritendon along the posteromedial tibial border, may contribute to MTSS, highlighting its complex pathology. Imaging assessments are important for diagnosing MTSS and should complement physical examination and evaluation of the patient's history.</p>","PeriodicalId":51268,"journal":{"name":"Physician and Sportsmedicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Illness is more prevalent than injury in trail runners participating in a mountainous ultra trail race.","authors":"Patience M Matshepo Boshielo, Audrey Jansen van Rensburg, Carel Viljoen, Tanita Botha, Christina E Elizabeth de Villiers, Dimakatso Ramagole, Limbikani Seyani, Dina C Christa Janse van Rensburg","doi":"10.1080/00913847.2024.2367401","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00913847.2024.2367401","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Trail running is a popular off-road sport involving running in natural environments over various terrains, often in remote locations. This study aims to investigate the epidemiology and risk factors of injuries and illnesses, i.e. medical encounters, on race day among trail runners in a high-altitude ultra trail race.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This descriptive cross-sectional study on an ultra trail race (38 km, 65 km and 100 km) in South Africa, included participants 18 years or older. Of the 331 race participants, 285(86.1%) consented to participate in the study. Data collection included demographic details, injuries (body region, specific body area, tissue type, pathology) and illnesses (organ system, symptom cluster, etiology). Risk factor analysis includes sex, age, weight, height, race distance, illness and injury history, training and running experience. Frequency (n, %), prevalence (%) and odds ratios (OR; 95%CI) are reported.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eighty-nine (31.2%) individuals reported 131 medical encounters [49 injuries (37.4%); 82 illnesses (62.6%)]. Injuries were sustained by 14.7% of athletes, and 22.5% reported illnesses. For injuries, the lower limb was mainly involved (<i>n</i> = 41; 83.7%). Most injuries affected the foot (<i>n</i> = 18; 36.7%), ankle (<i>n</i> = 10; 20.4%) and knee (<i>n</i> = 7; 14.3%). Tissue types mainly involved skin (<i>n</i> = 21; 42.8%), ligament (<i>n</i> = 7; 14.3%) and muscle (<i>n</i> = 7; 14.3%). Multiple (<i>n</i> = 45; 54.9%) and gastrointestinal (<i>n</i> = 17; 20.7%) organ systems were mainly involved in illnesses. Only 100 km runners reported dehydration (<i>n</i> = 28; 31.5%), and one in every six of these runners (<i>n</i> = 5; 17.9%) did not finish. Runners reporting fatigue (<i>n</i> = 21; 23.6%) had a high (<i>n</i> = 8; 38.1%) did not finish rate. Two in every five participants (<i>n</i> = 36; 40.4%) with a medical encounter, did not finish. No medical encounter-associated risk factors were identified.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Illnesses were more common than injuries during the mountainous ultra trail race. Sustaining a medical encounter increased the chance of not completing the race. Further research on the epidemiology of race day medical encounters in trail running is required.</p>","PeriodicalId":51268,"journal":{"name":"Physician and Sportsmedicine","volume":" ","pages":"27-35"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141318871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A high incidence of serious life-threatening cardiovascular medical encounters during a marathon (2014-2019) calls for prevention strategies: SAFER XL.","authors":"Darren Green, Nicola Sewry, Wayne Derman, Jannelene Killops, Pieter Henk Boer, Esmè Jordaan, Martin Schwellnus","doi":"10.1080/00913847.2024.2399495","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00913847.2024.2399495","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and nature (severity and type by organ system and specific diagnosis) of all medical encounters (MEs), including serious/life-threatening MEs (SLMEs) during a South African road marathon.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This descriptive study was a retrospective analysis of data collected over 6 years at the Cape Town Marathon from 2014 to 2019, which included 40 446 starters. All MEs were collected and described as per the consensus statement for mass community-based sporting events. Incidences (I; per 1000 starters; 95% CI) are described for all MEs, SLMEs, and by organ system and specific diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The incidence of all MEs was 8.7 (95% CI: 7.8-9.6) per 1000 starters. The largest contributor to all MEs, by organ system affected, was cardiovascular-related, with an incidence of 1.8 (95% CI: 1.4-2.2), where exercise-associated postural hypotension was the most common specific diagnosis (I = 1.3; 95% CI: 1.0-1.7). The incidence of all SLMEs was 1.0 (95% CI: 0.7-1.4) making up 11.7% (41/350) of all MEs. The incidence of SLMEs by organ system was highest in the cardiovascular system (I = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.3-0.7), with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (I = 0.2; 95% CI: 0.1-0.4) the most common specific diagnosis. There were no sudden cardiac deaths (SCD) nor sudden cardiac arrests (SCA).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There was a high proportion of cardiovascular-related medical encounters, as well as SLMEs. We recommend that event organizers and race medical directors investigate prevention strategies to mitigate against risk of SLMEs, specifically acute cardiovascular SLMEs.</p>","PeriodicalId":51268,"journal":{"name":"Physician and Sportsmedicine","volume":" ","pages":"55-63"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142134425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degenerative changes of the wrist in mixed martial arts and boxing based on the three column theory.","authors":"Erik Schiffner, Falk Hilsmann, Felix Lakomek, Christoph Beyersdorf, Joachim Windolf, David Latz","doi":"10.1080/00913847.2024.2351357","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00913847.2024.2351357","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is a relatively young combat sport. In contrast to classic boxing, MMA combines techniques of grappling and striking. However, characteristic long-term effects of MMA on the wrist are discussed controversially. Aim of this study was to elucidate characteristic degenerative changes of the wrist from MMA fighters in comparison to classic boxers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, eleven professional MMA fighters and ten professional boxers with chronic wrist pain were examined and compared. Age, weight, number of fights and weekly hours of training were recorded. Wrist and hand of each fighter were examined using a 3T-MR scanner. Degenerations of the radial, central and ulnar column were analyzed according to Navarro's three-column theory and degenerative changes were categorized based on the classification of Fredericson.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was no significant difference of age, weight and number of fights between MMA fighters and boxers (<i>p</i> > 0.15). However, MMA fighters practiced significantly more hours per week (19.5 (MMA) vs. 8.5 (boxing) hours/week, <i>p</i> < 0.001). No significant associations were found between different training times per Week in terms of degenerative changes of the wrist in MMA and boxing based on the three column theory. The comparison of degenerative changes in the columns between MMA and boxing showed no significant differences. The MRI showed a significantly higher degeneration in the radial column compared to the central column among MMA fighters for ligaments (<i>p</i> = 0.01) and bones (<i>p</i> = 0.03).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Due to different fighting techniques, different physical traumas, including falls, pattern of degenerations of the wrist between MMA fighters and boxers are different. MMA fighters suffer of a highly degenerative radial column and boxers suffer of a homogeneous degeneration of all three columns.</p>","PeriodicalId":51268,"journal":{"name":"Physician and Sportsmedicine","volume":" ","pages":"7-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140867534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upper extremity orthopedic softball injuries presenting to the emergency department: epidemiology across the lifespan.","authors":"David F Painter, Benjamin J Ahn, Rory A Byrne, James H Dove, Kieran J Wallace, Rishubh Jain, Brett D Owens","doi":"10.1080/00913847.2024.2411574","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00913847.2024.2411574","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Softball is a popular lifetime sport due to its inclusion of both fastpitch and slowpitch varieties, although associated injuries are common.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare softball injury rates across patient sex, age, race, injury location, mechanism, and activity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) was queried for all upper extremity softball injuries in patients 10-85+ years old presenting to United States emergency departments between 2012 and 2021.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significantly more of the 178,303 total weighted upper extremity injuries occurred in female (68.1%) than male (31.9%) athletes (<i>p</i> < .001). Male patients (mean 34.9 ± 13.6 years) were older than female patients (17.4 ± 8.4; <i>p</i> = .019). The average incidence rate of UE injuries from 2012-2021 was 187.9 per 100,000 persons, with a significant decrease in injury incidence across the timespan (<i>p</i> < .001). The lowest annual injury incidence (74.7 per 100,000 persons) occurred in 2020. In patients 10-18 years old, female patients accounted for 95.1% of all injuries, whereas male patients accounted for 72.1% of all injuries in patients aged ≥23. Compared to male patients, females more frequently experienced hand (<i>p</i> < .001), lower arm (<i>p</i> = .007), shoulder (<i>p</i> < .001), and wrist (<i>p</i> < .001) injuries in patients 10-18 years old, finger (<i>p</i> < .001), upper arm (<i>p</i> = .016), and wrist (<i>p</i> < .001) injuries in patients 19-22, and finger injuries (<i>p</i> < .001) in patients aged 23 +. Across all ages, the greatest proportion of injuries were treated and released (<i>p</i> < .001). Most injuries occurred while fielding (41.8%) and due to player-ball contact (36.8%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Softball injury ED presentations declined across a decade, including a precipitous drop and rebound effect due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Across the lifespan, upper extremity injuries progressively shifted from female-predominant in younger athletes to male-predominant in adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":51268,"journal":{"name":"Physician and Sportsmedicine","volume":" ","pages":"72-79"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142332004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Return-to-sports criteria used by professional team physicians in elite athletes after hip arthroscopy - a qualitative study.","authors":"Mario Pasurka, Mike Szlufcik, John Theodoropoulos, Marcel Betsch","doi":"10.1080/00913847.2024.2410148","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00913847.2024.2410148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The purpose of this study was to explore currently utilized readiness to Return to Sport (RTS) criteria after Hip Arthroscopy (HA) used in elite athletes to gain novel insights into the RTS decision-making process of professional team physicians. The authors hypothesized that even among this group of highly specialized physicians, there exists variability of measures and criteria used to determine RTS after HA.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 15 qualitative semi-structured interviews with professional team physicians were conducted by a single trained interviewer. The interviews were used to identify team physician concepts and themes regarding the criteria used to determine RTS after HA. Themes and sub-themes were identified using a general inductive analysis and a coding process. A hierarchical approach in coding helped to link themes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four key themes and several subordinate themes were identified from the interviews that seem to influence the return to sports decision. The most important RTS criteria were muscle strength (especially symmetric hip strength and muscle bulk with low side-to-side variance compared to the contralateral side) followed by pain-free sport-specific activity (pain-free drill skills and play at a lower level), physical examination (with major emphasis on the absence of hip pain with a painless hip range of motion compared to the contralateral side), and functional testing (including full squats, Ober test, FABER test, and pain-free FADIR position).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Besides objective findings, including muscle strength, we identified time after surgery as well as subjective findings, including absence of pain and feedback of clinical team members that influence RTS decision after HA. We showed that even among specialized professional team physicians, the main criteria to RTS in these categories were not consistent necessitating the further development of specific RTS guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":51268,"journal":{"name":"Physician and Sportsmedicine","volume":" ","pages":"64-71"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142332003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prior football or rugby exposure and white matter signal abnormalities in professional male mixed martial arts fighters.","authors":"Aaron I Esagoff, Mia K Gifford, Bharat R Narapareddy, Haris I Sair, Licia P Luna, Divyaansh Raj, Guogen Shan, Matthew Peters, Charles Bernick","doi":"10.1080/00913847.2024.2382085","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00913847.2024.2382085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>White matter signal abnormalities have been associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and repetitive head impacts (RHI) in contact sports (e.g. American football, rugby). However, previous studies of mixed martial arts (MMA) fighters from the Professional Fighters Brain Health Study have not found greater white matter signal abnormalities in fighters versus controls.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to explore the varying white matter effects of football/rugby and MMA by analyzing how football/rugby history in mixed martial arts fighters may relate to white matter signal abnormalities, helping to further our understanding of sport-specific brain health risks.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Baseline visits for 90 active, professional, male mixed martial arts fighters and 27 unexposed male controls were cross-sectionally analyzed. Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis tests compared demographics and white matter signal abnormalities, and multivariable regression models examined the associations between football/rugby history and white matter signal abnormality burden in fighters, adjusting for age, education, race, fights, MRI scanner, and supratentorial volume.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>37/90 fighters had football/rugby history (mean: 4 years; range: 1-12 years). White matter signal abnormalities were significantly greater in fighters with football/rugby history compared to fighters without football/rugby history (Wilcoxon, <i>p</i> = 0.0190). Football/rugby history was significantly associated with white matter signal abnormality burden >75^th percentile (OR: 12, CI: 3.3-61, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and >50^th percentile (OR: 3.2, CI: 1.2-9.4, <i>p</i> = 0.024) in fighters. Years of football/rugby were also significantly associated with white matter signal abnormalities.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings expand on previous literature by demonstrating a significant relationship between white matter signal abnormalities (WMSAs) and football/rugby history but not MMA. Furthermore, our study suggests an added risk for WMSAs in MMA fighters with a history of football/rugby. Future research should further evaluate WMSAs in contact sports, helping to inform athletes, regulatory bodies, and healthcare providers of the potential brain health risks of contact sports.</p>","PeriodicalId":51268,"journal":{"name":"Physician and Sportsmedicine","volume":" ","pages":"42-46"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141635699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Athlete advocacy: an examination of existing reporting frameworks and next steps.","authors":"Kiera Little, Mia V Rumps, Mary K Mulcahey","doi":"10.1080/00913847.2024.2440821","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00913847.2024.2440821","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 2017 USA Gymnastics (USAG) scandal, which revealed that Dr. Larry Nassar, head team physician for US gymnastics, sexually abused countless gymnasts, is one of the most widely recognized cases of sexual abuse in youth sports. Not only did Nassar abuse elite US gymnasts, but he also abused many student-athletes at Michigan State University. USAG and the United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee (USOPC) acted and began implementing the SafeSport training program to educate athletes, coaches, and staff about how to recognize and prevent abuse; however, similar training has not yet been implemented within the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and other major sports governing bodies in the United States. The purpose of this review was to examine the current recommendations for preventing abuse put in place by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and discuss how sports organizations can continue to improve on existing frameworks for reporting non-accidental violence in sports. An online search was conducted to determine the current frameworks recommended for abuse and harrassment reporting within sports. PubMed and a general online search were utilized. Official documentation from the governing bodies were used as definitive sources. Other literature was independently analyzed for validity. The current IOC guidelines recommend maintaining commitment, trustworthiness, and impartiality as key components of the abuse reporting process. A separate trauma framework from the Centre for Sports and Human Rights outlined a 5 step process to report abuse. The NCAA does not currently have a universal reporting framework in place. A combination of current IOC guidelines and existing trauma frameworks for abuse prevention would be an effective way to implement a centralized reporting framework for the NCAA in order to protect athletes. This would open up avenues for preventing perpetrator migration across sports, as well as creating an environment that has athlete safety as the highest priority.</p>","PeriodicalId":51268,"journal":{"name":"Physician and Sportsmedicine","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142796248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of repeated sportive chokes on carotid intima media thickness and brain injury biomarkers in grappling athletes.","authors":"Samuel J Stellpflug, Kirsten A Dalrymple, Daniel Stone, Samuel Southgate, David S Bachman, Robert C LeFevere, Jaan Hasan, Michael D Zwank","doi":"10.1080/00913847.2024.2366154","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00913847.2024.2366154","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Vascular neck compression techniques, referred to as 'chokes' in combat sports, reduce cerebral perfusion, causing loss of consciousness or voluntary submission by the choked athlete. Despite these chokes happening millions of times yearly around the world, there is scant research on their long-term effects. This pilot study evaluated whether repeated choking in submission grappling impacts the carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) and brain injury biomarkers (NFL, hGFAP, t-Tau, and UCH-L1).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants (<i>n</i> = 39, 29 male; ages 27-60 years) were assigned to one of two study arms: Grapplers (<i>n</i> = 20, 15 male) and 19 age/sex/body size matched controls. Grapplers had been exposed to >500 choke events while training for >5 years in a choke-inclusive sport. Exclusion criteria were recent TBI or deficits from a past TBI or stroke. Bilateral ultrasound measurement of the CIMT was performed, and blood was collected for quantitative analysis of four brain injury markers. Subgroup analyses were performed within the Grappler group to account for blunt head trauma as a possible confounder.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was no overall difference in CIMT measurements between Grapplers (mean 0.55 mm, SD 0.07) and Controls (mean 0.57 mm, SD 0.10) <i>p</i> = 0.498 [95% CI -0.04-0.08], nor were there CIMT differences between Grappler subgroups of blunt Trauma and No-Trauma. There were no significant differences in any biomarkers comparing Grapplers and Controls or comparing Grappler subgroups of Trauma and No-Trauma.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study found no significant difference in CIMT and serum brain injury biomarkers between controls and grapplers with extensive transient choke experience, nor between grapplers with extensive past blunt head trauma and those without.</p>","PeriodicalId":51268,"journal":{"name":"Physician and Sportsmedicine","volume":" ","pages":"18-26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141297208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}