Korean Journal of Orthodontics最新文献

{"title":"Clinical predictors of potentially impacted canines in low-risk patients: A retrospective study in mixed dentition.","authors":"Sergio Estelita Barros,&nbsp;Bianca Heck,&nbsp;Kelly Chiqueto,&nbsp;Eduardo Ferreira","doi":"10.4041/kjod22.179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod22.179","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the null hypothesis that there is no difference in a set of clinical predictors of potentially impacted canines between low-risk patients with and without displaced canines.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The normal canine position group consisted of 30 patients with 60 normally erupting canines ranked in sector I (age, 9.30 ± 0.94 years). The displaced canine group comprised 30 patients with 41 potentially impacted canines ranked in sectors II to IV (age, 9.46 ± 0.78 years). Maxillary lateral incisor crown angulation, inclination, rotation, width, height, and shape, as well as palatal depth, arch length, width, and perimeter composed a set of clinical predictors, which were evaluated on digital dental casts. Statistical analyses consisted of group comparisons and variable correlations (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a significant association between sex and mesially displaced canines. Unilateral canine displacement was more prevalent than bilateral displacement. The crown of the maxillary lateral incisors was significantly angulated more mesially and rotated mesiolabially in low-risk patients with displaced canines, who also had a shallower palate and shorter anterior dental arch length. Lateral incisor crown angulation and rotation, as well as palatal depth and arch length, were significantly correlated with the canine displacement severity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The null hypothesis was rejected. Maxillary lateral incisor angulation inconsistent with the \"ugly duckling\" stage as well as a shallow palate and short arch length are clinical predictors that can significantly contribute to the early screening of ectopic canines in low-risk patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":51260,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Orthodontics","volume":"53 2","pages":"106-115"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b6/3a/kjod-53-2-106.PMC10040294.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9192079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and validation of a novel screening instrument to prioritize the orthodontic referral of developing malocclusion in children: The index for interceptive orthodontics referral.","authors":"Saraswathy Devi Sinniah,&nbsp;Annapurny Venkiteswaran,&nbsp;Najiyatu Nazihah Zakaria","doi":"10.4041/kjod22.229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod22.229","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The absence of a guideline to refer to developing malocclusions appropriately, may be a contributing factor to the inadequacy of timely interceptive orthodontics provision. This study aimed to develop and validate a new orthodontic grading and referral index to be used by dental frontliners to prioritize the orthodontic referral of developing malocclusion in children based on its severity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study involving clinical assessment with 413 schoolchildren aged between 8.1 and 11.9 years was conducted in 2018. All the presenting malocclusion was listed and graded based on a few dental guidelines to produce the draft index. The validity and reliability of the draft index were tested using twenty study models. Face and content validation was carried out using the content validation index and Modified Kappa Statistics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fourteen dental and occlusal anomalies were identified as components of malocclusion and three grades of referral (monitor, standard, urgent) were included in the final index. The scale-level content validity index average value of 0.86 and 0.87 was obtained for content and face validation, respectively. There was moderate to excellent agreement in the Modified Kappa Statistics for both validations. Excellent inter- and intra-assessor agreement was obtained. The new index displayed valid and reliable scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The Index for Interceptive Orthodontics Referral was developed and validated for the dental frontliners to identify and prioritize the developing malocclusion in children based on its severity and refer for orthodontic consultation to increase the possibility for interceptive orthodontics.</p>","PeriodicalId":51260,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Orthodontics","volume":"53 2","pages":"116-124"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b2/50/kjod-53-2-116.PMC10040290.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9192082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional evaluation of mandibular width after mandibular asymmetric setback surgery using sagittal split ramus osteotomy.","authors":"Seong-Sik Kim, Sung-Hun Kim, Yong-Il Kim, Soo-Byung Park","doi":"10.4041/kjod22.077","DOIUrl":"10.4041/kjod22.077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The study aimed to evaluate the changes in mandibular width after sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) in patients with mandibular asymmetric prognathism using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seventy patients who underwent SSRO for mandibular setback surgery were included in two groups, symmetric (n = 35) and asymmetric (n = 35), which were divided according to the differences in their right and left setback amounts. The mandibular width was evaluated three-dimensionally using CBCT images taken immediately before surgery (T1), 3 days after surgery (T2), and 6 months after surgery (T3). Repeated measures analysis of variance was applied to verify the differences in mandibular width statistically.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both groups showed a significant increase in the mandibular width at T2, followed by a significant decrease at T3. No significant difference was observed between T1 and T3 in any of the measurements. No significant differences were found between the two groups (<i>p</i> > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>After mandibular asymmetric setback surgery using SSRO, the mandibular width increased immediately but returned to its original width 6 months after surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":51260,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Orthodontics","volume":"53 2","pages":"99-105"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/46/b0/kjod-53-2-99.PMC10040291.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9192077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accuracy of three-dimensional periodontal ligament models generated using cone-beam computed tomography at different resolutions for the assessment of periodontal bone loss.","authors":"Hangmiao Lyu,&nbsp;Li Xu,&nbsp;Huimin Ma,&nbsp;Jianxia Hou,&nbsp;Xiaoxia Wang,&nbsp;Yong Wang,&nbsp;Yijiao Zhao,&nbsp;Weiran Li,&nbsp;Xiaotong Li","doi":"10.4041/kjod22.120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod22.120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To develop a method for generating three-dimensional (3D) digital models of the periodontal ligament (PDL) using 3D cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) reconstruction and to evaluate the accuracy and agreement of the 3D PDL models in the measurement of periodontal bone loss.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>CBCT data collected from four patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion prior to periodontal surgery were reconstructed at three voxel sizes (0.2 mm, 0.25 mm, and 0.3 mm), and 3D tooth and alveolar bone models were generated to obtain digital PDL models for the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth. Linear measurements of the alveolar bone crest obtained during periodontal surgery were compared with the digital measurements for assessment of the accuracy of the digital models. The agreement and reliability of the digital PDL models were analyzed using intra- and interexaminer correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Digital models of the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth, PDL, and alveolar bone of the four patients were successfully established. Relative to the intraoperative measurements, linear measurements obtained from the 3D digital models were accurate, and there were no significant differences among different voxel sizes at different sites. High diagnostic coincidence rates were found for the maxillary anterior teeth. The digital models showed high intra- and interexaminer agreement.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Digital PDL models generated by 3D CBCT reconstruction can provide accurate and useful information regarding the alveolar crest morphology and facilitate reproducible measurements. This could assist clinicians in the evaluation of periodontal prognosis and establishment of an appropriate orthodontic treatment plan.</p>","PeriodicalId":51260,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Orthodontics","volume":"53 2","pages":"77-88"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/29/bd/kjod-53-2-77.PMC10040289.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9192078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histological analysis on tissues around orthodontically intruded maxillary molars using temporary anchorage devices: A case report.","authors":"Hui-Chen Tsai,&nbsp;Julia Yu-Fong Chang,&nbsp;Chia-Chun Tu,&nbsp;Chung-Chen Jane Yao","doi":"10.4041/kjod22.150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod22.150","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Before progress was recently made in the application of temporary anchorage devices (TADs) in bio-mechanical design, orthodontists were rarely able to intrude molars to reduce upper posterior dental height (UPDH). However, TADs are now widely used to intrude molars to flatten the occlusal plane or induce counterclockwise rotation of the mandible. Previous studies involving clinical or animal histological evaluation on changes in periodontal conditions after molar intrusion have been reported, however, studies involving human histology are scarce. This case was a Class I malocclusion with a high mandibular plane angle. Upper molar intrusion with TADs was performed to reduce UPDH, which led to counterclockwise rotation of the mandible. After 5 months of upper molar intrusion, shortened clinical crowns were noticed, which caused difficulties in oral hygiene and hindered orthodontic tooth movement. The mid-treatment cone-beam computed tomography revealed redundant bone physically interfering with buccal attachment and osseous resective surgeries were followed. During the surgeries, bilateral mini screws were removed and bulging alveolar bone and gingiva were harvested for biopsy. Histological examination revealed bacterial colonies at the bottom of the sulcus. Infiltration of chronic inflammatory cells underneath the non-keratinized sulcular epithelium was noted, with abundant capillaries being filled with red blood cells. Proximal alveolar bone facing the bottom of the gingival sulcus exhibited active bone remodeling and woven bone formation with plump osteocytes in the lacunae. On the other hand, buccal alveolar bone exhibited lamination, indicating slow bone turnover in the lateral region.</p>","PeriodicalId":51260,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Orthodontics","volume":"53 2","pages":"125-136"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a6/74/kjod-53-2-125.PMC10040292.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9192081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermo-mechanical properties in bending of a multizone nickel-titanium archwire: A retrieval analysis.","authors":"Panagiotis Roulias,&nbsp;Ioulia-Maria Mylonopoulou,&nbsp;Iosif Sifakakis,&nbsp;Christoph Bourauel,&nbsp;Theodore Eliades","doi":"10.4041/kjod22.183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod22.183","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to compare the mechanical and thermal properties in the anterior and posterior segments of new and retrieved specimens of a commercially available multizone superelastic nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwire.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The following groups of 0.016 × 0.022-inch Bioforce NiTi archwires were compared: a) anterior and b) posterior segments of new specimens and c) anterior and d) posterior segments of retrieved specimens. Six specimens were evaluated in each group, by three-point bending and bend and free recovery tests. Bending moduli (Eb) were calculated. Furthermore, the new specimens were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. A multiple linear regression model with a random intercept at the wire level was applied for data analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The forces in the posterior segments or new specimens were higher than those recorded in the anterior segments or retrieved specimens, respectively. Accordingly, Eb also varied. Higher austenite start and austenite finish (Af) temperatures were recorded in the anterior segments. No statistically significant differences were found for these temperatures between retrieved and new wires. The mean elemental composition was (weight percentage): Ni, 52.6 ± 0.5; Ti, 47.4 ± 0.5.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The existence of multiple force zones was confirmed in new and retrieved Bioforce archwires. The retrieved archwires demonstrated lower forces during the initial stages of deactivation in three-point bending tests, compared with new specimens. The Af temperature of these archwires may lie higher than the regular intraoral temperature. Even at 2 mm deflections, the forces recorded from these archwires may lie beyond biologically safe limits.</p>","PeriodicalId":51260,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Orthodontics","volume":"53 2","pages":"89-98"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b5/e8/kjod-53-2-89.PMC10040288.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9195859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional evaluation of the mandibular condyle in adults with various skeletal patterns.","authors":"Ahmed Maher Mohsen,&nbsp;Junjie Ye,&nbsp;Akram Al-Nasri,&nbsp;Catherine Chu,&nbsp;Wei-Bing Zhang","doi":"10.4041/kjod22.076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod22.076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Morphometric and morphological evaluation of the mandibular condyle in adults and to identify its correlation with skeletal malocclusion patterns.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cone-beam computed tomography scans of 135 adult patients were used in this study and classified into groups according to four criteria: (1) sex (male and female); (2) sagittal skeletal discrepancy (Class I, Class II, and Class III); (3) vertical skeletal discrepancy (hyperdivergent, normodivergent, and hypodivergent); and age (group 1 ≤ 20 years, 21 ≤ group 2 < 30, and group 3 ≥ 30 years). The morphometrical variables were mandibular condyle height and width, and the morphological variable was the mandibular condyle shape in coronal and sagittal sections. Three-dimensional standard tessellation language files were created using itk-snap (open-source software), and measurements were performed using Meshmixer (open-source software).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mandibular condyle height was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in patients with class III malocclusion than in those with class I or II malocclusion; the mandibular condyle width was not significantly different among different sexes, age groups, and sagittal and vertical malocclusions. There were no statistical associations between various mandibular condyle shapes and the sexes, age groups, and skeletal malocclusions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The condylar height was greatest in patients with class III malocclusion. The condylar height and width were greater among males than in females. The mandibular condyle shapes observed in sagittal and coronal sections did not affect the skeletal malocclusion patterns.</p>","PeriodicalId":51260,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Orthodontics","volume":"53 2","pages":"67-76"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/5a/26/kjod-53-2-67.PMC10040293.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9550690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of orthodontic bonding with different surface treatments on color stability and translucency of full cubic stabilized zirconia after coffee thermocycling.","authors":"Yasamin Babaee Hemmati,&nbsp;Hamid Neshandar Asli,&nbsp;Alireza Mahmoudi Nahavandi,&nbsp;Nika Safari,&nbsp;Mehran Falahchai","doi":"10.4041/kjod22.144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod22.144","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the color stability and translucency of full cubic stabilized zirconia (FSZ) following orthodontic bonding with different surface treatments and coffee thermocycling (CTC).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This <i>in vitro</i> study was conducted on 120 disc-shaped specimens of FSZ. Thirty specimens were selected as the control group and remained intact. The remaining specimens were randomly divided into three groups based on the type of surface treatment (n = 30): airborne particle abrasion (APA), silica-coating (CoJet), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) laser. After metal bracket bonding in the test groups, debonding and polishing were performed. Subsequently, all specimens underwent CTC (10,000 cycles). Color parameters, color difference (ΔE₀₀), and translucency parameter (TP) were measured three times at baseline (t0), after debonding and polishing (t1), and after CTC (t2). Data were statistically analyzed (α = 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant difference existed among the groups regarding ΔE₀₀t0t2 (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The APA group showed minimum (ΔE₀₀ = 1.15 ± 0.53) and the control group showed maximum (ΔE₀₀ = 0.19 ± 0.02) color stability, with no significant difference between the laser and CoJet groups (<i>p</i> = 0.511). The four groups were significantly different regarding ΔTPt0t2 (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Maximal increases in TP were noted in the CoJet (1.00 ± 0.18) and APA (1.04 ± 0.38) groups while minimal increase was recorded in the control group (0.1 ± 0.02).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Orthodontic treatment makes zirconia restorations susceptible to discoloration and increased translucency. Nonetheless, the recorded ΔE₀₀ and ΔTP did not exceed the acceptability threshold.</p>","PeriodicalId":51260,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Orthodontics","volume":"53 3","pages":"139-149"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6f/c7/kjod-53-3-139.PMC10212774.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9525485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"READER'S FORUM.","authors":"Haeddeuri Kim","doi":"10.4041/kjod.53.0001RF","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod.53.0001RF","url":null,"abstract":"A1. We followed the protocol in the article published in 2009. We used NFZ plane as cranial base reference plane. The NFZ plane was formed by nasion (N) and two frontozygomatic (FZ) points. The Cartesian coordinate value of N point registered as the origin were adjusted based on (0, 0, 0). First, the z-coordinates of both FZ points was set symmetrically in the frontal plane. Second, the y-coordinates of FZ points on the axial plane was adjusted symmetrically. Finally, we manipulated the z-coordinates of left temporal-fossa points and orbitale as close as possible. Figures 1–3 from the article by Dr. Cho was very helpful for this reorientation procedure.","PeriodicalId":51260,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Orthodontics","volume":"53 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/8a/51/kjod-53-1-1.PMC9877366.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9193762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does surgically assisted maxillary protraction with skeletal anchorage and Class III elastics affect the pharyngeal airway? A retrospective, long-term study.","authors":"Elvan Onem Ozbilen,&nbsp;Petros Papaefthymiou,&nbsp;Hanife Nuray Yilmaz,&nbsp;Nazan Küçükkeleş","doi":"10.4041/kjod22.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod22.117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Surgically assisted maxillary protraction is an alternative protocol in severe Class III cases or after the adolescent growth spurt involving increased maxillary advancement. Correction of the maxillary deficiency has been suggested to improve pharyngeal airway dimensions. Therefore, this retrospective study aimed to analyze the airway changes cephalometrically following surgically assisted maxillary protraction with skeletal anchorage and Class III elastics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study population consisted of 15 Class III patients treated with surgically assisted maxillary protraction combined with skeletal anchorage and Class III elastics (mean age: 12.9 ± 1.2 years). Growth changes were initially assessed for a mean of 5.5 ± 1.6 months prior to treatment. Airway and skeletal changes in the control (T0), pre-protraction (T1), post-protraction (T2), and follow-up (T3) periods were monitored and compared using lateral cephalometric radiographs. Statistical significance was set at <i>p</i> < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The skeletal or airway parameters showed no statistically significant changes during the control period. Sella to nasion angle, N perpendicular to A, Point A to Point B angle, and Frankfort plane to mandibular plane angle increased significantly during the maxillary protraction period (<i>p</i> < 0.05), but no significant changes were observed in airway parameters (<i>p</i> > 0.05). No statistically significant changes were observed in the airway parameters in the follow-up period either. However, Sella to Gonion distance increased significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) during the follow-up period.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>No significant changes in pharyngeal airway parameters were found during the control, maxillary protraction, and follow-up periods. Moreover, the significant increases in the skeletal parameters during maxillary protraction were maintained in the long-term.</p>","PeriodicalId":51260,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Orthodontics","volume":"53 1","pages":"35-44"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/09/39/kjod-53-1-35.PMC9877364.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9207966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}