Alpine Botany最新文献

{"title":"Aboveground-trait variations in 11 (sub)alpine plants along a 1000-m elevation gradient in tropical Mexico","authors":"Nereyda Cruz-Maldonado,&nbsp;Monique Weemstra,&nbsp;Leonor Jiménez,&nbsp;Catherine Roumet,&nbsp;Guillermo Angeles,&nbsp;Isabelle Barois,&nbsp;Martin de los Santos,&nbsp;Marco A. Morales-Martinez,&nbsp;René A. Palestina,&nbsp;Hervé Rey,&nbsp;Katrin Sieron,&nbsp;Alexia Stokes,&nbsp;Fabien Anthelme","doi":"10.1007/s00035-021-00260-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00035-021-00260-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the aim to explore how plants acclimate to elevation changes in the understudied (sub)alpine tropics we tested two hypotheses along a 1000-m elevation gradient in Mexico: (H1) due to a severe increase in abiotic constraints at higher elevations, the functional traits of the plant species will converge toward more resource conservation, and (H2) the specific growth forms and biogeographic origins present in the (sub)alpine tropics may influence the interspecific trait variation along the gradient. We measured five aboveground functional traits: specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry-matter content (LDMC), leaf thickness, leaf area and plant height, of 11 species representing four growth forms: rosette, tussock grass, shrub and tree the soil microclimate. Microclimatic data revealed a steep decrease in soil water content at higher elevations. Across all species and all individuals, SLA, plant height and leaf area decreased with elevation, whereas LDMC and leaf thickness increased, all of which revealing adjustments towards resource conservation in line with H1. Consistently with H2, the functional traits of the growth forms that were characteristic of tropical alpine regions (tussock grasses and erect shrubs) were less sensitive to changes in elevation compared to more generalist growth forms such as forbs. In addition, within the growth form “rosette” the functional traits of species of tropical biogeographic origin changed with elevation, whereas those of Holarctic origin did not. Our data indicate a convergence of plant traits toward improved resource conservation at higher elevations, which may be influenced partially by the growth form and the biogeographical origin of plant species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51238,"journal":{"name":"Alpine Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00035-021-00260-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50440380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative phylogeography of Acanthocalyx (Caprifoliaceae) reveals distinct genetic structures in the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains","authors":"Qi-Yong Mu,&nbsp;Chih-Chieh Yu,&nbsp;Yan Wang,&nbsp;Ting-Shen Han,&nbsp;Hui Wang,&nbsp;Wen-Na Ding,&nbsp;Qiu-Yue Zhang,&nbsp;Shook Ling Low,&nbsp;Quan-Jing Zheng,&nbsp;Chuan Peng,&nbsp;Zheng-Yan Hu,&nbsp;Yao-Wu Xing","doi":"10.1007/s00035-021-00262-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00035-021-00262-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Himalaya–Hengduan Mountain (HHM) region consists of two global biodiversity hotspots characterized by a high degree of plant endemism. However, little is known about how these endemic species are formed and maintained in relation to the regional geomorphology of the past or current time. Thus, this study investigated the genetic structure of the herbaceous genus <i>Acanthocalyx</i> (Caprifoliaceae) endemic to the HHM to demonstrate if major geographic or ecological barriers in the HHM region have influenced its phylogeographic patterns. Our analyses revealed distinct genetic structures within <i>A. alba</i> and <i>A. nepalensis</i> and indicated that <i>A. delavayi</i> may have recently evolved from isolated peripheral populations of <i>A. nepalensis</i>. In particular, we not only confirmed a well-known genetic structure of alpine plants between the Himalayas and the Hengduan Mountains but also discovered a notable floristic boundary (bounded by 30° to 31°N latitude) within the Hengduan Mountains from <i>A. alba</i>. This study provides new insights into the dispersal and intraspecific genetic variation of <i>Acanthocalyx</i> and highlights the importance of geomorphological features for the diversification of HHM alpine flora.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51238,"journal":{"name":"Alpine Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00035-021-00262-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50432680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting patterns of phylogenetic diversity and alpine specialization across the alpine flora of the American mountain range system","authors":"Hector Fox Figueroa,&nbsp;Hannah E. Marx,&nbsp;Maria Beatriz de Souza Cortez,&nbsp;Charles J. Grady,&nbsp;Nicholas J. Engle-Wrye,&nbsp;Jim Beach,&nbsp;Aimee Stewart,&nbsp;Ryan A. Folk,&nbsp;Douglas E. Soltis,&nbsp;Pamela S. Soltis,&nbsp;Stephen A. Smith","doi":"10.1007/s00035-021-00261-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00035-021-00261-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Although mountainous habitats contribute substantially to global biodiversity, comparatively little is known about biogeographic patterns of distributions of alpine species across multiple mountain ranges. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the distributions and phylogenetic affinities of alpine seed plant lineages across North, Central, and South American mountain systems. Using a large dataset that characterizes the elevational niches of American seed plants in a continuously valued way, we related the proportion of alpine habitat occupied by plant lineages to their biogeographic distributions at a regional scale and place these results in a phylogenetic context. We found alpine species diversity to be greatest in the central Andes and western North America, and that assemblages with lower phylogenetic diversity contained species with a greater degree of alpine specialization. In particular, near-Arctic/boreal alpine communities were characterized by low phylogenetic diversity and higher degrees of alpine specialization, whereas the opposite was observed for southern Patagonian communities. These results suggest that abiotic filtering alone in these climatically similar regions is unlikely to explain alpine community assembly. Nevertheless, the overall relative rarity of alpine specialists, and the tendency for such specialists to be most closely related to montane lineages, suggested that filtering was still an important factor in shaping alpine community structure. This work corroborates the importance of a nuanced and scale-dependent perspective on the ‘history-filtering’ debate axis, as both factors have likely contributed to modern biodiversity patterns observed in alpine plant communities across the Americas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51238,"journal":{"name":"Alpine Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00035-021-00261-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50512916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary origins and species delineation of the two Pyrenean endemics Campanula jaubertiana and C. andorrana (Campanulaceae): evidence for transverse alpine speciation","authors":"Cristina Roquet,&nbsp;Jan Smyčka,&nbsp;Adriana Alberti,&nbsp;Martí Boleda,&nbsp;Eric Coissac,&nbsp;France Denoeud,&nbsp;Benjamin Komac,&nbsp;Sébastien Lavergne,&nbsp;Clara Pladevall,&nbsp;Llorenç Sáez","doi":"10.1007/s00035-021-00257-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00035-021-00257-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Species diversity may be underestimated even in well-explored mountain regions due to the lack of in-depth research in taxonomically intricate groups. Filling such knowledge gap is necessary to optimize conservation management, specially for species occurring in vulnerable ecosystems such as Southern European mountains. <i>Campanula </i>sect. <i>Heterophylla</i> is a complex group with a high proportion of endemic taxa in European mountain ranges, and whose species delineation is often controversial due to extensive morphological variation. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary entity of its taxa occurring in the Pyrenees, with a special focus on the Pyrenean endemic <i>C. jaubertiana</i> (which is sometimes included as a subspecies of or merged with <i>C. cochleariifolia</i>); and <i>C. andorrana</i>, a taxon allegedly endemic to Andorra (Eastern Pyrenees) and of uncertain taxonomic value. We obtained chloroplast genome and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences, including several individuals of the three focus taxa, and conducted morphometric analyses. Phylogenetic analyses show that <i>C. jaubertiana</i> sensu lato (s. l.; i.e. including <i>C. andorrana</i>) constitutes a clearly distinct lineage that is not even closely related to <i>C. cochleariifolia</i>; consistent differences in floral morphology were detected between them. Our results support two main evolutionary lineages within <i>C. jaubertiana</i> s. l., one corresponding to populations in Central Pyrenees, and another one in Eastern Pyrenees plus Catalan Pre-Pyrenees. Given the degree of genetic and morphological differentiation, we propose the species rank for each lineage (<i>C. jaubertiana</i> and <i>C. andorrana,</i> respectively) and provide a taxonomic treatment. These two Pyrenean endemics likely diverged through transverse allopatric speciation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51238,"journal":{"name":"Alpine Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00035-021-00257-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50512915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surviving in southern refugia: the case of Veronica aragonensis, a rare endemic from the Iberian Peninsula","authors":"Nélida Padilla-García,&nbsp;Nathalie Machon,&nbsp;José G. Segarra-Moragues,&nbsp;M. Montserrat Martínez-Ortega","doi":"10.1007/s00035-021-00258-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00035-021-00258-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Understanding in what way cold-adapted mountain species have responded to historical climatic fluctuations in southern European refugia and investigating the genetic variation of endemic species is fundamental to predict their survival under contemporary global climate change. <i>Veronica aragonensis</i> (Plantaginaceae) is a tetraploid species endemic to the Iberian Peninsula that survived the climatic oscillations of the Quaternary. This species is adapted to cold environments and is included in several regional Red Lists due to its small and disjunct distribution range in high-mountain habitats (Pyrenees, Pre-Pyrenees and Baetic System). With the aim of deciphering the phylogeographical processes that underlie the presently disjunct distribution pattern of <i>V. aragonensis</i> and to evaluate its conservation status, we used 9 microsatellite loci to genotype 324 individuals from 12 populations representing the three disjunct areas where the species is distributed. Our results suggest that range fragmentation of an ancient continuous distribution of <i>V. aragonensis</i>—particularly in the low elevation mountain ranges located between the Pyrenees and the Baetic System—during the Last Glacial Maximum is the most plausible explanation for the disjunct distribution pattern of the species. Lastly, the intraspecific genetic patterns are discussed to predict how this endemic species can be affected by global climate warming. Based on the genetic data obtained here, an appropriate evaluation of the conservation status of <i>V. aragonensis</i> and some management strategies are provided.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51238,"journal":{"name":"Alpine Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00035-021-00258-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50459762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pollinator sharing among co-flowering plants mediates patterns of pollen transfer","authors":"Tao Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaoxin Tang,&nbsp;Qiang Fang","doi":"10.1007/s00035-021-00255-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00035-021-00255-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Co-flowering plant species often share pollinators, which could result in interspecific pollination. Despite some evidence suggesting plant species with overlapping pollinators influence each other’s pollination, the relationship between pollinator sharing and heterospecific pollen transfer (HPT) is not well explained at the community level. Here, we sampled a plant-pollinator visitation network to calculate the degree of pollinator sharing, and we identified pollen deposition on stigmas of co-flowering species to construct a HPT network in a sub-alpine meadow in southwest China. We also analyzed floral colour using reflectance spectra to measure the flower reflectance dissimilarity between each pair species. We found that there was no pollen transfer between most species pairs with shared pollinators. A higher proportion of HPT links between plant species pairs with shared pollinators was observed than between pairs with distinct pollinators. More pollen grains were transferred from donor to recipient species with greater pollinator sharing. Flowers with more dissimilar flower colours exchanged less heterospecific pollen. Our study evaluated the effect of pollinator sharing in shaping pollen transfer patterns among co-flowering species, which may shed light on the ecological implications of plant–pollinator interactions, mediated by pollinator sharing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51238,"journal":{"name":"Alpine Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00035-021-00255-w","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50506599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Elevation-specific responses of phenology in evergreen oaks from their low-dry to their extreme high-cold range limits in the SE Himalaya","authors":"Song-Wei Wang,&nbsp;Xiao-Fang He,&nbsp;Jian-Guo Chen,&nbsp;Hang Sun,&nbsp;Christian Körner,&nbsp;Yang Yang","doi":"10.1007/s00035-021-00253-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00035-021-00253-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51238,"journal":{"name":"Alpine Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00035-021-00253-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50482860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do pentaploid hybrids mediate gene flow between tetraploid Senecio disjunctus and hexaploid S. carniolicus s. str. (S. carniolicus aggregate, Asteraceae)?","authors":"Andrea Peskoller,&nbsp;Lisa Silbernagl,&nbsp;Karl Hülber,&nbsp;Michaela Sonnleitner,&nbsp;Peter Schönswetter","doi":"10.1007/s00035-021-00254-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00035-021-00254-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polyploids with odd-ploidy levels may play an important evolutionary role as they enable backcrosses with their parental cytotypes. We chose the ploidy-variable <i>Senecio carniolicus</i> species group to address the overarching question if pentaploid individuals, which occur at high frequencies in immediate contact zones of parental tetraploids and hexaploids, mediate effective interploidy gene flow. We employed a set of approaches including relative genome size (RGS) determination and viability tests of pollen, RGS of the embryo, viability tests and germination experiments of seeds, and RGS and survival experiments of seedlings to tackle the following specific questions. Is pollen of pentaploid individuals viable suggesting regular meiosis in spite of the odd-ploidy level? Are the five sets of chromosomes split into 2.5 compliments, or rather into two and three compliments? Do crossings between pentaploid individuals produce viable seeds and seedlings, suggesting that pentaploids are an independent evolutionary unit? We found that pollen stainability is not strongly reduced in pentaploids and that the five chromosome complements are most often split into 2.5 complements. Seeds originating from homoploid crossings of pentaploids show a very low viability whereas backcrosses with tetraploids or hexaploids were more successful. No significant difference in seedling survival was observed among the different crossings but seedlings emerging from 5<i>x</i>5<i>x</i> crosses were significantly smaller than both, seedlings from backcrosses and from homoploid parental crosses. Altogether, our results indicate that pentaploids may play an important evolutionary role as mediators of gene flow but that they rather do not form an independent evolutionary unit.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51238,"journal":{"name":"Alpine Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00035-021-00254-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50476775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flowering phenology in alpine grassland strongly responds to shifts in snowmelt but weakly to summer drought","authors":"Maria Vorkauf,&nbsp;Ansgar Kahmen,&nbsp;Christian Körner,&nbsp;Erika Hiltbrunner","doi":"10.1007/s00035-021-00252-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00035-021-00252-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Alpine plants complete their seasonal phenological cycle during two to three snow-free months. Under climate change, snowmelt advances and the risk of summer droughts increases. Yet, photoperiodism may prevent alpine plants from benefiting from an earlier start of the growing season. To identify the drivers of flowering phenology in the seven main species of an alpine grassland, we experimentally shifted the snowmelt date through snow manipulations, and excluded precipitation during summer. With “time-to-event” models, we analysed the beginning of main flowering with respect to temperature sums, time after snowmelt, and calendar day (photoperiod). We identified two phenology types: four species tracking snowmelt dates directly or with a certain lag set by temperature sums, including the dominant sedge <i>Carex curvula</i>, <i>Anthoxanthum alpinum Helictotrichon versicolor</i>, and <i>Trifolium alpinum</i>, and three species tracking photoperiod: <i>Geum montanum</i>, <i>Leontodon helveticus</i> and <i>Potentilla aurea</i>. Photoperiodism did not act as daylength threshold but rather modulated the thermal sums at flowering. Hence, photoperiod delayed flowering after earlier snowmelt. The grass <i>A. alpinum</i> was the only one of seven species that clearly responded to drought by earlier and longer flowering. The remarkably high importance of snowmelt dates for both phenology types suggests an earlier onset of flowering in a warmer climate, particularly for non-photoperiod-sensitive species, with an increasing risk for freezing damages and potential disruptions of biotic interactions in the most frequent type of alpine grassland across the Alps. Consequentially, the distinct microclimate and species-specific responses to photoperiod challenge temperature-only based projections of climate warming effects on alpine plant species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51238,"journal":{"name":"Alpine Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00035-021-00252-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50450885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Habitat-specific effects of flowering advance on fruit-set success of alpine plants: a long-term record of flowering phenology and fruit-set success of Rhododendron aureum","authors":"Gaku Kudo","doi":"10.1007/s00035-021-00248-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00035-021-00248-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Global warming tends to accelerate flowering phenology of alpine plants, and it may cause a decrease in fruit production due to lower pollinator activity and/or higher risk of frost damage earlier in the season. Because flowering period of alpine plants varies highly depending on snowmelt conditions, the effects of phenological variation on fruit-set success may vary among local populations. I observed the relationship between flowering time and fruit-set success in four populations of a bee-pollinated dwarf shrub, <i>Rhododendron aureum,</i> located in fellfield and snowbed habitats in northern Japan, for 12 or 13 years over the 25 years from 1995 to 2019. Flowering of the fellfield populations usually occurred in June, and flowering of the snowbed populations commonly started after mid-July, although there was considerable yearly variation in actual flowering time within individual populations. Generally, the fruit-set rates of the fellfield populations were low, with large yearly fluctuations, whereas those of the snowbed populations were stable and high. There was a clear trend toward a decrease in fruit-set rates with earlier flowering in the fellfield populations due to pollen limitation and occasional frost damage. The risk of frost damage increased with earlier flowering in the fellfield habitat. These results indicate that the effects of climate change on fruit-set success of alpine plants are strongly site-specific and are greatest early in the growing season.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51238,"journal":{"name":"Alpine Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2021-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00035-021-00248-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50481119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}