Metals Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.3390/met14060604

Harald Philipson, Maria Wallin, K. Einarsrud

{"title":"Aluminothermic Reduction Kinetics of Calcium Silicate Slag for Silicon Alloy Production","authors":"Harald Philipson, Maria Wallin, K. Einarsrud","doi":"10.3390/met14060604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met14060604","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the reaction kinetics and initial chemical conditions in the production of silicon alloys, employing aluminum as the reductant for calcium silicate slag, to enhance process economics and scalability to industrial levels. The apparent kinetics and transient chemical conditions were studied by immersing solid aluminum into molten slag, allowing the reaction to proceed for varying durations without external agitation, before quenching the reaction for chemical and microscopic analyses of the resulting silicon alloy and slag. The majority of the conversion was observed within the first 15 s at 1650 °C, driven by significant chemical interactions and interfacial turbulence introduced upon aluminum immersion. For Al-SiO2 stoichiometries ranging from 0.5 to 1.2, the slag phase reaction conformed to first-order kinetics during the initial two minutes, when it approached equilibrium. The mass transfer coefficients for Al2O3 were estimated at 1–2 × 10−4 m/s, comparable to those for SiO2 and CaO. A constant mass transfer coefficient could not be established for stoichiometries of 1.6 and 2, as these deviated from the standard slag mass transfer relationship and did not adhere to established relationships. Despite near-complete reactions, alloy–slag mixing was extensive, decreasing with lower stoichiometry values.","PeriodicalId":510812,"journal":{"name":"Metals","volume":"17 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141118319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Microstructure Dependence of Magnetic Properties for Al1.5Fe3Co3Cr1 Multi-Principal-Element Alloy Al1.5Fe3Co3Cr1 多主元素合金磁性能的显微结构依赖性

Metals Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.3390/met14060608

Shaoheng Sun, Yaxia Qiao, Hao Zhang, Dejun Tu, Guojun Wang, Zhenhua Wang, Qing Wang

引用次数: 0

Hydrostatic Equation of State of bcc Bi by Directly Solving the Partition Function 通过直接求解分馏函数计算 bcc Bi 的静水状态方程

Metals Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.3390/met14050601

Yue-Yue Tian, Bo-Yuan Ning, Hui-Fen Zhang, Xi-Jing Ning

引用次数: 0

Batch Sintering of FeO·OH and Fe2O3 Blends: Chemical and Metallurgical Characterization 批量烧结 FeO-OH 和 Fe2O3 混合物：化学和冶金表征

Metals Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.3390/met14050598

Igor J. U. V. Pereira, Henrique C. S. Coelho, Cláudio G. Santos, E. Brocchi, Rodrigo F. M. Souza, Víctor A. A. Oliveira

{"title":"Batch Sintering of FeO·OH and Fe2O3 Blends: Chemical and Metallurgical Characterization","authors":"Igor J. U. V. Pereira, Henrique C. S. Coelho, Cláudio G. Santos, E. Brocchi, Rodrigo F. M. Souza, Víctor A. A. Oliveira","doi":"10.3390/met14050598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met14050598","url":null,"abstract":"A sample of goethite iron ore sinter feed (G_SF) was employed as a raw material in a sintering bed. This sample partially replaced hematite sinter feed (H_SF), which is currently used as raw material in a sintering plant in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. This substitution did not adversely affect the chemical and metallurgical proprieties of the sinter mix product, provided that the utilization of G_SF was kept below 30% in weight. Despite the higher proportion of fines in G_SF, the presence of argillaceous minerals in the sample led to an improvement in the granulation index (GI) of the sinter mix product. The GI value increased from 68.4 to 82.7% for the experiments conducted without the presence of goethite ore and with 40% of goethite ore in the sintering mix, respectively. Consequently, the qualities of both the process and the produced sinter product were not compromised. The raw materials and the various sinters produced were characterized through X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), as well as thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The XRD results were used to perform a quantitative assessment of the mineral phase using the Rietveld method (RM). This technique allowed for the determination of goethite content in the studied sample, which was 35.5%. Finally, the incorporation of G_SF in the sintering bed led to a 20% reduction in the cost of raw materials.","PeriodicalId":510812,"journal":{"name":"Metals","volume":"79 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141123043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Activity Calculation and Vacuum Separation Theoretical Research concerning Ag–Cu, Ag–Sb and Cu–Sb Binary Alloys 有关银铜、银锑和铜锑二元合金的活性计算和真空分离理论研究

Metals Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.3390/met14050603

Qingsong Li, Yang Tian, Lingxin Kong, Bin Yang, Baoqiang Xu, Wen-long Jiang, Lipeng Wang

{"title":"Activity Calculation and Vacuum Separation Theoretical Research concerning Ag–Cu, Ag–Sb and Cu–Sb Binary Alloys","authors":"Qingsong Li, Yang Tian, Lingxin Kong, Bin Yang, Baoqiang Xu, Wen-long Jiang, Lipeng Wang","doi":"10.3390/met14050603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met14050603","url":null,"abstract":"The Ag–Cu–Sb system is a key component of lead anode slime and boasts an exceptionally high economic recovery value. In this work, six models, including the Molecular Interaction Volume Model (MIVM), Modified Molecular Interaction Volume Model (M-MIVM), Wilson equation, Miedema model, Regular Solution Model (RSE) and Sub-Regular Solution Model (SRSE), are used to calculate the predicted values of the activity and its deviations with experimental data for binary alloys in the Ag–Cu–Sb system for the first time. The result reveals that the overall means of the average relative deviation and average standard deviation of the M-MIVM are 0.01501 and 3.97278%, respectively, which are about two to six times smaller than those of the other five models, indicating the stability and reliability of the M-MIVM. In the meantime, the predicted data of the Cu–Ag binary alloy at 1423 K, Sb–Ag binary alloy at 1250 K and Sb–Cu binary alloy at 1375 K calculated from the M-MIVM are more reliable and pass the Herington test. Then, the separation coefficient–composition (β–x), temperature–composition (T–x–y) and pressure–composition (P–x–y) of the Cu–Ag, Sb–Ag and Sb–Cu binary alloys are plotted based on the M-MIVM and vacuum theories, showing that the Cu–Ag binary alloy is relatively difficult to separate and that high temperatures or high copper contents are detrimental to obtaining high-purity silver. Meanwhile, theoretical data of the T–x–y diagram are consistent with the available experimental data. These results can guide vacuum separation experiments and industrial production concerning Ag–Cu, Ag–Sb and Cu–Sb binary alloys.","PeriodicalId":510812,"journal":{"name":"Metals","volume":"1 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141120368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Aging Treatment Induces the Preferential Crystallographic Orientation of αs in the Near-α Titanium Alloy Ti60 时效处理诱导近α钛合金 Ti60 中 α 的优先结晶取向

Metals Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.3390/met14050602

Bin Liu, Chenglu Liu, Xuewen Li, Hao Wu, Kesong Miao, He Wu, Rengeng Li

{"title":"Aging Treatment Induces the Preferential Crystallographic Orientation of αs in the Near-α Titanium Alloy Ti60","authors":"Bin Liu, Chenglu Liu, Xuewen Li, Hao Wu, Kesong Miao, He Wu, Rengeng Li","doi":"10.3390/met14050602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met14050602","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we subjected the Ti60 alloy to solid-solution treatment at 1020 °C and aging treatment at 600 °C, respectively, achieving a bimodal microstructure. The microstructures obtained after aging treatment showed no significant difference in the primary α-phase content, size, and width of the lamellar α phase. This suggests that the final microstructure morphology is primarily determined by the solid-solution temperature, with the aging process exerting less pronounced effects on microstructural alterations. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of solid-solution and aging treatment on the crystallographic orientation evolution of the secondary α phase (αs) in the near-α titanium alloy Ti60. The αs phase displays a random orientation in solid-solution treatment sample, while it demonstrated a preferential {0 1 −1 0} orientation after aging treatment. This interesting phenomenon is attributed to the enhanced variant selection resulting from the dissolution of variant near 60° and 90° during aging. Furthermore, the αs with {0 1 −1 0} orientation nucleated at the grain boundary and coalesced into larger αs lath with increasing aging time, further contributing to the αs {0 1 −1 0} texture.","PeriodicalId":510812,"journal":{"name":"Metals","volume":"36 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141120399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Effect of Hot Forming–Quenching and Heat Treatment Processes on the Mechanical Properties of AA6016 Aluminum Alloy Sheets 热成形-淬火和热处理工艺对 AA6016 铝合金板材机械性能的影响

Metals Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.3390/met14050599

Jiahong Lu, Baitong Liu, Shiyao Huang, Zuguo Bao, Yutong Yang, Xilin Li, Zhenfei Zhan, Qing Liu

{"title":"The Effect of Hot Forming–Quenching and Heat Treatment Processes on the Mechanical Properties of AA6016 Aluminum Alloy Sheets","authors":"Jiahong Lu, Baitong Liu, Shiyao Huang, Zuguo Bao, Yutong Yang, Xilin Li, Zhenfei Zhan, Qing Liu","doi":"10.3390/met14050599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met14050599","url":null,"abstract":"This study explored the impact of Hot Forming–Quenching (HFQ) and heat treatment processes on the mechanical properties of AA6016 sheets. The experimental findings demonstrated that at high-temperature pre-straining (HT-PS) of 15%, the strength performance of the AA6016 sheet exhibited enhancement, with a progressive increase in both the heat treatment temperature and duration. Conversely, under HT-PS conditions of 3% and 7%, the heat treatment process exhibited a relatively modest impact on the mechanical properties of the AA6016 sheet. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed to understand the influence of different process conditions on the precipitated phases. By comparing the precipitation peaks of the β″ phase at HT-PS of 3% and 15%, it was observed that the precipitation peak of the β″ phase decreased with an increase in HT-PS. This indicated that HT-PS promoted the precipitation of the β″ phase. In order to forecast the mechanical performance of the AA6016 sheets after applying various pre-straining and heat treatment parameters, two models were used: a backpropagation (BP) neural network and a genetic algorithm (GA)-BP neural network. These models were evaluated for their fitting and predictive capabilities. The research findings demonstrated that the GA-BP neural network model exhibited superior fitting and predictive accuracy compared to the BP neural network model.","PeriodicalId":510812,"journal":{"name":"Metals","volume":"85 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141121073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Revealing the Superior Post-Necking Elongation in the Fine-Grained Ti-6Al-4V ELI at Cryogenic Temperature 揭示低温条件下细粒度 Ti-6Al-4V ELI 卓越的缩颈后伸长率

Metals Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.3390/met14050600

Quan Gao, Rengeng Li, Hao Wu, Kesong Miao, He Wu, Chenglu Liu, Xuewen Li

引用次数: 0

Effect of Pre-Weld Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Properties of Coarse-Grained Heat-Affected Zone of a Wind Power Steel after Simulated Welding 焊前热处理对模拟焊接后风电钢粗晶粒热影响区微观结构和性能的影响

Metals Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.3390/met14050587

Zhixing Wang, Xuelin Wang, Chengjia Shang

{"title":"Effect of Pre-Weld Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Properties of Coarse-Grained Heat-Affected Zone of a Wind Power Steel after Simulated Welding","authors":"Zhixing Wang, Xuelin Wang, Chengjia Shang","doi":"10.3390/met14050587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met14050587","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of pre-weld heat treatment on the microstructure and low-temperature impact toughness of the coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) after simulated welding was systematically investigated through the utilization of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron back-scattering diffraction (EBSD). The Charpy impact test validated the presence of an optimal pre-weld heat treatment condition, resulting in the highest impact toughness observed in the CGHAZ. Three temperatures for pre-weld heat treatment (690, 720 and 750 °C) were used to obtain three different matrices (Steel 1, Steel 2, Steel 3) for simulated welding. The optimal pre-weld heat treatment is 720 °C for 15 min followed by water quench. Microstructure characterization showed that there is an evident microstructure comprising bainite (B) in Steel 1 and Steel 2 after pre-weld heat treatment, while the addition of martensite (M) with the pre-weld heat treatment temperature exceeds Ac1 by almost 60 °C (Steel 3). These differences in microstructures obtained from pre-weld heat treatment influence the refinement of high-temperature austenite during subsequent simulated welding reheating processes, resulting in distinct microstructural characteristics in the CGHAZ. After the optimal pre-weld heat treatment, Steel 2 subjected to single-pass welding thermal simulation demonstrates a refined microstructure characterized by a high density of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) within the CGHAZ, particularly evident in block boundaries. These boundaries effectively prevent the propagation of brittle cracks, thereby enhancing the impact toughness.","PeriodicalId":510812,"journal":{"name":"Metals","volume":"4 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140962251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of Hydrogen Charging on the Mechanical Properties of High-Strength Copper-Base Alloys, Austenitic Stainless Steel AISI 321, Inconel 625 and Ferritic Steel 1.4511 充氢对高强度铜基合金、奥氏体不锈钢 AISI 321、铬镍铁合金 625 和铁素体钢 1.4511 机械性能的影响

Metals Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.3390/met14050588

J. Jürgensen, Andreas Frehn, Klaus Ohla, Sandra Stolz, Michael Pohl

引用次数: 0

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