Wind最新文献 - Book学术

Development and Measurement of a Very Thick Aerodynamic Profile for Wind Turbine Blades 风力涡轮机叶片超厚空气动力剖面的开发与测量

Wind Pub Date : 2024-07-12 DOI: 10.3390/wind4030010

A. Schaffarczyk, B. Lobo, Nicholas Balaresque, Volker Kremer, Janick Suhr, Zhongxia Wang

{"title":"Development and Measurement of a Very Thick Aerodynamic Profile for Wind Turbine Blades","authors":"A. Schaffarczyk, B. Lobo, Nicholas Balaresque, Volker Kremer, Janick Suhr, Zhongxia Wang","doi":"10.3390/wind4030010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wind4030010","url":null,"abstract":"We designed 60% thick airfoil to improve the aerodynamic performance in the root region of wind turbine rotor blades, taking into account current constraints. After an extensive literature review and patent research, a design methodology (including the considerations of simple manufacturing) was set up, and extensive 2D- and 3D-CFD investigations with four codes (Xfoil, MSES, ANSYS fluent, and DLR-tau) were performed, including implementation inside a generic 10 MW test-blade (CIG10MW). Comparison with results from Blade Element Momentum (BEM) methods and the estimation of 3D effects due to the rotating blade were undertaken. One specific shape (with a pronounced flat-back) was selected and tested in the Deutsche WindGuard aeroacoustic Wind Tunnel (DWAA), in Bremerhaven, Germany. A total of 34 polars were measured, included two trailing edge shapes and aerodynamic devices such as vortex generators, gurney flaps, zig-zag tape, and a splitter plate. Considerable changes in lift and drag characteristics were observed due to the use of aerodynamic add-ons. With the studies presented here, we believe we have closed an important technological gap.","PeriodicalId":510664,"journal":{"name":"Wind","volume":"55 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141653422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Icing Wind Tunnel and Erosion Field Tests of Superhydrophobic Surfaces Caused by Femtosecond Laser Processing 飞秒激光加工造成的超疏水表面结冰风洞和侵蚀现场测试

Wind Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.3390/wind4020008

R. Fürbacher, G. Liedl, Gabriel Grünsteidl, Andreas Otto

{"title":"Icing Wind Tunnel and Erosion Field Tests of Superhydrophobic Surfaces Caused by Femtosecond Laser Processing","authors":"R. Fürbacher, G. Liedl, Gabriel Grünsteidl, Andreas Otto","doi":"10.3390/wind4020008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wind4020008","url":null,"abstract":"Ice accumulation on lift-generating surfaces, such as rotor blades or wings, degrades aerodynamic performance and increases various risks. Active measures to counteract surface icing are energy-consuming and should be replaced by passive anti-icing surfaces. Two major categories of surface treatments—coating and structuring—already show promising results in the laboratory, but none fulfill the current industry requirements for performance and durability. In this paper, we show how femtosecond laser structuring of stainless steel (1.4301) combined with a hydrocarbon surface treatment or a vacuum treatment leads to superhydrophobic properties. The anti-ice performance was investigated in an icing wind tunnel under glaze ice conditions. Therefore, flexible steel foils were laser-structured, wettability treated and attached to NACA 0012 air foil sections. In the icing wind tunnel, hydrocarbon treated surfaces showed a 50 s ice build-up delay on the leading edge as well as a smoother ice surface compared to the reference. To demonstrate the erosion resistance of these surfaces, long-term field tests on a small-scale wind turbine were performed under alpine operating conditions. The results showed only minor erosion wear of micro- and nano-structures after a period of six winter months.","PeriodicalId":510664,"journal":{"name":"Wind","volume":"55 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141381903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

System-Level Offshore Wind Energy and Hydrogen Generation Availability and Operations and Maintenance Costs 系统级海上风能和氢能发电的可用性以及运营和维护成本

Wind Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.3390/wind4020007

Robert Lochhead, Orla Donnelly, James Carroll

{"title":"System-Level Offshore Wind Energy and Hydrogen Generation Availability and Operations and Maintenance Costs","authors":"Robert Lochhead, Orla Donnelly, James Carroll","doi":"10.3390/wind4020007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wind4020007","url":null,"abstract":"With the current trends of wind energy already playing a major part in the Scottish energy supply, the capacity of wind farms is predicted to grow exponentially and reach further depths offshore. However, a key challenge that presents itself is the integration of large producing assets into the current UK grid. One potential solution to this is green hydrogen production, which is being heavily researched in industry, with many concepts being investigated for large-scale purposes. However, the operations and maintenance (O&M) costs and availability of green hydrogen systems need to be quantified to ensure economical and technical viability, which is sparse in the available literature. The study presented in this paper investigated the availability and O&M costs of coupled wind–hydrogen systems by attempting to quantify the failure rates, repair times, repair costs and number of technicians required for key green hydrogen components. This study also utilised an O&M model created by the University of Strathclyde, which uses Monte Carlo Markov chain simulations to produce the O&M outputs. A number of assumptions were made throughout the study in relation to the O&M model inputs, and the baseline availability for the coupled wind–hydrogen system was 85.24%. Whilst the wind turbine still contributed a major part to the downtime seen in the simulations, the combined hydrogen system also contributed a significant amount, a total of 37%, which could have been due to the technology readiness levels of some the components included in the hydrogen system.","PeriodicalId":510664,"journal":{"name":"Wind","volume":"76 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141116551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Green Hydrogen Driven by Wind and Solar—An Australian Case Study 风能和太阳能驱动的绿色氢能--澳大利亚案例研究

Wind Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.3390/wind4020006

G. Currie, Edward Behrens, Samuel Bolitho, Michael Coen, Thomas Wilson

引用次数: 0

Fault-Tolerant Controller Applied to a Wind System Using a Doubly Fed Induction Generator 容错控制器应用于使用双馈感应发电机的风力系统

Wind Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.3390/wind4020005

O. Morfín, Diego Delgado, Alan Campos, Miguel Murillo, Jesús I. Hernández, Pedro Esquivel

{"title":"Fault-Tolerant Controller Applied to a Wind System Using a Doubly Fed Induction Generator","authors":"O. Morfín, Diego Delgado, Alan Campos, Miguel Murillo, Jesús I. Hernández, Pedro Esquivel","doi":"10.3390/wind4020005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wind4020005","url":null,"abstract":"Wind systems are sustainable and economical options for producing electrical energy. These systems efficiently manage the power flow by maximizing wind power and consuming reactive power from the grid. In addition, wind systems must maintain operation despite utility grid electrical failure; hence, their control system must not collapse. This study proposes a fault-tolerant converter controller to ensure the efficient operation of wind system converters. The central concept behind this is that when there is an imbalance in the utility grid voltage due to a fault nearby or far away, positive and negative sequence voltages are created in the time domain. Then, two parallel controllers operate to allow the wind system to continue operating despite the failure. One controller utilizes positive sequence voltages as inputs to regulate the generator’s electromagnetic torque. This helps in maximizing the amount of wind energy. The second controller uses negative sequence voltages as inputs, which helps to cancel out the produced torque in the opposite direction, thereby preventing generator overload. Finally, the controllers proposed in this article are validated through simulations, and the results are presented.","PeriodicalId":510664,"journal":{"name":"Wind","volume":" 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140218555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Integration of Different Storage Technologies towards Sustainable Development—A Case Study in a Greek Island 整合不同存储技术实现可持续发展--希腊岛屿案例研究

Wind Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.3390/wind4010004

M. Bertsiou, E. Baltas

{"title":"Integration of Different Storage Technologies towards Sustainable Development—A Case Study in a Greek Island","authors":"M. Bertsiou, E. Baltas","doi":"10.3390/wind4010004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wind4010004","url":null,"abstract":"The necessity for transitioning to renewable energy sources and the intermittent nature of the natural variables lead to the integration of storage units into these projects. In this research paper, wind turbines and solar modules are combined with pumped hydro storage, batteries, and green hydrogen. Energy management strategies are described for five different scenarios of hybrid renewable energy systems, based on single or hybrid storage technologies. The motivation is driven by grid stability issues and the limited access to fresh water in the Greek islands. A RES-based desalination unit is introduced into the hybrid system for access to low-cost fresh water. The comparison of single and hybrid storage methods, the exploitation of seawater for the simultaneous fulfillment of water for domestic and agricultural purposes, and the evaluation of different energy, economic, and environmental indices are the innovative aspects of this research work. The results show that pumped hydro storage systems can cover the energy and water demand at the minimum possible price, 0.215 EUR/kWh and 1.257 EUR/m3, while hybrid storage technologies provide better results in the loss of load probability, payback period and CO2 emissions. For the pumped hydro–hydrogen hybrid storage system, these values are 21.40%, 10.87 years, and 2297 tn/year, respectively.","PeriodicalId":510664,"journal":{"name":"Wind","volume":" February","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140092436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An Ensemble Approach to Short-Term Wind Speed Predictions Using Stochastic Methods, Wavelets and Gradient Boosting Decision Trees 利用随机方法、小波和梯度提升决策树进行短期风速预测的集合方法

Wind Pub Date : 2024-02-04 DOI: 10.3390/wind4010003

K. S. Sivhugwana, E. Ranganai

{"title":"An Ensemble Approach to Short-Term Wind Speed Predictions Using Stochastic Methods, Wavelets and Gradient Boosting Decision Trees","authors":"K. S. Sivhugwana, E. Ranganai","doi":"10.3390/wind4010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wind4010003","url":null,"abstract":"Considering that wind power is proportional to the cube of the wind speed variable, which is highly random, complex power grid management tasks have arisen as a result. Wind speed prediction in the short term is crucial for load dispatch planning and load increment/decrement decisions. The chaotic intermittency of speed is often characterised by inherent linear and nonlinear patterns, as well as nonstationary behaviour; thus, it is generally difficult to predict it accurately and efficiently using a single linear or nonlinear model. In this study, wavelet transform (WT), autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), extreme gradient boosting trees (XGBoost), and support vector regression (SVR) are combined to predict high-resolution short-term wind speeds obtained from three Southern African Universities Radiometric Network (SAURAN) stations: Richtersveld (RVD); Central University of Technology (CUT); and University of Pretoria (UPR). This hybrid model is termed WT-ARIMA-XGBoost-SVR. In the proposed hybrid, the ARIMA component is employed to capture linearity, while XGBoost captures nonlinearity using the wavelet decomposed subseries from the residuals as input features. Finally, the SVR model reconciles linear and nonlinear predictions. We evaluated the WT-ARIMA-XGBoost-SVR’s efficacy against ARIMA and two other hybrid models that substitute XGBoost with a light gradient boosting machine (LGB) component to form a WT-ARIMA-LGB-SVR hybrid model and a stochastic gradient boosting machine (SGB) to form a WT-ARIMA-SGB-SVR hybrid model. Based on mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2), and prediction interval normalised average width (PINAW), the proposed hybrid model provided more accurate and reliable predictions with less uncertainty for all three datasets. This study is critical for improving wind speed prediction reliability to ensure the development of effective wind power management strategies.","PeriodicalId":510664,"journal":{"name":"Wind","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139807004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An Ensemble Approach to Short-Term Wind Speed Predictions Using Stochastic Methods, Wavelets and Gradient Boosting Decision Trees 利用随机方法、小波和梯度提升决策树进行短期风速预测的集合方法

Wind Pub Date : 2024-02-04 DOI: 10.3390/wind4010003

K. S. Sivhugwana, E. Ranganai

{"title":"An Ensemble Approach to Short-Term Wind Speed Predictions Using Stochastic Methods, Wavelets and Gradient Boosting Decision Trees","authors":"K. S. Sivhugwana, E. Ranganai","doi":"10.3390/wind4010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wind4010003","url":null,"abstract":"Considering that wind power is proportional to the cube of the wind speed variable, which is highly random, complex power grid management tasks have arisen as a result. Wind speed prediction in the short term is crucial for load dispatch planning and load increment/decrement decisions. The chaotic intermittency of speed is often characterised by inherent linear and nonlinear patterns, as well as nonstationary behaviour; thus, it is generally difficult to predict it accurately and efficiently using a single linear or nonlinear model. In this study, wavelet transform (WT), autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), extreme gradient boosting trees (XGBoost), and support vector regression (SVR) are combined to predict high-resolution short-term wind speeds obtained from three Southern African Universities Radiometric Network (SAURAN) stations: Richtersveld (RVD); Central University of Technology (CUT); and University of Pretoria (UPR). This hybrid model is termed WT-ARIMA-XGBoost-SVR. In the proposed hybrid, the ARIMA component is employed to capture linearity, while XGBoost captures nonlinearity using the wavelet decomposed subseries from the residuals as input features. Finally, the SVR model reconciles linear and nonlinear predictions. We evaluated the WT-ARIMA-XGBoost-SVR’s efficacy against ARIMA and two other hybrid models that substitute XGBoost with a light gradient boosting machine (LGB) component to form a WT-ARIMA-LGB-SVR hybrid model and a stochastic gradient boosting machine (SGB) to form a WT-ARIMA-SGB-SVR hybrid model. Based on mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2), and prediction interval normalised average width (PINAW), the proposed hybrid model provided more accurate and reliable predictions with less uncertainty for all three datasets. This study is critical for improving wind speed prediction reliability to ensure the development of effective wind power management strategies.","PeriodicalId":510664,"journal":{"name":"Wind","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139866617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Financial Aspects behind Designing a Wind Turbine Generator 设计风力发电机背后的财务问题

Wind Pub Date : 2024-01-16 DOI: 10.3390/wind4010002

A. C. Barmpatza, Remi Peltier, Constantinos Condaxakis, Dimitris Christakis

{"title":"The Financial Aspects behind Designing a Wind Turbine Generator","authors":"A. C. Barmpatza, Remi Peltier, Constantinos Condaxakis, Dimitris Christakis","doi":"10.3390/wind4010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wind4010002","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the construction of a wind power generator requiring the lowest possible cost. The proposed model is an Axial Flux Permanent Magnet (AFPM) Synchronous Machine, which contains two iron rotors and a coreless stator between them, constructed from resin. The scientific contribution relates to the coupling of economic and technical parameters, which will clarify the feasibility, i.e., a wind turbine construction capable of producing approximately 3.5 KW, using a simple mill and a generator of nominal rotor speed 100 rpm. Such studies are few in international literature and mainly concern low levels of rotor speed in relation to the produced output power. For the generator dimensioning, analytical equations are used, while the type and the dimensions of the magnets are determined, before the start of dimensioning. The authors carried out research in the international market, ending up with specific cost-effective magnets, while trying to adjust the remaining dimensions and materials of the machine based on these cost-effective magnets and the aforementioned nominal values of the generator. The machine, whose dimensions are derived by analytical equations, was simulated and analyzed using the Two-Dimensional Finite Element Method (2D-FEM) and the Three-Dimensional Finite Element Method (3D-FEM), for comparison purposes. Moreover, an economic analysis of the generator and its individual parts was conducted. Finally, a novel idea for reducing the total generator cost is proposed, by replacing the rotor disks with rings. The investigation revealed that analytical equations can predict with satisfactory accuracy the generator’s parameters. In addition, as permanent magnets are the most expensive materials in the construction, their predetermination using low-cost magnets can reduce the construction cost. Finally, the proposed concept of a ring-shaped rotor instead of a disk rotor, provides a cost reduction of up to 20%.","PeriodicalId":510664,"journal":{"name":"Wind","volume":"32 49","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139528645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Survey of Numerical Simulation Tools for Offshore Wind Turbine Systems 海上风力涡轮机系统数值模拟工具概览

Wind Pub Date : 2024-01-10 DOI: 10.3390/wind4010001

Saeid Fadaei, F. Afagh, Robert G. Langlois

{"title":"A Survey of Numerical Simulation Tools for Offshore Wind Turbine Systems","authors":"Saeid Fadaei, F. Afagh, Robert G. Langlois","doi":"10.3390/wind4010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wind4010001","url":null,"abstract":"The emerging industry of offshore wind turbines mounted on floating bases has garnered significant attention from both academia and industry. The desire to understand the complex physics of these floating structures has led to the development of numerical and physical modelling techniques. While physical testing has traditionally been employed, there is a growing focus on cost-effective and accurate high-fidelity numerical modelling as a potential alternative or supplement. However, commonly used numerical engineering tools in the offshore industry are considered mid- to low-fidelity and may lack the desired precision for floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs). Given the complexity of these simulation codes, it is crucial to validate their accuracy. To address this, the International Energy Agency (IEA) Wind Technology Collaboration Programme initiated various research endeavors, including the Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration (OC3), Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration Continuation (OC4), Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration Continuation with Correlation (OC5), and the recent Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration Continued with Correlation and Uncertainty (OC6) projects. This study offers a comprehensive survey of the simulation tools available for FOWTs which were part of OC projects, focusing particularly on horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) and highlighting their capabilities and fundamental theories.","PeriodicalId":510664,"journal":{"name":"Wind","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139440093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0