Ecological Informatics最新文献

{"title":"Automated curation of spatial metadata in environmental monitoring data","authors":"İlhan Mutlu ,&nbsp;Jörg Hackermüller ,&nbsp;Jana Schor","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103038","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103038","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spatial data accuracy in environmental monitoring is crucial for practical large-scale data analytics and the development of AI models. In this context, spatial data is metadata and faces the same challenges as any other metadata, like missing values, false or contradicting information, formatting problems of textual data and numbers, the usage of different languages, and more. These issues severely limit the usability of the data.</div><div>With this study, we provide an automatic approach, CleanGeoStreamR, to resolve as many of these issues as possible for the spatially annotated environmental monitoring database. We substantially increased the quality of the spatial metadata and, therefore, the quantity of data points that can be used in large-scale data analytics and AI applications.</div><div>Further, our goal is to raise awareness about the issues related to spatial metadata and promote the implementation of our concepts in other environmental monitoring data sources. Advanced understanding and the availability of automatic approaches like the presented method will substantially contribute to making environmental monitoring data FAIR and enhance its usability in the era of Big Data and AI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51024,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Informatics","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 103038"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143102083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytoplankton growth and succession driven by topography and hydrodynamics in seasonal ice-covered lakes","authors":"Ziyue Zhao ,&nbsp;Yanfeng Wu ,&nbsp;Y. Jun Xu ,&nbsp;Yexiang Yu ,&nbsp;Guangxin Zhang ,&nbsp;Dehua Mao ,&nbsp;Xuemei Liu ,&nbsp;Changlei Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding how underwater topography affects phytoplankton succession by influencing hydrodynamics is crucial for maintaining the ecological health of lakes. However, there is a lack of in-depth research that accurately depicts underwater topography and coupleing hydrodynamics to establish the reproduction and migration mechanisms of phytoplankton, especially in seasonal ice-covered lakes. A typical seasonally ice-covered lake, Lake Chagan, was selected, and 164 water column and plankton samples were collected in 2023. An integrated underwater topographic-hydrodynamic model was constructed based on topographic data from 597 exploration points and long-term hydrological and meteorological observational data. The dominant algal species and their three-dimensional distribution and succession processes during different periods were studied in detail. The effects of topographic factors (relief, surface curvature, water depth, slope gradient, roughness, and slope aspect) on the hydrodynamic field and phytoplankton distribution were discussed. The results showed that the phytoplankton species diversity was higher in the bottom water column during the non-ice-covered period (March to October). The dominant species of phytoplankton varied with seasons, with diatoms dominating in the ice-covered period and harmful phytoplankton such as cyanobacteria in the non-ice-covered period. The biomass and biomass density of cyanobacteria were also higher than those of other phytoplankton. Phytoplankton species diversity and richness indices in the surface water column had a significant combined effect on the entire lake ecosystem. Surface curvature and slope gradient were the main factors affecting flow velocity during the non-ice-covered period (<em>p</em> <em>≤</em> <em>0.05</em>, <em>r = −0.58</em> and <em>− 0.62</em>), directly affecting the spatial distribution of cyanobacterial biomass (<em>p</em> <em>≤</em> <em>0.05</em>, <em>r = 0.65</em>; <em>p</em> <em>≤</em> <em>0.01</em>, <em>r = −0.71</em>). Therefore, attention should be paid to the surface curvature and slope of the sediment when controlling cyanobacterial blooms via by sediment dredging. These studies explored the behavior of phytoplankton in response to their fluid environment from a combined biological and physical-dynamic perspective and provided an effective reference for the water environment management of seasonal ice-covered lakes with harmful algal blooms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51024,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Informatics","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 103053"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143102224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A classifier-deduced signal extraction approach for time difference estimation in acoustic sensor networks","authors":"Leonhard Brüggemann,&nbsp;Mario Dyczka,&nbsp;Daniel Otten,&nbsp;Nils Aschenbruck","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the development of reliable AI-based species classifiers and the design of low-cost autonomous recording units, acoustic monitoring has become an emerging research field. Although strides are made in automated species monitoring, automated localization remains a significant challenge. Distinguishing and pinpointing bird sounds in noisy, reverberant, and dynamic natural environments is extremely difficult, ultimately deteriorating the accuracy of time difference estimations and, consequently, localization. In this paper, we take a significant step towards reliable automated localization by presenting a viable and generalizable approach to extracting species-dependent signals from intermixed acoustics, which we call Classifier-Deduced Signal Extraction (CDSE). These signals can be used to estimate precise time differences while retaining information for individual species. Our method seamlessly extends the current capabilities, requiring only minor modifications to state-of-the-art classifiers. We prove its applicability and usefulness by deploying it on bird acoustics using the popular bird species classifier BirdNET.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51024,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Informatics","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 103032"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143480760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping forest-agroforest frontiers in the Peruvian Amazon with deep learning and PlanetScope satellite data","authors":"Wanting Yang,&nbsp;Daniel Ortiz-Gonzalo,&nbsp;Xiaoye Tong,&nbsp;Dimitri Gominski,&nbsp;Rasmus Fensholt","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Monitoring complex and dynamic land systems such as tropical agroforests using remote sensing presents a significant challenge in ecological research. Traditional mapping methods are hindered not only by spectral similarity between agroforests and forests, but also by the spatial heterogeneity of forest-agroforest frontiers and the high data demand at large scales is an additional challenge. In this study, we aim to develop a modeling framework to distinguish between forests, secondary forests, agroforests (e.g. shade-grown perennials), and non-tree agricultural classes (e.g. active cropland, grassland, young fallow) in the Peruvian Amazon. To achieve this, we combine deep learning and remote sensing data, including 3-m PlanetScope satellite imagery, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and temporal data from the Landtrendr change detection algorithm. We conducted a sequence of modeling experiments involving different complexity of the data inputs and output classes, with overall accuracies ranging from 28.6 % to 82.9 %. Integrating a DEM as an additional helped the generalization of models across different geographical sites but did not improve the overall accuracy, whereas adding temporal information did not improve generalization or accuracy. Challenges arise in accurately identifying successional land cover types, particularly young fallow, which exhibits spectral similarity to other classes. Reducing the target classes from seven to four was found to considerably improve the accuracy of the predictions. Our findings contribute to distinguishing agroforests from forests at a large scale, providing insights into previously undetected tree-covered land uses and thus informing on sustainable ecosystem management. Yet, our results underscore the limitations of remote sensing in heterogeneous forest-agriculture landscapes and emphasize the need for further research to address persistent challenges and improve classification accuracy for monitoring global environmental change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51024,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Informatics","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 103034"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143227476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the feasibility of GF1-WFV data in estimating SPAD using spatiotemporal fusion algorithms","authors":"Annan Zeng ,&nbsp;Jianli Ding ,&nbsp;Jinjie Wang ,&nbsp;Lijing Han ,&nbsp;Haiyan Han ,&nbsp;Shuang Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiangyu Ge","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Remote sensing technology provides an effective means for continuously assessing the chlorophyll content in plants on a broad scale. Given the challenges associated with satellite image quality and spatiotemporal resolution, spatiotemporal fusion algorithms for estimating vegetation chlorophyll content have garnered significant attention in recent years. In this study, we evaluated the performance of four fusion algorithms fusing Gaofen-1 WFV and MODIS data while also exploring their fusion accuracy. A random forest regression model was developed using the fused images and measured SPAD (Soil and Plant Analyzer Development) values, enabling large-scale, accurate, and dynamic monitoring of vegetation chlorophyll content. The results indicate that (1) all four fusion algorithms can effectively address the issue of missing images; (2) the constructed random forest regression model accurately estimates SPAD values; and (3) among the three vegetation indices that exhibit a strong correlation with SPAD values, the fusion strategy “Index-then-Blend” outperforms “Blend-then-Index.” This study provides comprehensive insights into dynamic and large-scale monitoring of vegetation chlorophyll content, particularly in scenarios in which satellite imagery is unavailable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51024,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Informatics","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 103035"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143102126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An automatic identification method of common species based on ensemble learning","authors":"Hao-Xuan Li ,&nbsp;Mei Zhang ,&nbsp;De-Yao Meng ,&nbsp;Bo Geng ,&nbsp;Zu-Kui Li ,&nbsp;Chuan-Feng Huang ,&nbsp;Wen-Kang Li ,&nbsp;Han-Lin Jiang ,&nbsp;Rong-Hai Wu ,&nbsp;Xiao-Wei Li ,&nbsp;Ben-Hui Chen ,&nbsp;Deng-Qi Yang ,&nbsp;Guo-Peng Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Camera traps are an important tool for animal resource surveys, allowing non-invasive wildlife image capture and providing essential data for species identification. However, the vast number of images generated requires significant manual effort for sorting, limiting its development in biodiversity studies. Deep learning offers a promising solution by accurately identifying species from large datasets, enhancing processing efficiency, and reducing costs. While existing deep learning methods have achieved significant success in species identification, they often struggle with accurately recognizing all species due to the class imbalance prevalent in camera trap datasets, which limits the application of deep learning models in biodiversity monitoring. This study proposed an ensemble learning method based on common species modeling to automatically identify common species, which constitute the majority of camera trap datasets. We utilized three base models: ResNet-18, ResNeXt-50, and ViT-Base to validate our method on the Snapshot Serengeti dataset. The experimental results showed that the performance of the ensemble learning method improved with the performance of the selected base model. When ResNeXt-50 was used as the base model, the recall and precision of all common species on the in-sample test set exceeded 98 % and 97 %, respectively, except for Gazelle Grants. The automation rate of the ensemble model was 80.67 %, and the omission error of rare species was 2.03 %. On the out-of-sample test set, all species except for Zebra, Buffalo, and Gazelle Grants had a recall of over 95 %. Apart from Gazelle Grants, the precision for the other species was above 90 %. The automation rate of the ensemble model was 72.27 %, and the omission error of rare species was 5.31 %. Our method achieved the automatic identification of common species, thus reducing the workload of manual sorting. In addition, our approach separated rare species images from the dataset by identifying common species, minimizing potential omission errors. As a result, ecologists focusing on rare species only need to handle rare species images that only represent a small proportion of the dataset.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51024,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Informatics","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 103046"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143102085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DeepFins: Capturing dynamics in underwater videos for fish detection","authors":"Ahsan Jalal ,&nbsp;Ahmad Salman ,&nbsp;Ajmal Mian ,&nbsp;Salman Ghafoor ,&nbsp;Faisal Shafait","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The monitoring of fish in their natural habitat plays a crucial role in anticipating changes within marine ecosystems. Marine scientists have a preference for automated, unrestricted underwater video-based sampling due to its non-invasive nature and its ability to yield desired outcomes more rapidly compared to manual sampling. Generally, research on automated video-based detection using computer vision and machine learning has been confined to controlled environments. Additionally, these solutions encounter difficulties when applied in real-world settings characterized by substantial environmental variability, including issues like poor visibility in unregulated underwater videos, challenges in capturing fish-related visual characteristics, and background interference. In response, we propose a hybrid solution that merges YOLOv11, a popular deep learning based static object detector, with a custom designed lightweight motion-based segmentation model. This approach allows us to simultaneously capture fish dynamics and suppress background interference. The proposed model i.e., DeepFins attains 90.0% F1 Score for fish detection on the OzFish dataset (collected by the Australian Institute of Marine Science). To the best of our knowledge, these results are the most accurate yet, showing about 11% increase over the closest competitor in fish detection tasks on this demanding benchmark OzFish dataset. Moreover, DeepFins achieves an F1 Score of 83.7% on the Fish4Knowledge LifeCLEF 2015 dataset, marking an approximate 4% improvement over the baseline YOLOv11. This positions the proposed model as a highly practical solution for tasks like automated fish sampling and estimating their relative abundance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51024,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Informatics","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 103013"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143102470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A fish counting model based on pyramid vision transformer with multi-scale feature enhancement","authors":"Jiaming Xin,&nbsp;Yiying Wang,&nbsp;Dashe Li,&nbsp;Zhongliang Xiang","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As automatic counting technology allows for non-invasive counting of fish populations, the demand for it in fisheries management and ecological conservation has been growing. However, existing automatic counting methods struggle with noise interference caused by uneven lighting in complex environments, and also face challenges from issues such as uneven fish distribution and the high density of fish populations. To address these issues, we introduce a new counting network based on a pyramid vision transformer. Herein, a frequency-domain multi-scale consistent attention mechanism is designed . This mechanism facilitates information exchange between areas of low and high fish density, addressing the issue of nonuniform density distribution. Subsequently, a spatial domain multi-scale edge enhancement module is introduced to enhance the detection of fish edge features. This module employs guided filtering and asymmetric convolution to mitigate the effects of noise caused by inadequate and nonuniform illumination. Furthermore, we proposed a global multilevel feature fusion mechanism to strengthen the extraction of the co-occurring information from the multi-scale feature map, which enhanced the focus of the model on the fish body. This feature effectively addresses the problem of fish occlusion for improving the accuracy and reliability of the counting process. The experimental results demonstrated that the network achieves a MAE of 2.35 and a MSE of 3.05 on the CCD dataset, with values of 3.91 and 5.08, respectively, in additional testing. These results confirm the high accuracy of the model and its robust stability, which is expected to provide technical support for sustainable management and ecological conservation of aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51024,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Informatics","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 103025"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143102124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal band selection and transfer in drone-based hyperspectral images for plant-level vegetable crops identification using statistical-swarm intelligence (SSI) hybrid algorithms","authors":"Anagha S. Sarma,&nbsp;Rama Rao Nidamanuri","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hyperspectral imagery from drones are excellent sources of high-resolution plant-level data that helps in efficient crop identification for smart agriculture practices. However, the plant-level crop identification is still challenging, owing to only minute differences among the vegetation spectra and enhanced background diversity. Though the inherent spectral redundancy in hyperspectral data is dealt with various band reduction techniques for distinguishing different land use land cover (LULC) structures at broader level, band reduction at finer level has not been explored, especially for drone-based hyperspectral imagery. In this work, we propose a statistical-swarm intelligence (SSI) hybrid approach for optimal band selection in hyperspectral images for identification of three crops, cabbage, eggplant and tomato, using drone-based imagery acquired over experimental plots of University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, India. We ranked the spectral bands based on their separability among the ground truth classes that follows a Weibull distribution and applied swarm-intelligence algorithms for the optimal band set. The optimal band set is further tested for its capability to distinguish crops from images acquired at different flight heights of drone, and at different points of time. The results suggest that only 15 bands (462 nm, 470 nm, 498 nm, 502 nm, 514 nm, 534 nm, 542 nm, 550 nm, 582 nm, 590 nm, 614 nm, 762 nm, 902 nm, 914 nm, and 930 nm), spread at specific wavelengths in 450–650 nm and 850–950 nm range are sufficient to distinguish crops at finer spatial resolution and offer classification accuracy of over 93 %, supported by equivalent levels of F1 (0.93) and kappa coefficients (0.9). The specific wavelengths corresponding to optimal bands are capable of detecting crops in images captured at different heights and taken at a different time period, showing the space-time transfer potential of the selected bands for crop detection. The specific wavelengths are also capable of detection of crops in ground based hyperspectral sensor images. Future works on extending to a range of crop species and functional cross verification across airborne or satellite imagery will exemplify the generalizability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51024,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Informatics","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 103051"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143102010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multi-source approach combining GEDI LiDAR, satellite data, and machine learning algorithms for estimating forest aboveground biomass on Google Earth Engine platform","authors":"Hamdi A. Zurqani","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Monitoring changes in carbon stocks through forest biomass assessment is essential for understanding the carbon cycle. However, acquiring timely and reliable ground measurements poses challenges in creating spatially continuous maps of forests aboveground biomass density (AGB). This study presents a novel approach that combines open-access Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) LiDAR data with satellite observation datasets to estimate and map the AGB and to enhance the accuracy and availability of biomass assessments, ultimately contributing to better insights into forest carbon dynamics. The primary objectives of this study are to: 1) evaluate the potential of combining optical and microwave satellite observations for estimating forest aboveground biomass, 2) compare the performance of different machine learning (ML) algorithms—Random Forest (RF), Classification and Regression Trees (CART), Gradient Tree Boosting (GTB), and Support Vector Machine (SVM)—in estimating forest aboveground biomass using the Google Earth Engine platform. Among the selected models, the GTB model demonstrated the best performance, achieving an R² value of 0.77, MAE of 22.27 Mg/ha, and RMSE of 37.78 Mg/ha using Sentinel-2 bands and topographic derivatives. The RF model achieved an R² value of 0.74, value of 0.74, MAE of 31.34 Mg/ha, and RMSE of 39.93 Mg/ha using Sentinel 2 bands, Sentinel 2 Vegetation Indices, Topographic derivatives, and Canopy's height. The RF model followed closely with an R² value of 0.74, value of 0.74, MAE of 31.34 Mg/ha, and RMSE of 39.93 Mg/ha using Sentinel 2 bands, Sentinel 2 Vegetation Indices, Topographic derivatives, and Canopy's height. The CART model achieved an R² value of 0.68, MAE of 33.16 Mg/ha, and RMSE of 39.97 Mg/ha using Sentinel 2 bands, Sentinel 2 Vegetation Indices, Sentinel 1 bands, Sentinel 1 Vegetation Indices, Topographic derivatives, and Canopy's height. Meanwhile, the SVM model performed the worst, with a maximum R² of 0.37, MAE of 55.17 Mg/ha, and RMSE of 73.48 Mg/ha using Sentinel 2 bands, Sentinel 2 Vegetation Indices, Sentinel 1 bands, and Sentinel 1 Vegetation Indices. The results highlighted that integrating Sentinel-2 bands, vegetation indices, topographic data, and canopy height significantly improved model performance. The study emphasizes the importance of multi-source data for enhancing AGB estimation and suggests that the GTB model offers the most reliable predictions. These findings can guide future research in forest biomass mapping using machine learning and remote sensing techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51024,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Informatics","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 103052"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143102468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}