Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers最新文献

{"title":"Reflections of tropical cyclone-generated near-inertial internal waves within an anticyclonic eddy in the southern Bay of Bengal","authors":"Yingyu Peng ,&nbsp;Di Tian ,&nbsp;Feng Zhou ,&nbsp;Han Zhang ,&nbsp;Shengming Yuan ,&nbsp;Zifei Chen ,&nbsp;Ruijie Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two consecutive strong near-inertial waves (NIWs) events were observed by a subsurface mooring in the southern Bay of Bengal (BoB). The first event, directly triggered by two consecutive tropical cyclones, displayed a pronounced upward (downward) phase (energy) propagation. The second event, occurring approximately 14 days post-tropical cyclones, featured predominant downward phase propagation with a peak velocity of 11.2 cm/s at 120 m depth. Despite weak wind-generated near-inertial energy flux (WNEF) during the second event, stronger energy reflection was observed in the upper layer of an anticyclonic eddy (ACE). Analyses using rotary wavenumber and ray-tracing models revealed upward propagating energy, reduced buoyancy frequency, and enhanced vertical shear, suggesting NIW reflection within the ACE. Nonlinear internal wave interactions were identified as the mechanism behind the generation of 2f = f + f waves. In the second NIWs event, increased near-inertial energy and 2f wave formation were possibly linked to local NIWs, driven by wind stress input and the radiation of NIWs during the adjustment process induced by anticyclonic eddy instability. These results highlight the influence of ACEs on the vertical propagation of NIWs and enhance the understanding of the upper-layer mixing process in the southern BoB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 104576"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144885361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Northbound movement of northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) and their response to the oceanographic features","authors":"Heping Li ,&nbsp;Ryo Dobashi ,&nbsp;Humio Mitsudera ,&nbsp;Yoko Mitani","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Northern fur seals (NFS; <em>Callorhinus ursinus</em>) are a highly migratory otariid species that leave breeding grounds in autumn (October–November), travel south to winter foraging grounds, and return to breeding colonies in early spring (March–April). NFS migrate south to regions with sufficient food, and their movement is hypothesized to be correlated with several oceanographic features. Although southward migration patterns are well-documented, fine-scale information on northbound migration remains limited owing to extended pelagic wintering periods and associated tracking challenges. Using satellite tags, we tracked five juvenile and subadult male NFS from a primary wintering ground in the Sea of Japan to examine their movement patterns, migration pathways, and behavioral responses to oceanographic features. Migration was divided into stay and northbound transit phases based on movement patterns. Slower movements with frequent course changes dominated the stay phase, whereas faster and more directed movements characterized the northbound transit phase. Foraging behavior was concentrated in continental shelf-break regions, where bathymetric features enhance prey availability. Foraging was most frequent within water temperature ranges of 8 °C–13 °C, corresponding to the highly productive Kuroshio-Oyashio Transition Zone. In contrast, transit behavior predominated at water temperatures below 2 °C and above 13 °C, likely reflecting physiological constraints. NFS also exhibited transit behavior near anticyclonic eddy edges, suggesting they use high-velocity regions to reduce travel costs. This study provides valuable insights into the northbound migration strategies of NFS overwintering in the Sea of Japan, demonstrating how they use specific oceanographic features for efficient foraging and movement during migration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 104558"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144724180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution, composition, and drivers of suspended particulate organic matter in the Gerlache Strait, Northern Antarctic Peninsula","authors":"Elis Brandão Rocha ,&nbsp;Eunice da Costa Machado ,&nbsp;Maurício Garcia de Camargo ,&nbsp;Carlos Eduardo de Rezende ,&nbsp;Pedro Vianna Gatts ,&nbsp;Carlos Rafael Borges Mendes ,&nbsp;Raul Rodrigo Costa ,&nbsp;Mônica Wallner-Kersanach ,&nbsp;Mauricio M. Mata ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Kerr","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The biogeochemical composition and spatial distribution of suspended particulate organic carbon (POC), its stable carbon isotope (δ¹³C-POC), and suspended total particulate nitrogen (PN) were investigated during the austral summer of 2020 in the Gerlache Strait, a productive coastal area of the Northern Antarctic Peninsula. This study addressed the distribution patterns relative to sea ice meltwater inputs, phytoplankton community composition, and water masses distribution, aiming to identify the primary drivers of particle composition and δ¹³C-POC signatures in the water column. The results showed that distinct physical-biological processes influenced the biogeochemical dynamics of POC, PN and δ¹³C-POC across the surface and mesopelagic layers (100–800 m) in the Gerlache Strait. Surface suspended particles indicated an autotrophic production and has been accumulated due the seasonal organic matter production and shallow stratification (&lt;20 m). Higher surface concentrations of POC (&gt;10 μmol L⁻¹), PN (&gt;2 μmol L⁻¹) and chlorophyll-<em>a</em> (&gt;2 mg m⁻³) were found at low salinity conditions emphasising the role of meltwater input on organic matter production. Additionally, our findings suggested the influence of phytoplankton community composition on shaping surface δ¹³C-POC signatures and POC/PN ratios, consistent with differences in cell size and geometry. At the mesopelagic layer, particle composition variations were associated with the distribution of the water masses in the studied region. Intrusions of old modified-Circumpolar Deep Water contributed to increase the δ¹³C-POC and POC/PN ratios, due to preferential remineralisation of the lighter carbon isotope (¹²C) and nitrogen. Conversely, High Salinity Shelf Water – a water mass recently ventilated and advected from the Weddell Sea continental shelf to the northeast sector of the Gerlache Strait – showed a particle chemical composition like that observed in the surface waters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 104559"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144772321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbonate precipitation characteristics in porous media of deep-sea cold seep environment by X-ray CT imaging","authors":"Hua Pan ,&nbsp;Jing-Chun Feng ,&nbsp;Bin Wang ,&nbsp;Yue Zhang ,&nbsp;Hui Zhang ,&nbsp;Yan Xie ,&nbsp;Zhi-feng Yang ,&nbsp;Si Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104556","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104556","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Elucidating the developmental processes of cold-seep carbonates is essential for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of methane cycling in cold-seep ecosystems. Cold-seep carbonates, as products of anaerobic methane oxidation, play an important role in regulating the oceanic carbon cycle. However, the mechanisms driving carbonate precipitation remain poorly understood. This study employs X-ray computed tomography to visualize bicarbonate ion concentration and sedimentary layer dynamics at pore scales (μm) in a deep-sea cold-seep environment. The results reveal that carbonate precipitation, driven by fluid supersaturation, is preferentially promoted at the sand column base by slower flow and solute accumulation, thereby generating spatial heterogeneity. Specifically, the optimal precipitation rate of 1.36 mm³/min occurs under conditions of the 420−600 μm medium-particle system and 0.06 mol/L bicarbonate concentration. The precipitation process follows a localized clogging mechanism, which in turn reduces hydraulic conductivity nonlinearly relative to porosity. Furthermore, differences in fluid mobility induce reconfigurations in fluid flow networks, ultimately prompting lateral migration and the formation of novel flow patterns. These findings provide crucial insights into carbonate formation mechanisms of, carbonate kinetics, and marine biological carbon sequestration processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 104556"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144864446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastic accumulation visually and fluorescently undetectable within deepwater corals of the remote equatorial Pacific","authors":"Maxwell S. Helmberger ,&nbsp;Steven Auscavitch ,&nbsp;Justin Linehan ,&nbsp;Timothy M. Shank ,&nbsp;Erik Cordes ,&nbsp;Randi D. Rotjan","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104550","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104550","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastic abundance in aquatic environments is a well-established phenomena, with the potential to disrupt ecological processes, including food webs and vector diseases via contaminated water and sediments. With the call for increasing ocean protection in remote and deep-waters, it is important to establish baselines of relative contamination, and to identify whether or not there are places relatively free from microplastic impact. Deep-sea corals are heterotrophic ecosystem engineers that have the potential to capture and ingest microplastic particles. In this study, we asked whether or not deep-sea corals in humanly remote, fully-protected, locations demonstrate evidence of microplastic ingestion using visual and fluorescence-enabled techniques. We found no strong evidence for microplastic accumulation. Despite these specific results, maintaining plastic-free environments in remote deep-sea systems will benefit from increased protections that limit or prevent anthropogenic activities. As such, open ocean and deep-water marine protected areas should consider including decreased pollution risk among their potential benefits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 104550"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144556735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence of vertical stratification in marine environments: insights from passive acoustic monitoring in French Polynesia","authors":"Xavier Raick ,&nbsp;Mélanie Vendrame ,&nbsp;David Lecchini ,&nbsp;Éric Parmentier","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The stratification of species distribution in marine environments is well-documented, reflecting the influence of depth-related factors such as light availability, temperature, pressure, and habitat structure on the organization of marine communities. This study aimed to determine whether this stratification can also be highlighted using Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM), a technique proven effective in the study of various marine habitats. Sounds were recorded at 300 m in July 2022 off Moorea Island (French Polynesia) using a SNAP acoustic recorder. These data were compared to both those collected at shallower depths at Moorea Island (20, 60, and 120 m) and to data from other Polynesian islands obtained during a previous, non-concurrent study. Fish sounds in the recordings were manually identified. Richness and abundance of sounds from 20 m to 300 m depth were compared to assess whether fish communities in the altiphotic reef, upper mesophotic reef, lower mesophotic reef, and rariphotic zone could be distinguished based on the sounds they produce. Comparisons between zones over a 24-h period revealed for the first time the existence of acoustic stratification, with a fourfold decrease in species richness, from the altiphotic reef to the rariphotic zone, along with a general decline in sound abundance. However, this general pattern was not uniform in terms of abundance throughout the day, as sound abundance increased with depth at dusk from 950 sounds per hour at 20 m to 3600 at 300 m. It further confirms that diel activity patterns were also evident in light-deprived zones. This first exploration of vertical acoustic stratification based on fish sounds highlights the undeniable contribution of PAM to studies on the ecology of deep-sea communities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 104548"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The in situ Mg/Ca ratios of planktonic foraminifera shells in the northeastern South China Sea: an attempt to get efficient and reliable proxies","authors":"Guanglu Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanyan Zhao ,&nbsp;Jun Yang ,&nbsp;Sheng Liu ,&nbsp;Zhishun Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoqiang Guo ,&nbsp;Guangyao Cao ,&nbsp;Lei Yang ,&nbsp;Sanzhong Li ,&nbsp;Li Zou","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Planktonic foraminifera are one of the important carriers of the physico-chemical environments. Recent advances in <em>in situ</em> microanalysis techniques provide new insights into the spatial distribution and variations of trace element concentrations of individual foraminifera shells. In this study, we focus on the variations of the <em>in situ</em> Mg/Ca ratios of four planktonic foraminifera species, which live in the different depths, from the surface sediments of the northeastern slope of the South China Sea (SCS). Both electron microprobe mapping and LA-ICP-MS results indicate that <em>Globigerinoides ruber</em> exhibits periodic bands with high Mg contents and Mg/Ca ratios, which may be attributed to symbionts. In contrast, <em>Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, Pulleniatina obliquiloculata, and Globorotalia inflata</em> exhibit thick calcite layers with low Mg/Ca ratios, potentially associated with calcite crusts. Meanwhile, high Mg/Ca ratios may be attributed to the contaminants, especially on the shell surface. These findings demonstrate that the variations of Mg/Ca ratios in foraminifera shells are controlled not only by the surrounding seawater temperature but also by other factors.</div><div>Applying this method, we reconstructed Mg/Ca-SST in the northeastern SCS over the past ∼3000 years. The results indicate that the reconstructed SST trend aligns with the previous regional records, which validates the robustness of the method. We hope that this method can be widely applied in the future due to the efficiency, rapid processing, and high spatial resolution with minimal sample requirements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 104553"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144564072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of eddy merging in maintaining the quasi-permanent Ulleung Eddy","authors":"Guoqing Han ,&nbsp;Wang Zhu ,&nbsp;Yaofeng Wang ,&nbsp;Xiayan Lin ,&nbsp;Juncheng Xie ,&nbsp;Yu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Eddy merging plays a crucial role in maintaining the lifetimes of quasi-permanent eddies. This study used satellite observations and 3D reanalysis data to investigate the eddy merging process of a quasi-permanent eddy, known as the Ulleung Eddy, in the Ulleung Basin (UB) of the Sea of Japan. The results showed that the number of cyclonic eddies in the Sea of Japan was greater than that of anticyclonic eddies. However, regarding long-lived eddies (&gt;360 days), which were mostly distributed in UB, the number of anticyclonic eddies was greater than that of cyclonic eddies. The eddy merging process is beneficial for strengthening the Ulleung Eddy and maintaining its quasi-permanent state. Through a case analysis of 3D reanalysis data, considerable instability was observed during the merging of the Ulleung Eddy. During the eddy merging process, energy conversion associated with baroclinic instability is dominant. In particular, 95.8 % of the eddy merging processes exhibited a conversion from mean potential energy to eddy potential energy, whereas 83.3 % of the eddy merging processes demonstrated a conversion from mean kinetic energy to eddy kinetic energy. The merging of the Ulleung Eddy is conducive to its maintenance and development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 104542"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144271478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling of the isotope (δ18O, δ2H) composition and salinity of the seawater surface layer in polar regions: Application for the East and European arctic","authors":"E.O. Dubinina,&nbsp;S.A. Kossova,&nbsp;Yu.N. Chizhova,&nbsp;A.S. Avdeenko","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The surface sea water salinity and isotope (δ¹⁸O, δ²H) composition in polar regions are determined by the balance between freshening and freezing-related processes. Due to sea ice formation and its melting, the relation between the salinity and δ¹⁸O(δ²H) values does not correspond entirely to an additive process. We propose the dynamic model of surface layer (DMSL), which considers the fluxes corresponding to the freshening, freezing, and sea ice melting in order to describe the δ¹⁸O(δ²H)–salinity and δ¹⁸O–δ²H relations in Arctic seawater. The DMSL shows that the slope in the δ–salinity space is a complex function of melting and freezing fluxes, freshwater flux, salinity, and isotope composition of marine and freshwater endmembers. The model can be applied to salinity and isotope signatures both for any whole water region and for single water samples. The testing of the DMSL was done for water areas covered with different freezing–melting activity, located both in shelf areas influenced of continental runoff and in areas isolated from it. The data used for test calculations were obtained for surface (0–15 m) seawater collected in the Eastern and European Arctic in 2017, 2018, and 2021 (70°–82.7° N, and −4° W to 168° E) at the end of ice-free seasons. The calculations show that the model is capable of adequately estimating both the isotope signature of fresh water and the ratio of the main fluxes that form the surface layer: freshening, modification, and the contribution from melting sea ice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 104547"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144517570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decadal change in deep-ocean dissolved oxygen in the North Atlantic Ocean and North Pacific Ocean","authors":"Henry A. Ruhl ,&nbsp;Christine L. Huffard ,&nbsp;Monique Messié ,&nbsp;Thomas P. Connolly ,&nbsp;Thomas Soltwedel ,&nbsp;Frank Wenzhöfer ,&nbsp;Rodney J. Johnson ,&nbsp;Nicholas R. Bates ,&nbsp;Susan Hartman ,&nbsp;Anita Flohr ,&nbsp;Edward W. Mawji ,&nbsp;David M. Karl ,&nbsp;James Potemra ,&nbsp;Fernando Santiago-Mandujano ,&nbsp;Tetjana Ross ,&nbsp;Kenneth L. Smith","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104534","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104534","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Declining dissolved oxygen concentrations are documented at upper and mid ocean depths, but less is known about the deep ocean. Long time-series measurements of dissolved oxygen analyzed with Winkler titration over several decades reveal regional differences at six stations in the abyssal North Atlantic Ocean and North Pacific Ocean. A significant decline in dissolved oxygen was evident at two stations in the northeast Pacific Ocean at 4000–4200 m depth (Stations PAPA and M). A similar decreasing but insignificant trend was recorded in the Arctic region of the North Atlantic Ocean (HAUSGARTEN). However, there was no significant decrease in dissolved oxygen at two temperate stations in the North Atlantic Ocean (PAP, BATS) and at one tropical station in the central North Pacific Ocean (ALOHA) all at similar depths &gt;4000 m over similar time periods. Continued long time-series observations will be needed to monitor global deep ocean processes and the impact of changing climate. We compare these rare long-term observations with model estimations from historical (1850–2014) and projected (2015–2100) forcing under a continued high greenhouse gas emission scenario.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 104534"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144470622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}