Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers最新文献

{"title":"Experimental study on fidelity transfer technology of full-ocean-depth macro-organisms","authors":"Guangping Liu ,&nbsp;Jing Yang ,&nbsp;Yongping Jin ,&nbsp;Youduo Peng ,&nbsp;Buyan Wan","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104624","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104624","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>1Acquiring fidelity macro-organisms samples in a full-ocean-depth environment (water depth of 11000 m) is very important for the scientific research on environmental change, life evolution, macro-organisms species distribution, and living conditions in the abyssal seafloor. Due to technical limitations in the collection and transfer of full-ocean-depth macro-organism samples, existing deep-sea sampling devices often cannot reliably collect and transfer intact specimens in situ.To address this challenge, a new high-fidelity transfer system for macro-organisms has been developed, along with an innovative method for transferring specimens under ultra-high pressure. This paper details the structure, operating principle, and sealing theory of the full-ocean-depth macro-organism fidelity transfer system. Additionally, internal pressure and transfer tests were conducted using a prototype of the system to validate its performance. The test results show that the full-ocean-depth macro-organisms fidelity transfer system can withstand the pressure of up to 110 MPa and maintain the pressure for 12 h.The final pressure recorded during two internal pressure tests was 109 MPa. Under ultra-high pressure (95 MPa), the pressure-free transfer test of the full-ocean-depth macro-organisms fidelity transfer system was completed. In addition, the full-ocean-depth macro-organisms fidelity transfer system has completed pressure-holding sampling and transfer experiments at seafloor depths of 4080 m and 7724 m. These experiments have verified the feasibility of the system's design and the reliability of its seals. The findings provide a theoretical foundation and technical support for the development and manufacturing of full-ocean-depth transfer devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 104624"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145529117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Latitudinal transitions of eddy-affected zooplankton abundance in the mid-latitude North Atlantic","authors":"Guiyan Han ,&nbsp;Graham D. Quartly ,&nbsp;Hui Wang ,&nbsp;Jie Yang ,&nbsp;Ge Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104605","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104605","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mesoscale eddies play a critical role in marine ecosystems by regulating ocean environments and thereby influencing marine life. By integrating zooplankton observations from the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) project with satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll (Chl) concentration, and eddy datasets based on sea surface height, we investigate the impacts of eddy populations on zooplankton community abundance in the North Atlantic. To comprehensively assess both the abundance and richness of zooplankton communities, we introduced the Abundance Index as a unifying metric. The mid-latitude North Atlantic is segmented into three latitudinal zones: the southern zone (35°N–45°N), the middle zone (45°N–55°N), and the northern zone (55°N–70°N). Our analysis revealed distinct annual variations in the Abundance Index across the three zones from 1993 to 2017. The Abundance Index was consistently higher within cyclonic eddy (CE) cores compared with anticyclonic eddy (AE) cores in the southern and northern zones, contrasting with the patterns in the middle zone. However, the composite patterns of eddy-affected Chl and SST were similar across all zones. By employing six machine learning models, we assessed the feature importance (<em>FI</em>) of log-transformed Chl (log-Chl) and SST in explaining the Abundance Index. Log-Chl was found to have a greater impact than SST, particularly in the northern zone, highlighting the greater importance of food availability relative to ambient temperature. Significant shifts in the Abundance Index differences between AE and CE cores were detected in 1998, 2002, and 2003 in the southern, middle, and northern zones, respectively, suggesting that optimal habitats may have shifted in response to ocean climate change. These findings provide deeper insights into the effects of mesoscale eddies on zooplankton communities and highlight their broader implications for marine ecosystem dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 104605"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145365508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep-sea ecosystems of the North Atlantic Ocean: discovery, status, function and future challenges","authors":"A. Louise Allcock ,&nbsp;Diva J. Amon ,&nbsp;Amelia E.H. Bridges ,&nbsp;Ana Colaço ,&nbsp;Elva Escobar-Briones ,&nbsp;Ana Hilário ,&nbsp;Kerry L. Howell ,&nbsp;Nélia C. Mestre ,&nbsp;Frank E. Muller-Karger ,&nbsp;Imants G. Priede ,&nbsp;Paul V.R. Snelgrove ,&nbsp;Kathleen Sullivan Sealey ,&nbsp;Joana R. Xavier ,&nbsp;Anna M. Addamo ,&nbsp;Teresa Amaro ,&nbsp;Gayathra Bandara ,&nbsp;Narissa Bax ,&nbsp;Andreia Braga-Henriques ,&nbsp;Angelika Brandt ,&nbsp;Saskia Brix ,&nbsp;Nadescha Zwerschke","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The North Atlantic is an ocean basin with a diversity of deep-sea ecosystems. Here we provide a summary of the topography and oceanography of the North Atlantic including the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, provide a brief overview of the history of scientific research therein, and review the current status of knowledge of each of 18 pelagic and benthic deep-sea ecosystems, with a particular focus on knowledge gaps. We analyse biodiversity data records across the North Atlantic and highlight spatial data gaps that could provide important foci for future expeditions. We note particular data gaps in EEZs of nations within and bordering the Caribbean Sea. Our data provide a baseline against which progress can be tracked into the future. We review human impacts caused by fishing, shipping, mineral extraction, introduction of substances, and climate change, and provide an overview of international, regional and national measures to protect ecosystems. We recommend that scientific research in the deep sea should focus on increasing knowledge of the distribution and the connectivity of key species and habitats, and increasing our understanding of the processes leading to the delivery of ecosystem services. These three pillars - distribution, connectivity, ecosystem function - will provide the knowledge required to implement conservation and management measures to ensure that any deep-sea development in the future is sustainable. Infrastructure and capacity are unevenly distributed and implementation of strategies that will lead to more equitable deep-sea science is required to ensure that essential science can be delivered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 104580"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145365510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning analysis of polymetallic nodules and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts distribution: A case study from the 16°30′N seamounts region of the Kyushu-Palau Ridge","authors":"Panfeng Li ,&nbsp;Bangqi Hu ,&nbsp;Wei Huang ,&nbsp;Kai Lu ,&nbsp;Gang Hu ,&nbsp;Yuan Yang ,&nbsp;Jingtao Zhao ,&nbsp;Xue Ding ,&nbsp;Weiyu Song ,&nbsp;Jing Kan ,&nbsp;Fuyu Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The seafloor is a treasure trove of mineral resources, including polymetallic nodules (PMNs) and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts (CFCs). However, the complex seafloor terrain and the typical depths of 3000–6000 m at which these deposits are found pose significant challenges for conventional geological sampling methods, which tend to be both inefficient and costly. The Multibeam Echo Sounder (MBES) stands out for its ability to emit multiple narrow beams and cover a broad scanning area, thereby delivering high precision, efficiency, and comprehensive coverage in marine mapping. This system is adept at simultaneously capturing multibeam bathymetry (MB) and multibeam backscatter intensity (MBI) data, which significantly aids in a more nuanced understanding of seabed composition and sedimentation dynamics. By integrating MB with sampling data, one can discern seabed characteristics, thus substantially enhancing the efficiency and selectivity of exploration efforts. Despite the successful deployment of various cutting-edge acoustic technologies for the detection of seabed substrates, most research has focused on mapping PMNs and CFCs occurrences from MBI data. Moreover, previous studies typically employed a single classification model and did not incorporate multi-model comparisons or rigorous validation techniques. In our study, we utilized MB and MBI data derived from the EM302 system, a permanent fixture on the R/V No. 9 Hai Yang Di Zhi. We also considered topographic variables such as slope, slope of slope (SOS), and Bathymetric Position Index (BPI), calculated from the MB. These were combined with geological sampling to identify the type of seafloor. Utilizing this comprehensive dataset, we developed a supervised machine learning model to assess the spatial distribution of PMNs and CFCs in the 16°30′N seamounts region of the Kyushu-Palau Ridge (KPR).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 104620"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145474950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High genetic connectivity of the two main cold-water scleractinian framework engineers from the Southwestern Atlantic","authors":"Kátia Cristina Cruz Capel ,&nbsp;Pedro Leocorny ,&nbsp;Raphael de Mello Carpes ,&nbsp;Marcelo Visentini Kitahara ,&nbsp;Carla Zilberberg","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cold-water coral reefs (&gt;150 m) are highly biodiverse ecosystems mainly engineered by few scleractinian and Porifera species. Due to the low number of framework building scleractinian species combined with their low growth rates, cold-water reefs are considered vulnerable marine ecosystems susceptible to human impacts such as demersal fisheries. Apart from their occurrence, a seminal information that subsidizes best practices for their conservation is related to gene flow/population genetics. However, research on the latter is hampered by the expensive sampling logistics and, to date, most studies have focused on the North Atlantic. Here we use microsatellite markers to understand the genetic diversity and population structure of the most important cold-water framework builders in the Southwestern Atlantic, <em>Desmophyllum pertusum</em> and <em>Solenosmilia variabilis</em>. The genotyping of 285 specimens belonging to both species showed low clonality rates, high levels of genetic diversity with no evidence of inbreeding, and no population structure along a latitudinal gradient of nearly 700 km, similar to what has been previously observed for the sympatric species <em>Madrepora oculata</em> and <em>M. piresae</em>. The recurrent absence of population structure for cold-water corals in the Southwestern Atlantic along latitudinal and depth ranges, suggests that oceanographic factors, such as the direction and speed of the Western South Atlantic Central Water and of the Antarctic Intermediate Water, combined with the spawning \"window\" and the pelagic larval duration (PLD) of these species play crucial roles in their dispersion and connectivity patterns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 104606"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145365509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systemic underestimation of the mid-deep current in the South China Sea by multiple ocean reanalysis products","authors":"Jingyi Liu ,&nbsp;Huizan Wang ,&nbsp;Pinqiang Wang,&nbsp;Xiaohui Wang,&nbsp;Xiaojiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the South China Sea (SCS), the mid-deep current is a vital part of the three-dimensional (3D) circulation, exhibiting critical effects on the water mass renewal, material cycling, and energy balance. However, the paucity of observational data for the currents in the mid-deep layer of seas presents doubts pertaining to the reliability of ocean reanalysis products. In this study, the performances of three mainstream ocean reanalysis products, Ocean Reanalysis System 5 (ORAS5), global ocean reanalysis and simulation (GLORYS), and simple ocean data assimilation (SODA), were evaluated regarding simulating the mid-deep currents in the SCS, using the mid-depth velocity data derived from Argo trajectories and year-long mooring observations. The underestimation of the eddy kinetic energy in this layer by the ocean reanalysis products yielded a weaker intensity and variability of the model velocity field compared to the observed values. The majority (&gt;70 %) of simulated velocities at a depth of 1000 m were lower than the Argo-derived values. With reference to the mooring data, velocity underestimation occurred in 80 % of the study area at a depth &gt;1200 m. Even for the best-performing product, GLORYS, the well-modeled area proportion was &lt;25 %. Further analysis of the seasonal circulation patterns and Luzon Strait volume transport indicated that: 1) all products underestimated the volume transport in the Luzon Strait relative to the results of previous studies; 2) GLORYS demonstrated optimal performance in capturing the eddy structures and seasonal responses; 3) ORAS5 achieved a relatively uniform error distribution at different depths; and 4) SODA produced a weak seasonal response and lacked mesoscale features. Overall, the current study elucidates the modeling of the mid-deep current in the SCS and enhances the data assimilation capabilities of the existing ocean reanalysis products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 104622"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145529116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An abnormal Taylor cap observed on the west side of the Beipo seamount in the South China Sea","authors":"Zhengpu Luo ,&nbsp;Dezhou Yang ,&nbsp;Wuhong Guo ,&nbsp;Lingjing Xu ,&nbsp;Yuxuan Li ,&nbsp;Xiquan Liu ,&nbsp;Sheng Dai ,&nbsp;Baoshu Yin ,&nbsp;Kuidong Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An abnormal Taylor cap (ATC) was observed around the Beipo seamount (BPS) in the South China Sea. Unlike previously observed Taylor caps, the ATC is located on the west side of the BPS, rather than at the summit, and deviates by approximately 20 km. Using a high-resolution regional ocean model, we reproduced and investigated the ATC. Numerical experiments revealed that the west deviation and vertical structure of the ATC are controlled by the background flow. A vorticity budget analysis further indicated that the ATC is maintained by a balance between advection and friction. Additionally, both the BPS and ATC contribute to the observed high subsurface chlorophyll concentrations in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 104628"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145579767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated optical and acoustic monitoring of deep-sea bubble plume – A case study in Haima cold seep","authors":"Shuduo Liu ,&nbsp;Ben Liu ,&nbsp;Mengran Du ,&nbsp;Chenguang Yang ,&nbsp;Wen Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Monitoring underwater bubble plumes plays a vital role in understanding the plumes’ impacts on marine ecosystems. In this study, an integrated optical and acoustic deep-sea bubble plume observation system was designed and presented. The system was deployed in the Haima cold seep at a depth of 1,386 m, where a total of 4.5 h of optical and acoustic recordings were collected. Customized methods for processing both optical and acoustic data were also developed: a convolutional neural network (CNN) was used to identify individual bubbles from optical data stream, a passive acoustic bubble detection method integrating cell averaging constant false alarm rate (CA-CFAR) detector was applied to address human-induced interferences, and parabolic interpolation was employed to improve the resolution of time delay estimation for active acoustic observation. All the collected data were comprehensively processed and analyzed. The quantitative analysis of the video data yielded a mean bubble radius of 2.35 mm, and a gas flux ranging from 0.052 L/min to 0.086 L/min. The frequency-dependent sound speed variations obtained from the active acoustic data align well with existing theory on linear pressure wave propagation in bubbly liquid, suggesting the deep-sea bubbles influence the sound speed in predictable ways. This study represents an important early development of an integrated optical and acoustic system for in-situ deep-sea bubble plume monitoring, offering valuable insights and practical considerations for future iterations of related instrumentation and data analysis algorithms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 104603"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a full-ocean-depth biogeochemistry experiment system and its first application at hadal zone","authors":"Shuangquan Liu ,&nbsp;Jian Zhang ,&nbsp;Mengran Du ,&nbsp;Shun Chen ,&nbsp;Jiwei Li ,&nbsp;Xiaotong Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104626","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104626","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Obtaining actual in situ rate of biogeochemical processes is essential for understanding marine biogeochemical cycles. Automated sampling systems capable of conducting both sampling and incubation under ambient conditions are a powerful approach. Here, we present a full-ocean-depth Biogeochemistry Experiment System (BES), designed for in-situ measurements of ammonium (NH₄⁺) and nitrite (NO₂⁻) oxidation rates in hadal zone (&gt;6000 m). The BES was successfully deployed at four stations in the Yap Trench and the Mariana Trench (Depths: 7869–10903 m), demonstrating its robustness and operational feasibility. NH₄⁺ oxidation rates ranged from undetectable to 0.03 nmol L⁻¹d⁻¹, while NO₂⁻ oxidation rates ranged from 0.64 to 2.29 nmol L⁻¹d⁻¹. These results underscore the utility of BES for deep-sea research and highlight its potential for revealing spatial variability in biogeochemical processes, particularly in regions where depressurization compromises sample integrity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 104626"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145579768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detrital and authigenic minerals across the continental slope of the East China Sea, evidence for sedimentary provenance and environmental changes since the Last Glacial Maximum","authors":"Libo Wang,&nbsp;Bin Zhai,&nbsp;Xilin Zhang,&nbsp;Xianrong Zhang,&nbsp;Zhilei Sun,&nbsp;Jingtao Zhao,&nbsp;Yong Zhang,&nbsp;Yanguang Dou","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104623","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104623","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To enhance the understanding of source-to-sink processes and paleoenvironmental evolution in the East China Sea (ECS), this study presents a comprehensive analysis of grain size, mineral composition, total organic carbon (TOC), and radiocarbon dating in five piston cores collected from the shelf break to the lower continental slope. The provenance of bulk sediments is determined using mineral compositions of different grain size components to mitigate the influence of mechanical differentiation. On the shelf break, sediments were derived from the Changjiang and the ECS shelf after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), reflecting direct fluvial input and shelf erosion. On the continental slope, sediments originated from the Changjiang during the LGM and early deglaciation (25.3–14 ka), due to the river mouth's proximity to the continental slope. During the late deglaciation (14–11.5 ka), intensified bottom shear stress shifted the dominant sediment source to the ECS shelf. During the early Holocene (11.5–8.6 ka), sediments were sourced from both the ECS shelf and the Taiwan Strait, as bottom stress migrated. During the middle and late Holocene (8.6–0 ka), the dominant source transformed to western Taiwan rivers, driven by the intrusion of the Taiwan Warm Current. Pyrite formation is closely linked to organic carbon deposition. Temporal variations in pyrite and TOC contents show opposite trends across the continental slope. Their decline on the lower continental slope during the middle and late Holocene can be attributed to intensified deep-water ventilation, which exerted limited influence on the upper continental slope.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 104623"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145529118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}