Community Ecology最新文献

{"title":"An exploratory study of the immediate and medium-term effects of bench terrace construction on the ground-dwelling arthropod communities in eucalypt plantations","authors":"Martinho A. S. Martins, Liliana B. Simões, João R. L. Puga, J. Jacob Keizer, Nelson J. C. Abrantes","doi":"10.1007/s42974-024-00197-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42974-024-00197-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Forest terracing operations imply a massive mobilization of topsoil. Nonetheless, its impacts on soil properties, functions and ecosystem services have been poorly quantified so far. Therefore, this study aimed to explore how bulldozer bench terracing may impact the abundance and diversity of ground-dwelling arthropod communities of eucalypt plantations. To this end, three neighbouring sites were selected of which one had not been terraced a –(NT), one had been terraced recently (two months earlier; -RT) and one had been terraced more than a decade (14 years ago; OT). The exploratory nature of this study involved furthermore a single sampling occasion (during spring), and taxonomic identification till the level of order and, in the case of the most frequent orders, (sub-)family. The arthropod communities of the RT site and the NT site did not reveal significant differences in terms of either total abundance or order richness, suggesting that immediate effects of terracing on these aspects of biodiversity may be limited. Nonetheless, notable differences did exist between these two sites for two out of the three prevailing orders. Araneae occurred with a markedly lower abundance as well as family richness at the RT site than at the NT site, while the opposite was true for the Coleoptera, at least in terms of family richness. The communities of the RT site and the OT site also did not evidence substantial differences in abundance or order richness, indicating that terracing effects on these aspects may not increase with time-since-terracing. In fact, the opposite was suggested, since none of the three prevailing orders revealed significant differences in abundance or richness between the two sites. In spite of the reduced effects observed here of massive soil mobilization by bulldozer terracing, further research is plainly justified not only because of the exploratory nature of this study but also the widespread bench terracing in the study region. The present results suggested that such further research should focus on the impacts during the first decade.</p>","PeriodicalId":50994,"journal":{"name":"Community Ecology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140938561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional trait patterns: investigating variation-covariation relationships and the importance of intraspecific variability along distinct vegetation types","authors":"Gustavo Viana de Freitas, José Luiz Alves Silva, Douglas Rodrigues Ribeiro, Priscila Simioni, Glaziele Campbell, Saulo Pireda, Alexandre F. Souza, Marcelo Trindade Nascimento, Maura Da Cunha, Angela Pierre Vitória","doi":"10.1007/s42974-024-00196-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42974-024-00196-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Plants adjust to abiotic conditions by changing their anatomical, morphological, and physiological traits. Traits can vary independently or in an integrated manner, known as trait variation and covariation respectively. It has been hypothesized that a trade-off would emerge along a gradient of abiotic constraints in which trait variation would be favored under resource-rich conditions while covariation under resource-limited ones. Although many studies have provided empirical support for this trade-off, a consensus has not yet emerged, due to a lack of support in some cases. This study investigated variation and covariation in three leaf and four wood traits of 74 woody species from a rainforest, a semideciduous forest, and a <i>Restinga</i> heath vegetation in the Atlantic Forest, which are subjected to different water-related constraints. We asked: Is there a variation-covariation trade-off within and across vegetation types? How does incorporating intraspecific variability change the magnitude and pattern of trait covariation? We found a variation-covariation trade-off and a positive relationship both within and across vegetation types. Wood variation was higher and covariation was lower in the rainforest, likely due to the greater water availability. Conversely, wood trait covariation was higher and variation was lower in the <i>Restinga</i> and seasonal semideciduous forest. Differences between vegetation types are likely related to the species’ strategies to prevent hydraulic failure, particularly for <i>Restinga</i> species that adjust their wood density and xylem vessel density in a coordinated manner. Accounting for intraspecific trait variability increased covariation across all vegetation types, particularly in the <i>Restinga.</i> This highlights the loss of functional information when analyses are based solely on species’ mean trait values. Our results also contribute to this discussion by providing evidence that the trade-off or a positive relationship between trait variation and covariation may be context-dependent.</p>","PeriodicalId":50994,"journal":{"name":"Community Ecology","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140938541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying the relative importance of biotic and abiotic factors in landscape-based models of stream fish distributions","authors":"Christopher A. Custer, Douglas P. Fischer, Geoffrey Smith, Aaron Henning, Megan Kepler Schall, Matthew K. Shank, Timothy A. Wertz, Tyler Wagner","doi":"10.1007/s42974-024-00183-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42974-024-00183-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lotic fish species distributions are frequently predicted using remotely sensed habitat variables that characterize the adjacent landscape and serve as proxies for instream habitat. Recent advancements in statistical methodology, however, allow for leveraging fish assemblage data when predicting distributions. This is important because assemblage composition likely provides better information about instream habitat compared to landscape-derived metrics and therefore may improve predictions. To better understand the value of using multi-species fish data in species distribution modeling, we fit two conditional random fields (CRF) models to quantify the relative importance of fish assemblage co-occurrence, landscape-derived habitat variables, and interactions between these two predictor groups (i.e., effects of co-occurrence could be context-dependent) at over 1200 stream catchments in Pennsylvania, USA. We first compared predictive performance of CRF models against traditionally used single-species logistic regressions (generalized linear models; GLMs) and found that inclusion of fish assemblage data often improved predictive performance. The multi-species CRF models performed significantly better at predicting occurrence for 63% of species with an average percent increase in AUC of 25% compared to GLMs. Furthermore, the CRF identified species co-occurrences as more informative, and thus relatively more important, at predicting occurrence than the other effect types. The CRF also suggested that allowing these biotic effects to be context-dependent was important for predicting occurrence of many species. These findings illustrate the value of fish assemblage data for landscape-scale species distribution modeling and leveraging this information can improve predictions and inferences to help inform the management and conservation of freshwater fishes.</p>","PeriodicalId":50994,"journal":{"name":"Community Ecology","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140830636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Close-to-nature forest management effects on soil nematodes and microbial activity in pine plantations on aeolian sands","authors":"Marek Renčo, Erika Gömöryová, Andrea Čerevková","doi":"10.1007/s42974-024-00193-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42974-024-00193-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Close-to-nature forest management combines the economic use of forests with nature conservation in forest, aiming promote stability, productivity, diversity and continuity within forest ecosystems. While close-to-nature management is expected to positively impact the tree growth, its effect on the belowground micro-biota has been poorly investigated. Nematodes and microbes are species-rich and abundant soil microorganisms that have long been used as ecological indicators of soil health. In this study, was assessed the impact of close-to-nature forest management on soil nematode communities and microbial activity in the pine plantations on aeolian sands in Southern Slovakia, 10 years after the introduction of this management approach. Fifteen stands in close-to-nature forest managed and fifteen stands with applying standard forest management were chosen. Our findings revealed that close-to-nature forest management significantly increased the abundance of soil nematodes and nematode biomass in each of the plots. Moreover, close-to-nature forest management significantly increased the mean abundance of omnivores and predators as stress sensitive nematodes (c–p4, c–p5). Additionally, close-to-nature forest management reduces the proportion of stress tolerant nematodes (c–p1) and enrichment opportunists (c–p2), increased all maturity and structure indices as well as composite, structure, predator and omnivore footprints. Furthermore, close-to-nature forest management significantly increased soil moisture, soil carbon content, microbial biomass carbon, basal respiration and N-mineralization, and understory vegetation diversity. These findings suggest that close-to-nature management practice, resulting in forest of different ages, positively influenced nematode communities and microbial activity by changing the quantity and quality of resources associated with increased understory cover and diversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":50994,"journal":{"name":"Community Ecology","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140812815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Landscape connection and patch complexity explain plant community similarity in sandy grasslands better than habitat amount and landscape heterogeneity via network analysis","authors":"Yasu Cao, Yu Peng, Jinning Li, Jingxiang Yuan, Chengru Wang, Qianru Bao, Guoying Li","doi":"10.1007/s42974-024-00185-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42974-024-00185-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Based on the island biogeography theory and the habitat amount hypothesis, species richness and alpha diversity increase with an increase in connectivity and habitat amount, and high environmental heterogeneity usually maintains high plant alpha diversity. However, the mechanism of landscape pattern on plant community similarity, another dimension of plant diversity, are still poorly understood. We sampled 420 plant communities at 28 sampling sites comprising mobile, semi-fixed, and fixed sandy dunes, and lowland grasslands. The plant community similarity index was modelled as a response variable in stepwise linear regression models to select the primary landscape metrics. A general linear model was then used to identify the contribution of selected landscape metrics to plant network parameters. The results demonstrate that patch shape complexity, rather than habitat amount or area, was positively associated with plant community similarity (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), as well as connection or aggregation, and not landscape heterogeneity (and/or landscape diversity). Such influences are closely linked to plant community network characteristics, which are determined by the sandy fragmented landscape. These findings suggest that shape complexity and edge traits of patches influence plant community similarity; consequently, at the landscape level, patch connection and aggregation influence plant community networks, while habitat amounts or landscape heterogeneity were less affected. These various underlying mechanisms need to be considered in management plans and reserve design for sandy grassland ecosystems to protect grasslands in sandy landscapes.</p>","PeriodicalId":50994,"journal":{"name":"Community Ecology","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140629522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased focus on measuring diversity may lead to a crisis in community ecology","authors":"Christian Damgaard","doi":"10.1007/s42974-024-00184-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42974-024-00184-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50994,"journal":{"name":"Community Ecology","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140617431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slope aspect of a mountainous grassland landscape shapes the structure of an encroaching shrub (Euryops floribundus N.E. Br): insights from communal grazing sites located at varying distances from rural homesteads","authors":"Masibonge Gxasheka, Phesheya Dlamini","doi":"10.1007/s42974-024-00182-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42974-024-00182-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mountainous grassland landscapes are severely threatened by the proliferation of shrub encroachment. So far, it remains unclear though how slope aspect coupled with land disturbances linked to the proximity of homesteads to communal grazing sites affects the distribution, density and structure of the encroaching shrubs in these grassland ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the role that slope aspect plays in determining the density and structure of an encroaching shrub species <i>Euryops floribundus</i> N.E. Br in three communal grazing sites located at varying distances from rural homesteads in a semi-arid mountainous grassland in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Three sites were strategically chosen in Cala communal grazing lands in an encroached mountainous grassland landscape that depicted north and south-facing slope aspects. The selected sites were Tsengiwe; a site located in close proximity to homesteads at a distance of less than 100 m, Upper Mnxe situated at an intermediate distance ranging from 200 to 800 m away from homesteads and Manzimdaka, which was located furthest from homesteads at a distance greater than 1600 m. In each site and corresponding slope aspect, the density and structure of the shrub <i>E. floribundus</i> were evaluated on 36 randomly distributed plots, yielding a total of 108 plots across all sites. We found that shrub density was significantly higher (50%) on the north-facing slope compared to the south-facing slope in Tsengiwe, the site located near homesteads. Shrub height was significantly higher (53 and 17%) on the north-facing slope compared to the south-facing slope at Upper Mnxe and Manzimdaka, which were located at intermediate and furthest distances from the homesteads. Notably, shrub height was significantly lower (37%) in the north-facing slope compared to the south-facing slope in Tsengiwe. Following a similar pattern to shrub height, total stem number was significantly higher (20 and 85%) in the north-facing slope compared to the south-facing slope at Upper Mnxe and Tsengiwe, respectively. Shrub crown area was higher (33 and 11%) in the north-facing slope compared to the south-facing slope at Upper Mnxe and Manzimdaka, respectively. A strong positive relationship was established between the height of shrubs and their longest crown diameter, shortest crown diameter and shrub crown area across all sites, suggesting that the investigated shrub species <i>E. floribundus</i> employs its structural characteristics to survive, and thrive and this was more evident in the north-facing slope. The results highlight the importance of considering the proximity of homesteads into account in ecological studies, and puts emphasis on improved understanding of the vegetation patterns shaped by shrub encroachment in mountainous grasslands, which is crucial in the development of effective land management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":50994,"journal":{"name":"Community Ecology","volume":"145 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140297469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting functional diversity from a network perspective: regular equivalence-based approach","authors":"Wen-hsien Lin, Wei-chung Liu","doi":"10.1007/s42974-024-00181-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42974-024-00181-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Species are embedded in a network of trophic interactions known as a food web. We propose to measure functional diversity of an ecosystem from a network perspective. Our approach is based on the concept of regular equivalence (REGE), which can quantify the similarity in species trophic roles in a food web. Using the outcome of REGE analysis, we define three REGE-based functional diversity indices. First is the average dissimilarity in species trophic roles, second is the optimal number of trophic role groups, and the third is the degree of evenness that species are partitioned into trophic role groups. We quantified these three REGE-based functional diversity indices for 92 aquatic food webs and compared the results with that from random food webs. We found that most food webs had higher average trophic role dissimilarity and more trophic role groups than random food webs. However, real food webs and random food webs showed no difference in the evenness of species partition into trophic role groups. We also determined the relationship between REGE-based functional diversity and the structural properties of food webs. We found that food webs with high functional diversity were those with sparse network organization, highly modular structure, or low network cohesion. Furthermore, we also investigated the relationship between our REGE-based functional diversity indices and their trait-based and interaction-based counterparts; their weak-to-moderate correlation suggests our REGE-based approach offers a complementary view to functional diversity of an ecosystem.</p>","PeriodicalId":50994,"journal":{"name":"Community Ecology","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139923176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Edaphic fauna and residue decomposition rate under different management of plant species in no-tillage system","authors":"Alana Maria Polesso, Ernesto Miguel Hoff, Edpool Rocha Silva, Elston Kraft, Thais Antolini Veçozzi, Dilmar Baretta, Renan de Souza Rezende, Carolina R. Duarte Maluche Baretta","doi":"10.1007/s42974-023-00179-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42974-023-00179-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The no-tillage system (NTS) maximizes the use of plant species diversification during cultivation while minimizing disturbance to the seeding row and using the crop residues from previous species. Our objective was to compare management practices, including crop rotation (CR) and crop succession (CS), as well as a native fragment serving as a reference area (FC), and explore the relationship between litter decomposition and soil biological quality. To evaluate the decomposition of litter from soybean cultivation, we utilized fine (0.5 mm) and coarse (10 mm) mesh litter bags, which were placed in the soil and contained the winter crop residues. Additionally, sampling for edaphic fauna, microbiological, chemical, enzymatic, and environmental variables was conducted. A higher remaining mass was observed in the fine mesh litter bags (CR 75.5%, FC 68.3%, CS 63.9%) compared to the coarse mesh (FC 54.9%, CR 35.3%, CS 27.9%). Our results showed that diverse plant species composition led to a slower decomposition rate, similar to that found in native forests, stabilizing the agricultural system. Also, the decomposition rate was influenced by management practices, species selection, climate, and microbial activity. Epigeic invertebrates, particularly Detritivores/decomposers groups, played a significant role in litter decomposition, with higher decomposition rates observed in the coarse mesh. Microbial activity, influenced by soil attributes such as arylsulfatase enzyme activity, organic matter content, and soil moisture, significantly affected litter decomposition. The diversity of plant species in NTS increases the soil fauna and reduces litter decomposition rate. Therefore, we suggest NTS with CR using multiple plant species as a management that favors soil organisms in long-term systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":50994,"journal":{"name":"Community Ecology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139556512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Similarity between soil seed bank and standing vegetation and their relationship with soil and topographical characteristics in a riparian zone","authors":"Maryam Abbasi Kesbi, Reza Erfanzadeh, Bakhtiar Fattahi","doi":"10.1007/s42974-023-00180-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42974-023-00180-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Our objectives were to examine the species composition and diversity of soil seed bank (SSB) and standing vegetation (SV), explore association between compositional diversity of SV, SSB and selected environmental factors and assess the implications of SSB on regeneration of flooded riparian vegetation in Hamedan province, Iran. We estimated the ground cover of SV and SSB composition in 90 plots (1 m × 1 m) distributed across 15 sites in the river riparian zone. We evaluated the SSB by seedling emergence method. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used in a direct gradient analysis of the SV/SSB with the environmental factors. In total, 136 species were identified from germinated seed bank in the greenhouse and there were 131 plant species recorded in the aboveground vegetation. 31 species were observed in the SSB while they were absent in the SV, while there were also 26 species that were only present in the SV. Dominant species in the SSB were floatable seed species, i.e. <i>Cyperus difformis</i> and <i>Dactylis glomerata</i>. In addition, the results indicated a more pronounced effect of environmental factors on SV than on SSB distributions in which a higher number of environmental factors associated significantly with SV than with SSB (6 vs. 4). However, elevation, soil moisture content and total organic matter had significant effects on community distribution of both SSB and SV. The species diversity and composition evenness were significantly higher in the SSB than SV. Although, 105 species were common to SSB and SV, the mean Czekanowski similarity between SV and SSB was very low (15.5%). However, we argue that the recovery of vegetation in degraded sites can still rely on SSB. We concluded that the seed movement among plant communities through hydrochory led to a spatial homogenization of SSB, resulting in a decrease in SSB-SV similarity and an increase in SSB species diversity and compositional evenness. Differences in plant diversity and richness between the SSB and the SV are supposed to be a complementation of diversity between below- and above-ground and therefore, greater community resilience is predicted under stochastic disturbance events such as flooding in the riparian area.</p>","PeriodicalId":50994,"journal":{"name":"Community Ecology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139481297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}