{"title":"In-vitro wear of Titanium reinforced Hydroxyapatite coatings in simulated body fluid","authors":"Srikant Tiwari, Suryanarayan Mishra","doi":"10.1115/1.4065983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4065983","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Titanium-reinforced hydroxyapatite (Ti-HAP) composite coating has been deposited over 254 SMO stainless steel using a Low-Velocity Oxygen Fuel (LVOF) spraying technique. FESEM, XRD, Vickers Microhardness and shear strength tests have been performed to characterize the developed coatings. Further, in-vitro wear behaviors of the coatings were investigated using a pin-on-disc wear tester under simulated body fluid conditions. The results reveal that Ti40-HAP coating possesses superior wear resistance compared to Ti60-HAP, Ti, and HAP coatings, attributed to higher surface hardness and higher shear strength values. Amongst the tested samples, the friction coefficient was lower for Ti coating, followed by Ti60-HAP composite coating. The surface roughness was a prominent factor in reducing the friction coefficient of coating samples. Local detachment and brittle fracture were the dominant wear modes in Ti-HAP coating, whereas an additional micro-ploughing wear mode was observed in pure hydroxyapatite and titanium coating.","PeriodicalId":509807,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tribology","volume":"6 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141640768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of variable load on centralized dimple in opposite sliding condition","authors":"Hengrui Du, Jing Wang, Xinqing Wang","doi":"10.1115/1.4065871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4065871","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In ball bearings without a cage, adjacent balls exhibit a zero-entrainment velocity (ZEV) contact condition, which is worse than typical pure rolling or rolling-sliding contact, and the contact between adjacent balls under periodic loading is notably more complicated. In this work, thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) numerical calculation is carried out under the condition of periodic impact and opposite sliding line contact over a wide range of surface speeds. the pressure is solved by multigrid method, the elastic deformation is evaluated using multigrid integration method, the temperature field is calculated by column-by-column scanning technique. The results show that the loading-unloading process exerts significant influence on the variation of the centralized dimple, pressure, and temperature rises as well as the oil characteristics. With the increase of surface speed, the effect of load fluctuations diminishes, and the central dimple exhibits the following evolutionary trend under ZEV conditions: no dimple at very low velocity - small central dimple - large typical dimple - no dimple at high velocity. The result indicates that under the ZEV condition of EHL stage, elevated velocities decrease the coefficient of friction and augment the film thickness.","PeriodicalId":509807,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tribology","volume":"70 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141688395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of Thermal Conductivity on Maximum Film Pressure in Point EHL Contact of Ceramics with Transverse Surface Roughness","authors":"M. Kaneta","doi":"10.1115/1.4065877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4065877","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Based on a fully flooded non-Newtonian transient thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis of representative engineering ceramics and a steel with different thermal conductivities and different surface roughness, it is clarified that material combinations leading to a reduction in the maximum film pressure can be found using the thermal conductivities of the contacting materials and the smooth surface temperatures of the same contacting materials. The results will make a significant contribution to the design of machine elements involving contact between materials of different thermal conductivity and surface roughness.","PeriodicalId":509807,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tribology","volume":"25 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141684636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Hildebrand, Philipp Beierer, T. Lohner, Karsten Stahl
{"title":"Numerical Calculation of the Oil Flow in a Truck Rear Axle Transmission and the Influence of Gear-Induced Air Flow","authors":"L. Hildebrand, Philipp Beierer, T. Lohner, Karsten Stahl","doi":"10.1115/1.4065872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4065872","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 For the reliable operation of a gearbox, consistently sufficient lubrication of tooth contacts and bearings is necessary. Thus, gearbox oil flow plays an important role. Additionally, air flow may affect the oil flow in the gearbox. The state of the art indicates that Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) enables targeted support of the gearbox development process at an early stage. Computational time plays a prominent role in practical applications due to associated costs. The particle-based Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) shows great potential for time-efficient calculations, especially with a simplified single-phase modeling approach. This study examines the influence of gear-induced air flow on gearbox oil flow, focusing on a test gearbox to identify a suitable modeling approach for a truck rear axle transmission. The results indicate that for the investigated operating conditions, the gear-induced air flow only impacts gearbox oil flow at higher circumferential speeds. For lower circumferential speeds, a single-phase SPH yields good results with significantly reduced computation times compared to the two-phase SPH. Applying the single-phase SPH to the truck rear axle transmission and comparing numerical results with experimental findings demonstrates a reliable representation of the oil flow characteristics.","PeriodicalId":509807,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tribology","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141687281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exploring the impact of HFO-1234YF refrigerant on the tribological properties of advanced polymeric coatings","authors":"Ajinkya Raut, A. Amiri, Andreas A. Polycarpou","doi":"10.1115/1.4065870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4065870","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The global focus has shifted towards mitigating the impact of global warming, particularly in the air-conditioning and refrigeration sectors where there is a strong emphasis on the use of environmentally friendly refrigerants. One such refrigerant that has gained increased usage is HFO-1234yf. The increasing use of HFO-1234yf as a refrigerant in automobile air conditioning compressors presents new challenges in terms of material compatibility. In this research, we investigate the impact of HFO-1234yf in automobile compressor applications by comparing the tribological results of the same materials in air. We conducted tribological experiments under starved lubrication conditions using Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)/ Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and Aromatic thermosetting co-polyesters (ATSP) /PTFE-coated aluminum alloy samples. We found that the ATSP/PTFE coatings perform exceptionally well irrespective of the atmosphere, and the presence of HFO-1234yf refrigerant adversely affects the tribological performance of the PEEK/PTFE coatings citing the lack of a stable tribofilm formation. These findings offer valuable insights for the development of materials and lubricants that are compatible with HFO-1234yf refrigerant applications.","PeriodicalId":509807,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tribology","volume":"48 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141687825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hao Shi, Tieneng Guo, Chenhang Wang, Bo Li, Nan Jiang, Jianshuo Zhang
{"title":"Research on Wear Behavior Between Crossed Parabolic Cylinders in the Early Stage of Cyclic Fretting","authors":"Hao Shi, Tieneng Guo, Chenhang Wang, Bo Li, Nan Jiang, Jianshuo Zhang","doi":"10.1115/1.4065711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4065711","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In practice, even the tiny relative reciprocating motion generated by external load or environmental vibration can cause interface wear. In this work, three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis (FEA) is used to investigate the fretting wear between deformable crossed parabolic cylinders. Fretting is achieved by the application of a periodic displacement-controlled load, while the contact pair is defined as the same material, i.e., Carbon Steel/Carbon Steel, Copper Alloy/Copper Alloy, and Aluminum Alloy/Aluminum Alloy. Meanwhile, three different axis crossing angles are also studied, i.e., 45°, 60°, and 90°. Originally, a wide range of coefficients of friction (COFs) are applied to the interface without considering the damage. The results show that, when the COF is sufficiently large (µ = 1), the junction growth and the tangential load increase significantly in the first loading cycle, but then become gradually stable. Subsequently, the Archard wear model is applied to the frictional interface. Empirical equations for the initial gross slip distance and the wear volume at the end of the partial slip are established in turn. Furthermore, an empirical equation for the wear volume of a single fretting cycle is established, which is in good agreement with the FEA results. Lastly, the effect of relevant parameters on the wear volume for a single fretting cycle under elastic condition is discussed, but also the evolution of wear volume in the early stage of cyclic fretting. All the results are normalized, enabling their application to the 3D fretting wear of other material pairs.","PeriodicalId":509807,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tribology","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141356807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kaisen Zhang, Kun Liu, Danfeng Sun, Tianyan Gao, Jiaxin Ye
{"title":"Friction Variability in Slip Rings: Geometry and Stiffness Effects","authors":"Kaisen Zhang, Kun Liu, Danfeng Sun, Tianyan Gao, Jiaxin Ye","doi":"10.1115/1.4065712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4065712","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study explores the frictional dynamics in wire-on-V-groove contacts, particularly in slip rings, by examining the effects of contact geometry and loading stiffness. Our experimental setup, using three different custom tribometers, allowed precise control and measurement of these variables. Results show a significant deviation of the friction coefficient from traditional Amonton-Coulomb predictions, highlighting an increased sensitivity to the aforementioned factors. These findings challenge conventional understanding in tribology, emphasizing the need for a refined theoretical model that better accounts for the complexities of real-world contact scenarios. The study's implications are far-reaching, particularly in improving the design and reliability of slip rings in high-precision instruments and satellite technologies.","PeriodicalId":509807,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tribology","volume":"42 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141358768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of novel undecylenic estolides: Modeling and Tribological characterization","authors":"Prasad Sanap, Rohan Thakur, Amit Pratap","doi":"10.1115/1.4065688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4065688","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 To overcome the issues related to low-temperature characteristics and thermal degradation of fatty acid based lubricant base stocks, chemical modification is essential. To mitigate these shortcomings, considering unsaturated undecylenic acid, the formation of estolides is one of the best transformations considering application in lubricants. Ultrasonic-assisted sulfuric acid-catalyzed synthesis of estolides of undecylenic was modeled using response surface methodology (RSM) and subsequently validated using artificial neural network (ANN) for known and unknown input variables. At optimal reaction conditions of reaction temperature of 56°C, catalyst loading of 0.63 mole-equivalent, and reaction time of 1.61 hours, estolides with estolide number (EN) of 2.58, extraordinary low pour point (PP) of −52°C and better resistance to thermal degradation was obtained. The thermal degradation was evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to find improved resistance toward degradation due to the formation of estolides. Further, tribological properties like wear characteristics, load carrying capacity, and oxidative stability were studied for 5% blends in SN 70 base oil. The anti-wear ability of the estolides was found to be superior to undecylenic acid, with a lower coefficient of friction, scar diameter, depth, and volume. The blend containing estolide was found to have load carrying capacity as high as 800 kgf. Moreover, owing to the double bond migration during the reaction, the oxidative stability of estolides was found to be inferior to the terminally unsaturated undecylenic acid.","PeriodicalId":509807,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tribology","volume":"44 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141385882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rapid Failure of Lubricated Contacts with Grease Under ZEV Condition","authors":"Hengrui Du, Weidong Xie, Jing Wang, C. Venner","doi":"10.1115/1.4065689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4065689","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In response to the rapid failure of grease lubrication under low surface speed with zero entraining velocity (ZEV), a common occurrence in ball screws or retainerless rolling element bearings, detailed observations were conducted through optical interferometric experiments. It was observed that despite a constant surface speed and load, the motion remained transient due to the transition between outlet cavitation and inlet starvation. The reciprocating motion of the cavitation zone rapidly depleted the contact area, leading to severe surface peeling. However, as the surface speed increased, this phenomenon was alleviated and eventually disappeared. To enhance lubrication performance, bilateral grooves were created using laser technology, proving to be advantageous for grease lubrication life under low surface speed conditions. Despite the occurrence of rapid surface failure, grease lubrication demonstrated clear benefits over oil lubrication when operating at low surface speeds.","PeriodicalId":509807,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tribology","volume":"49 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141385280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Sadeghi, Ujjawal Arya, Saeed Aamer, Andreas Meinel
{"title":"A Review of Computational Fluid Dynamics Approaches Used to Investigate Lubrication of Rolling Element Bearings","authors":"F. Sadeghi, Ujjawal Arya, Saeed Aamer, Andreas Meinel","doi":"10.1115/1.4065663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4065663","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Optimizing bearing performance is based on effective lubrication, especially in high-speed machinery, where minimizing churning and drag losses is of significant importance. Over the past few decades, extensive research has been conducted into the better understanding of different aspects of bearing lubrication. These investigations have employed a combination of experimental methods and advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models. This article provides a comprehensive overview of critical aspects of bearing lubrication, with a specific emphasis on recent advances in CFD models. Lubricant flow and distribution patterns are discussed while examining their impact on drag and churning losses. An extensive discussion is provided on the meshing strategies and modeling approaches used to simulate various flow phenomena within bearings. In addition, relevant trends and impacts of cage design on bearing lubrication and fluid friction have been explored, along with a discussion of prevailing limitations that can be addressed in future bearing CFD models.","PeriodicalId":509807,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tribology","volume":"84 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141268287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}