Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Collision avoidance for autonomous vehicles using reachability-based trajectory planning in highway driving","authors":"Hadi Raeesi, Alireza Khosravi, Pouria Sarhadi","doi":"10.1177/09544070231222053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544070231222053","url":null,"abstract":"As vehicle applications have evolved to a more intelligent and self-driving stage, autonomous vehicles have attracted more attention in recent years. This paper proposes a trajectory planner that considers feasibility, safety and passenger acceptance. This will ensure autonomous vehicles satisfy the constraints of the traffic environment, driving ability, and comfort drivers experience during collision avoidance. This paper deals with planning collision-free trajectories for autonomous vehicles on highways. The problem is formulated using reachability-based planning via zonotope. According to the vehicle dynamics model, the trajectory feasibility is determined by the vehicle motion feasibility set. The next step is to apply safety constraints to the base planner by collision avoidance checking. Given that this planner uses a receding horizon strategy, it selects a safe parameter in each planning iteration. At each stage of planning, the set of reachable vehicles should not intersect with any obstacles. Since braking cannot prevent a collision, this approach consists of lane changing and overtaking maneuvers to avoid collisions. Finally, knowledge from the safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF) standard is utilized to verify the algorithm performance. The efficiency and performance of different driving styles of trajectory planners are verified by vehicle tests under different vehicle velocities and different obstacle disturbances. Satisfactory results are obtained from the set of simulated scenarios.","PeriodicalId":509770,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139802195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collision avoidance for autonomous vehicles using reachability-based trajectory planning in highway driving","authors":"Hadi Raeesi, Alireza Khosravi, Pouria Sarhadi","doi":"10.1177/09544070231222053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544070231222053","url":null,"abstract":"As vehicle applications have evolved to a more intelligent and self-driving stage, autonomous vehicles have attracted more attention in recent years. This paper proposes a trajectory planner that considers feasibility, safety and passenger acceptance. This will ensure autonomous vehicles satisfy the constraints of the traffic environment, driving ability, and comfort drivers experience during collision avoidance. This paper deals with planning collision-free trajectories for autonomous vehicles on highways. The problem is formulated using reachability-based planning via zonotope. According to the vehicle dynamics model, the trajectory feasibility is determined by the vehicle motion feasibility set. The next step is to apply safety constraints to the base planner by collision avoidance checking. Given that this planner uses a receding horizon strategy, it selects a safe parameter in each planning iteration. At each stage of planning, the set of reachable vehicles should not intersect with any obstacles. Since braking cannot prevent a collision, this approach consists of lane changing and overtaking maneuvers to avoid collisions. Finally, knowledge from the safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF) standard is utilized to verify the algorithm performance. The efficiency and performance of different driving styles of trajectory planners are verified by vehicle tests under different vehicle velocities and different obstacle disturbances. Satisfactory results are obtained from the set of simulated scenarios.","PeriodicalId":509770,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139861907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of different design and lightweight material on energy distribution and collision characteristics for hot-formed B-pillar using finite element simulation","authors":"Ebru Barut, A. Eker, Orçun Yöntem","doi":"10.1177/09544070231225837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544070231225837","url":null,"abstract":"In line with international environmental policies and efforts to reduce carbon emissions, the number of electric vehicles also shows a sharp increase. This increase is aimed at reducing energy use, vehicle lightening, and increasing passenger safety by leading vehicle manufacturers to use new generation materials. However, the use of newly developed materials in the automotive industry takes a long time, and the developments in the field of materials and vehicle technologies are progressing at different speeds. In this study; the B-pillar part of a B-segment car was analyzed with HPF2000 material instead of the current HPF1500 material using the finite element method. The designs prepared as two different options were simulated with Ls-Dyna according to EuroNCAP side impact test standards. As a result of the simulations, the effects of different design and material variables on energy absorption, collision characteristics, and lightness were examined. It was seen that the energy absorbed by the part increased by 2.9% thanks to the new material and design. Specific energy absorption, another feature indicating the collision characteristic, increased by 11.81%. The total weight of the part decreased by 9.7% with using new generation material. In summary; With the use of new generation high-strength hot-formed steels in vehicle parts, besides the vehicle’s lightness, the mechanical properties have improved the collision characteristics and vehicle safety has also increased.","PeriodicalId":509770,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139859271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of different design and lightweight material on energy distribution and collision characteristics for hot-formed B-pillar using finite element simulation","authors":"Ebru Barut, A. Eker, Orçun Yöntem","doi":"10.1177/09544070231225837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544070231225837","url":null,"abstract":"In line with international environmental policies and efforts to reduce carbon emissions, the number of electric vehicles also shows a sharp increase. This increase is aimed at reducing energy use, vehicle lightening, and increasing passenger safety by leading vehicle manufacturers to use new generation materials. However, the use of newly developed materials in the automotive industry takes a long time, and the developments in the field of materials and vehicle technologies are progressing at different speeds. In this study; the B-pillar part of a B-segment car was analyzed with HPF2000 material instead of the current HPF1500 material using the finite element method. The designs prepared as two different options were simulated with Ls-Dyna according to EuroNCAP side impact test standards. As a result of the simulations, the effects of different design and material variables on energy absorption, collision characteristics, and lightness were examined. It was seen that the energy absorbed by the part increased by 2.9% thanks to the new material and design. Specific energy absorption, another feature indicating the collision characteristic, increased by 11.81%. The total weight of the part decreased by 9.7% with using new generation material. In summary; With the use of new generation high-strength hot-formed steels in vehicle parts, besides the vehicle’s lightness, the mechanical properties have improved the collision characteristics and vehicle safety has also increased.","PeriodicalId":509770,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139799116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cooperative interaction strategy for vehicle platoons to obtain merging gaps in connected environments","authors":"Hongyu Hu, Ming Cheng, Zhengyi Li, Zixuan Wang, Sheng Jin, Zhenhai Gao, Chuanliang Shen","doi":"10.1177/09544070231220701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544070231220701","url":null,"abstract":"Vehicle platoons can significantly improve traffic throughput and reduce fuel consumption and emissions. In the formation of platoons, it is crucial to generate safe merging gaps. This process requires appropriate cooperative management and control strategies. This study proposes a cooperative interaction strategy for vehicle platoons, including a communication management system and vehicle control strategies. These strategies can reduce velocity fluctuation in the process of gap generation and improve traffic performance. First, a communication management system within a platoon was developed, according to the standard communication protocol (SAE J2735), ensuring that external vehicles can join the platoon efficiently and orderly. Next, a cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) system was designed, which adopts feedforward and feedback control. Furthermore, the influence of increasing gaps on the stability of the platoon was considered. A cooperative control strategy for a virtual guiding vehicle (VGV) was introduced to switch the following target and linearly change the distance input of the controller. In this way, the downstream vehicles were guided to smoothly generate a safe merging gap, which can reduce speed fluctuation, and ensure the stability and safety of the platoon. Finally, the entire process of interaction in a vehicle platoon was tested in a simulation environment. The results showed that, compared with the parameter adaptive control strategy, the maximum velocity overshoot of the platoon vehicles was reduced by 56%, recovery stabilization time was reduced by 47%, and vehicle jitter was reduced by 43%. The driving security and platoon stability were both within the control boundaries set for evaluation.","PeriodicalId":509770,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139803401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cooperative interaction strategy for vehicle platoons to obtain merging gaps in connected environments","authors":"Hongyu Hu, Ming Cheng, Zhengyi Li, Zixuan Wang, Sheng Jin, Zhenhai Gao, Chuanliang Shen","doi":"10.1177/09544070231220701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544070231220701","url":null,"abstract":"Vehicle platoons can significantly improve traffic throughput and reduce fuel consumption and emissions. In the formation of platoons, it is crucial to generate safe merging gaps. This process requires appropriate cooperative management and control strategies. This study proposes a cooperative interaction strategy for vehicle platoons, including a communication management system and vehicle control strategies. These strategies can reduce velocity fluctuation in the process of gap generation and improve traffic performance. First, a communication management system within a platoon was developed, according to the standard communication protocol (SAE J2735), ensuring that external vehicles can join the platoon efficiently and orderly. Next, a cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) system was designed, which adopts feedforward and feedback control. Furthermore, the influence of increasing gaps on the stability of the platoon was considered. A cooperative control strategy for a virtual guiding vehicle (VGV) was introduced to switch the following target and linearly change the distance input of the controller. In this way, the downstream vehicles were guided to smoothly generate a safe merging gap, which can reduce speed fluctuation, and ensure the stability and safety of the platoon. Finally, the entire process of interaction in a vehicle platoon was tested in a simulation environment. The results showed that, compared with the parameter adaptive control strategy, the maximum velocity overshoot of the platoon vehicles was reduced by 56%, recovery stabilization time was reduced by 47%, and vehicle jitter was reduced by 43%. The driving security and platoon stability were both within the control boundaries set for evaluation.","PeriodicalId":509770,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139863034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vehicle speed prediction using a convolutional neural network combined with a gated recurrent unit with attention","authors":"Dongxue Zhang, Zhennan Wang, X. Jiao, Zhao Zhang","doi":"10.1177/09544070241228641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544070241228641","url":null,"abstract":"Vehicle speed prediction can facilitate many applications, such as optimizing vehicle propulsion systems and designing advanced driver assistance control systems. In a complex and variable traffic environment, many dynamic factors affect vehicle speed and make it difficult to predict accurately. The development of intelligent transportation systems and machine learning methods makes it possible to predict short-term vehicle speed accurately. A novel vehicle speed prediction model is proposed in this paper to improve prediction accuracy based on a deep learning method. A practical temporal and channel attention module (TCAM) is designed for convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to strengthen meaningful information and reduce the amount of unnecessary information. A gated recurrent unit (GRU) network with an attention mechanism is constructed to explore significant hidden relationships among time-series data with its memory function. These two subprediction models are fused to enhance the performance of vehicle speed prediction. Simulation experiments using IPG Carmaker software validate that the proposed model provides better predictive accuracy than traditional and existing vehicle speed prediction methods based on deep learning.","PeriodicalId":509770,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139867780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vehicle speed prediction using a convolutional neural network combined with a gated recurrent unit with attention","authors":"Dongxue Zhang, Zhennan Wang, X. Jiao, Zhao Zhang","doi":"10.1177/09544070241228641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544070241228641","url":null,"abstract":"Vehicle speed prediction can facilitate many applications, such as optimizing vehicle propulsion systems and designing advanced driver assistance control systems. In a complex and variable traffic environment, many dynamic factors affect vehicle speed and make it difficult to predict accurately. The development of intelligent transportation systems and machine learning methods makes it possible to predict short-term vehicle speed accurately. A novel vehicle speed prediction model is proposed in this paper to improve prediction accuracy based on a deep learning method. A practical temporal and channel attention module (TCAM) is designed for convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to strengthen meaningful information and reduce the amount of unnecessary information. A gated recurrent unit (GRU) network with an attention mechanism is constructed to explore significant hidden relationships among time-series data with its memory function. These two subprediction models are fused to enhance the performance of vehicle speed prediction. Simulation experiments using IPG Carmaker software validate that the proposed model provides better predictive accuracy than traditional and existing vehicle speed prediction methods based on deep learning.","PeriodicalId":509770,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139807489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research of time lag characteristics of Pilot-operated Solenoid Valve Damper based on multi-physics field","authors":"Hansheng Wen, Haibo Huang, Wenjian Zhang, Mingliang Yang, Weiping Ding","doi":"10.1177/09544070231224838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544070231224838","url":null,"abstract":"The development of semi-active suspensions has introduced Pilot-operated Solenoid Valve Dampers (PSVD) that can adjust damping characteristics for different road conditions while considering stability and comfort. However, the PSVD’s additional control system and valve-controlled components make it challenging to avoid time lag in the response of the damping force when the control current signal is switched. This time lag characteristic significantly impacts the performance of the control system, making it difficult to achieve optimal dynamic performance and potentially compromising the safety of drivers and passengers. As a result, understanding and representing the PSVD time lag characteristics and investigating their influence have become important research areas in the field of semi-active suspension. This article begins by explaining the mechanism behind the generation of PSVD time lag characteristics. It analyzes the structure and operating principle of the PSVD, identifying two main types of time lag: electromagnetic time lag and inertial time lag. To address the limitations of existing simulation models, the study combines parameterization and finite element simulation to create a multi-physics field time lag characteristics kinetic representation model of the PSVD, incorporating the electric, magnetic, mechanical, and fluid aspects. To validate the accuracy of the time lag characteristics simulation model, tests on the velocity and time lag characteristics of the PSVD are conducted. The simulation results are compared to the test results, demonstrating that the maximum error of the lag time meets the engineering confidence requirement. This confirms the feasibility of establishing a simulation model for the PSVD time lag characteristics. Finally, we analyze the PSVD total lag time under different working conditions using the simulation model. It explores the relationship between the PSVD total lag time and the lag time of each component, proposes a lag time decomposition relationship, and investigates the crucial influencing factors on the lag time.","PeriodicalId":509770,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139867755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research of time lag characteristics of Pilot-operated Solenoid Valve Damper based on multi-physics field","authors":"Hansheng Wen, Haibo Huang, Wenjian Zhang, Mingliang Yang, Weiping Ding","doi":"10.1177/09544070231224838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544070231224838","url":null,"abstract":"The development of semi-active suspensions has introduced Pilot-operated Solenoid Valve Dampers (PSVD) that can adjust damping characteristics for different road conditions while considering stability and comfort. However, the PSVD’s additional control system and valve-controlled components make it challenging to avoid time lag in the response of the damping force when the control current signal is switched. This time lag characteristic significantly impacts the performance of the control system, making it difficult to achieve optimal dynamic performance and potentially compromising the safety of drivers and passengers. As a result, understanding and representing the PSVD time lag characteristics and investigating their influence have become important research areas in the field of semi-active suspension. This article begins by explaining the mechanism behind the generation of PSVD time lag characteristics. It analyzes the structure and operating principle of the PSVD, identifying two main types of time lag: electromagnetic time lag and inertial time lag. To address the limitations of existing simulation models, the study combines parameterization and finite element simulation to create a multi-physics field time lag characteristics kinetic representation model of the PSVD, incorporating the electric, magnetic, mechanical, and fluid aspects. To validate the accuracy of the time lag characteristics simulation model, tests on the velocity and time lag characteristics of the PSVD are conducted. The simulation results are compared to the test results, demonstrating that the maximum error of the lag time meets the engineering confidence requirement. This confirms the feasibility of establishing a simulation model for the PSVD time lag characteristics. Finally, we analyze the PSVD total lag time under different working conditions using the simulation model. It explores the relationship between the PSVD total lag time and the lag time of each component, proposes a lag time decomposition relationship, and investigates the crucial influencing factors on the lag time.","PeriodicalId":509770,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139807791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}