Advances in Genetics最新文献

{"title":"Genomic technologies for Hevea breeding.","authors":"Radhakrishnan Supriya,&nbsp;Padmanabhan Mallinath Priyadarshan","doi":"10.1016/bs.adgen.2019.04.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adgen.2019.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The commercial production of high quality natural rubber (NR) solely depends on Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg, (Para rubber tree) and accounts for >98% of total production worldwide. NR with its unique properties is an essential commodity for the automobile industry and its synthetic counterparts are in no way substitute to it. The rubber tree genome is very complex and plays an important role in delivering the unique properties of Hevea. But a lack of knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of rubber biosynthesis, disease resistance, etc., in elite clones of rubber still persists. Marker-assisted selection and transgenic techniques were proved to be advantageous in improving the breeding efficiency for latex yield, disease resistance, etc. The suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), in the form of subtracted cDNA libraries and microarrays, can assist in searching the functions of expressed genes (candidate gene approach). Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) related to various metabolic aspects are well utilized to create EST banks that broadly represent the genes expressed in one tissue, such as latex cells, that assists in the study of gene function and regulation. Transcriptome analysis and gene mapping have been accomplished in Hevea at various stages. However, a selection criterion to delineate high yielding genotypes at the juvenile stage has not been accomplished so far. This is the main pit fall for rubber breeding apart from stock-scion interactions leading to yield differences among a clonally multiplied population. At least four draft genome sequences have been published on Hevea rubber, and all give different genome size and contig lengths-a comprehensive and acceptable genomic map remains unfulfilled. The progress made in molecular markers, latex biosynthesis genes, transcriptome analysis, chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA diversity, paternity identification through Breeding without Breeding (BwB), stimulated latex production and its molecular intricacies, molecular biology of tapping panel dryness, genomics for changed climates and genome mapping are discussed in this review. These information can be utilized to improvise the molecular breeding programs of Hevea in future.</p>","PeriodicalId":50949,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Genetics","volume":"104 ","pages":"1-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.adgen.2019.04.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37056588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contributors","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/s0065-2660(19)30021-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2660(19)30021-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50949,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Genetics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/s0065-2660(19)30021-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55872787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Criticisms of Pangenesis: The Years of Controversy.","authors":"Yongsheng Liu","doi":"10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.05.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When first published in 1868, Darwin's Pangenesis was almost uniformly rejected by his contemporaries. Until recently it has still been regarded as Darwin's biggest mistake or a brilliant blunder. There are three main reasons for this. First, Galton transfused the blood of one variety of rabbit into another, and then bred together the latter. The results of breeding showed no variations of characters in the offspring. Thus he concluded that Darwin's Pangenesis was incorrect. Second, there was no direct evidence for the existence of Darwin's imaginary gemmules. Third, Darwin's Pangenesis explained the Lamarckian inheritance of acquired characters, graft hybridization, xenia and telegony, which were largely thought to be doubtful phenomena. Now the discoveries of circulating cell-free DNA, mobile RNAs, prions and extracellular vesicles provide striking evidence for the chemical existence of Darwin's supposed gemmules. There is also convincing evidence for heritable changes induced by blood transfusion in which Galton failed to find such effects in his experiment. Moreover, there is increasing evidence for the inheritance of acquired characters, graft hybridization, xenia and other phenomena that Pangenesis was designed to explain. In light of the mounting evidence, it is not proper to continue to consider Pangenesis as Darwin's biggest mistake or a brilliant blunder.</p>","PeriodicalId":50949,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Genetics","volume":"101 ","pages":"31-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.05.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36335151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Darwin's Pangenesis and Medical Genetics.","authors":"Yongsheng Liu","doi":"10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.05.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.05.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Darwin had many close connections with medical men, and made a number of observations on inherited diseases, clearly describing the inheritance of sex-linked diseases, inherited diseases at corresponding ages, infectious disease and the causes of diseases. Darwin's Pangenesis provides an alternative explanation for cancer metastasis, and is now supported by the discovery of circulating tumour DNA. The \"genometastasis hypothesis\" proposed by Garcia-Olmo et al. is consistent with Pangenesis. Darwin's view of animal regeneration and his pangenetic explanation is also supported by the recent finding regarding the role of small RNAs and extracellular vesicles in regeneration. There is increasing evidence for genetic information exchange between the donor and recipient cells during transplantation, supporting Darwin's \"graft hybridization\" concept that gemmules released from the cells of the stock (or scion) could move into the scion (or stock) and incorporated into their cells. In addition, there is also increasing evidence for transposition of the viscera. It appears to me that there is a need to expand the concept of Darwinian medicine by incorporating Darwin's Pangenesis into it.</p>","PeriodicalId":50949,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Genetics","volume":"102 ","pages":"67-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.05.008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36410580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Darwin's Pangenesis on Later Theories.","authors":"Yongsheng Liu","doi":"10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.05.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although Darwin's Pangenesis received strong criticism and never gained any very wide acceptance, it was of great importance due to its stimulating effect on later work and thought. Nearly every major theory of heredity developed in the late 19th century began with a discussion of Darwin's Pangenesis. Darwin was shown to play a more important role in the history of genetics than hitherto attributed to him by historians through a detailed analysis of the influence of his Pangenesis on de Vries' \"Intracellular Pangenesis\" and \"The Mutation Theory,\" Weismann's theory of \"Continuity of the Germ-plasm,\" Galton's \"A Theory of Heredity\" and \"Natural Inheritance,\" Brooks' \"The Law of Heredity, Ross's \"Graft Theory of Diseases\", Haeckel's perigenesis and Kozo-Polyansky's hypothetical version of symbiogenesis. Without Darwin's Pangenesis they would not have the foundation on which they formulated. By comparing these theories, it may be concluded that Darwin's Pangenesis combines all advantages of its sister-theories, and is more valuable, comprehensive and convincing than any other genetical theories yet advanced.</p>","PeriodicalId":50949,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Genetics","volume":"101 ","pages":"63-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.05.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36335152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Darwin's Pangenesis and Graft Hybridization.","authors":"Yongsheng Liu","doi":"10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.05.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.05.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although there were many records of graft-induced variations in ancient China, it was Darwin who coined the term \"graft hybridization\", the formation of hybrids between distinct species or varieties, through plant grafting, without the intervention of the sexual organs. He described many cases of the so-called \"graft hybrids\", in which shoots produced from grafted plants exhibited a combination of characters of both rootstock and scion, and explained their formation by his Pangenesis. Michurin invented \"mentor-grafting\" and \"preliminary vegetative approximation\" methods, which greatly increased the production of graft hybrids, thus providing a solution to Darwin's puzzle. Over the past decides, the existence of graft hybrids has been extensively documented, and graft hybridization is considered to be a simple and efficient means of plant breeding, and would be especially significant in the improvement of fruit trees. Graft hybridization is now explained by horizontal gene transfer and DNA transformation. In addition, the long-distance transport of mRNA and small RNAs is also considered to be involved in the formation of graft hybrids.</p>","PeriodicalId":50949,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Genetics","volume":"102 ","pages":"27-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.05.007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36410579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Darwin's Pangenesis and Certain Anomalous Phenomena.","authors":"Yongsheng Liu","doi":"10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.05.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.05.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Darwin clearly described certain anomalous phenomena, including what he referred to as \"the direct action of the male element on the female form\" and what we now call xenia and telegony, bud variation (mutation), reversion or atavism, and the inheritance and non-inheritance of mutilation. Some phenomena, particularly xenia, telegony and the inheritance of mutilation, were considered as doubtful phenomena by such authorities as Weismann and Morgan. Over the past 150 year, however, there has been increasing evidence for xenia, which is of great interest and importance in physiological research and plant production. The discoveries of cell-free fetal DNA, sperm RNAs, penetration of sperm into the somatic tissues of the female reproductive tract and the incorporation of exogenous DNA into somatic cells indicate that molecular mechanisms exist for telegony, one of the most controversial issues. Darwin's Pangenesis is the only theory that explains all the different types of phenomena.</p>","PeriodicalId":50949,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Genetics","volume":"102 ","pages":"93-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.05.009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36410581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Darwin and Mendel: The Historical Connection.","authors":"Yongsheng Liu","doi":"10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.05.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.05.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Darwin carried out a host of carefully controlled cross- and self-pollination experiments in a wide variety of plants, and made a significant and imperishable contribution to the knowledge of hybridization. He not only clearly described the phenomenon of what he called prepotency and what we now call dominance or Mendelian inheritance, but also explained it by his Pangenesis. Recent discovery of small RNAs acting as dominance modifiers supports his Pangenesis regarding the control of prepotency by gemmules. Historical studies show that there is striking evidence that Mendel read Darwin's The Origin of Species, which had influenced his paper presented in 1865 and published in 1866. Although Mendel's paper has been considered a classic in the history of genetics, it generated much controversy since its rediscovery. Mendel's position as the father of genetics is being seriously challenged. Darwin's main contribution to genetics was the collection of a tremendous amount of genetic data, and the formulation of a comprehensive genetical theory for their explanation. Over the past 150 years, however, Darwin's legacy to genetics, particularly his Pangenesis, has not been considered seriously by most geneticists. It is proposed that Darwin should have been regarded as one of the most important pioneers in genetics.</p>","PeriodicalId":50949,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Genetics","volume":"102 ","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.05.006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36410577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Search of Darwin's Imaginary Gemmules.","authors":"Yongsheng Liu","doi":"10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.05.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Darwin's gemmules were supposed to be \"thrown off\" by cells and were \"inconceivably minute and numerous as the stars in heaven.\" They were capable of self-propagation and diffusion from cell to cell, and circulation through the system. The word \"gene\" coined by Wilhelm Johannsen, was derived from de Vries's term \"pangen,\" itself a substitute for \"gemmule\" in Darwin's Pangenesis. Johannsen resisted the \"morphological\" conception of genes as particles with a certain structure. Morgan's genes were considered to be stable entities arranged in an orderly linear pattern on chromosomes, like beads on a string. In the late 1940s, McClintock challenged the concept of the stability of the gene when she discovered that some genes could move within a chromosome and between chromosomes. In 1948, Mandel and Metais reported the presence of cell-free nucleic acids in human blood for the first time. Over the past several decades, it has been universally accepted that almost all types of cells not only shed molecules such as cell-free DNA (including genomic DNA, tumor DNA and fetal DNA), RNAs (including mRNA and small RNAs) and prions, but also release into the extracellular environment diverse types of membrane vesicles (known as extracellular vesicles) containing DNA, RNA and proteins. Thus Darwin's speculative gemmules of the 19th century have become the experimentally demonstrated circulating cell-free DNA, mobile RNAs, prions and extracellular vesicles.</p>","PeriodicalId":50949,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Genetics","volume":"101 ","pages":"87-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.05.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36335153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural Selection and Pangenesis: The Darwinian Synthesis of Evolution and Genetics.","authors":"Yongsheng Liu","doi":"10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.05.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.05.010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the end of the 19th century, Lamarck's name has been tightly linked to the notion of the inheritance of acquired characters. Darwin regarded Lamarck as a great zoologist and a forerunner of evolution, and repeatedly expressed the opinion that \"natural selection has been the main but not the exclusive means of modification.\" The original Darwinism not only includes natural selection, but also the inheritance of acquired characters and mutation. Neo-Darwinism considers natural selection as the one controlling process of evolution, but denies the inheritance of acquired characters. Lysenkoism accepts the inheritance of acquired characters and graft hybridization, but denies the significance of Malthusism and Mutationism. It has been suggested that the \"modern synthesis\", which evolved from neo-Darwinism, needs a rethink. I propose that there is a need to go back to Darwin's own synthesis which combined his theory of evolution by natural selection with his theory of heredity and variation - Pangenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":50949,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Genetics","volume":"102 ","pages":"121-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.adgen.2018.05.010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36410578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}