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The Anatomy of Hardware Reverse Engineering: An Exploration of Human Factors During Problem Solving 硬件逆向工程的剖析:问题解决过程中人为因素的探索
IF 3.7 2区 计算机科学
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction Pub Date : 2022-12-22 DOI: 10.1145/3577198
Carina Wiesen, Steffen Becker, Ren'e Walendy, C. Paar, N. Rummel
{"title":"The Anatomy of Hardware Reverse Engineering: An Exploration of Human Factors During Problem Solving","authors":"Carina Wiesen, Steffen Becker, Ren'e Walendy, C. Paar, N. Rummel","doi":"10.1145/3577198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3577198","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding of microchips, known as Hardware Reverse Engineering (HRE), is driven by analysts’ problem solving. This work sheds light on these hitherto poorly understood problem-solving processes. We propose a methodology addressing the problem of HRE experts being unavailable for research. We developed a training enabling students to acquire intermediate levels of HRE expertise. Besides one expert, we recruited eight top-performing students from this training for our exploratory study. All participants completed a realistic HRE task involving the removal of a copyright protection mechanism from a hardware circuit. We analyzed 2,445 log entries by applying an iterative open coding and developed a detailed hierarchical problem-solving model. Our exploration yielded insights into problem-solving strategies and revealed that two intermediates solved the task with a comparable solution time to the expert. We discuss that HRE problem solving may be a function of both expertise and cognitive abilities, and outline ideas for novel countermeasures.","PeriodicalId":50917,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction","volume":"30 1","pages":"1 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44574814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
How Engineers’ Imaginaries of Healthcare Shape Design and User Engagement: A Case Study of a Robotics Initiative for Geriatric Healthcare AI Applications 工程师对医疗保健形状设计和用户参与的想象：老年医疗保健AI应用机器人计划的案例研究
IF 3.7 2区 计算机科学
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction Pub Date : 2022-12-22 DOI: 10.1145/3577010
Svenja Breuer, Maximilian Braun, Daniel W. Tigard, A. Buyx, Ruth Müller
{"title":"How Engineers’ Imaginaries of Healthcare Shape Design and User Engagement: A Case Study of a Robotics Initiative for Geriatric Healthcare AI Applications","authors":"Svenja Breuer, Maximilian Braun, Daniel W. Tigard, A. Buyx, Ruth Müller","doi":"10.1145/3577010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3577010","url":null,"abstract":"In the development of robotics and Artificial Intelligence (AI) for healthcare, human-centered approaches seek to meet the requirements of healthcare practice and address social and ethical aspects proactively. In this work, an important but neglected aspect of human-computer interaction (HCI) is how engineers understand and envision the healthcare context. Drawing on insights from STS on engineers’ imaginaries and their role in shaping research and development of new technologies, we propose engineers’ imaginaries of healthcare as a point of analysis and intervention for ethical and social aspects of AI and robotics for healthcare. To illustrate the utility of this lens, we use it to on report a case study of an engineering project that develops robotic and AI applications for healthcare. We followed and sought to advance an embedded ethics and social science approach, where ethicists and social scientists accompanied this engineering project using direct interdisciplinary collaboration, observations, and in-depth qualitative interviews with the project’s engineers (n = 18). We analyze how the engineers imagine healthcare as an environment for robots, healthcare workers as potential users, and healthcare practices, and how these imaginaries connect to the design narratives that guide their work. Our findings provide pertinent input for HCI, STS, and engineering ethics related to healthcare AI and robotics, as they speak to prevalent narratives of “assistance” systems, aspects of how human healthcare practices are reframed and valued in the face of new technologies, questions of division of labor between machines and healthcare practitioners, and the implications of ‘acceptance’ as a frame for user-centered design.","PeriodicalId":50917,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction","volume":"30 1","pages":"1 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46567185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Visualizing Topics and Opinions Helps Students Interpret Large Collections of Peer Feedback for Creative Projects 可视化的主题和观点帮助学生解释大量的同伴反馈的创意项目
IF 3.7 2区 计算机科学
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction Pub Date : 2022-12-20 DOI: 10.1145/3571817
P. Crain, Jaewook Lee, Yu-Chun Yen, Joy Kim, Alyssa Aiello, B. Bailey
{"title":"Visualizing Topics and Opinions Helps Students Interpret Large Collections of Peer Feedback for Creative Projects","authors":"P. Crain, Jaewook Lee, Yu-Chun Yen, Joy Kim, Alyssa Aiello, B. Bailey","doi":"10.1145/3571817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3571817","url":null,"abstract":"We deployed a feedback visualization tool to learn how students used the tool for interpreting feedback from peers and teaching assistants. The tool visualizes the topic and opinion structure in a collection of feedback and provides interaction for reviewing providers’ backgrounds. A total of 18 teams engaged with the tool to interpret feedback for course projects. We surveyed students (N = 69) to learn about their sensemaking goals, use of the tool to accomplish those goals, and perceptions of specific features. We interviewed students (N = 12) and TAs (N = 2) to assess the tool’s impact on students’ review processes and course instruction. Students discovered valuable feedback, assessed project quality, and justified design decisions to teammates by exploring specific icon patterns in the visualization. The interviews revealed that students mimicked strategies implemented in the tool when reviewing new feedback without the tool. Students found the benefits of the visualization outweighed the cost of labeling feedback.","PeriodicalId":50917,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction","volume":"30 1","pages":"1 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45104188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effect of Context on Smartphone Users’ Typing Performance in the Wild 语境对智能手机用户野外打字表现的影响
IF 3.7 2区 计算机科学
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction Pub Date : 2022-12-20 DOI: 10.1145/3577013
Elgin Akpinar, Y. Yeşilada, Pinar Karagöz
{"title":"Effect of Context on Smartphone Users’ Typing Performance in the Wild","authors":"Elgin Akpinar, Y. Yeşilada, Pinar Karagöz","doi":"10.1145/3577013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3577013","url":null,"abstract":"Smartphones play a crucial role in daily activities, however, situationally-induced impairments and disabilities (SIIDs) can easily be experienced depending on the context. Previous studies explored the effect of context but mainly done in controlled environments with limited research done in the wild. In this article, we present an in-situ remote user study with 48 participants’ keyboard interaction on smartphones including the performance and context details. We first propose an automated approach for error detection by combining approaches introduced in the literature and with a follow-up study, show that the accuracy of error detection is improved. We then investigate the effect of context on the typing performance based on five dimensions: environment, mobility, social, multitasking, and distraction, and reveal that the context affects participants’ error rate significantly but with individual differences. Our main contribution is providing empirical evidence with an in-situ study showing the effect of context on error rate.","PeriodicalId":50917,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction","volume":" ","pages":"1 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45938546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Me, My Health, and My Watch: How Children with ADHD Understand Smartwatch Health Data 我、我的健康和我的手表：多动症儿童如何理解智能手表健康数据
IF 3.7 2区 计算机科学
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction Pub Date : 2022-12-20 DOI: 10.1145/3577008
Elizabeth A. Ankrah, Franceli Linney Cibrian, Lucas M. Silva, Arya Tavakoulnia, J. A. Beltran, S. Schuck, Kimberley D. Lakes, Gillian R. Hayes
{"title":"Me, My Health, and My Watch: How Children with ADHD Understand Smartwatch Health Data","authors":"Elizabeth A. Ankrah, Franceli Linney Cibrian, Lucas M. Silva, Arya Tavakoulnia, J. A. Beltran, S. Schuck, Kimberley D. Lakes, Gillian R. Hayes","doi":"10.1145/3577008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3577008","url":null,"abstract":"Children with ADHD can experience a wide variety of challenges related to self-regulation, which can lead to poor educational, health, and wellness outcomes. Technological interventions, such as mobile and wearable health systems, can support data collection and reflection about health status. However, little is known about how ADHD children interpret such data. We conducted a deployment study with 10 children, aged 10 to 15, for six weeks, during which they used a smartwatch in their homes. Results from observations and interviews during this study indicate that children with ADHD can interpret their own health data, particularly at the moment. However, as ADHD children develop more autonomy, smartwatch systems may require alternatives for data reflection that are interpretable and actionable for them. This work contributes to the scholarly discourse around health data visualization, particularly in considering implications for the design of health technologies for children with ADHD.","PeriodicalId":50917,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction","volume":"30 1","pages":"1 - 25"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43934290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Seeing Through Things: Exploring the Design Space of Privacy-aware Data-enabled Objects 透视事物：探索具有隐私意识的数据启用对象的设计空间
IF 3.7 2区 计算机科学
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction Pub Date : 2022-12-16 DOI: 10.1145/3577012
Yu-Ting Cheng, M. Funk, Rung-Huei Liang, Lin-Lin Chen
{"title":"Seeing Through Things: Exploring the Design Space of Privacy-aware Data-enabled Objects","authors":"Yu-Ting Cheng, M. Funk, Rung-Huei Liang, Lin-Lin Chen","doi":"10.1145/3577012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3577012","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing amounts of sensor-augmented research objects have been used in design research. We call these objects Data-Enabled Objects, which can be integrated into daily activities capturing data about people’s detailed whereabouts, behaviours, and routines. These objects provide data perspectives on everyday life for contextual design research. However, data-enabled objects are still computational devices with limited privacy awareness and nuanced data sharing. To better design data-enabled objects, we explore privacy design spaces by inviting 18 teams of undergraduate design students to re-design the same type of sensor-enabled home research camera. We developed the Connected Peekaboo Toolkit (CPT) to support the design teams in designing, building, and directly deploying their prototypes in real home studies. We conducted Thematic Analysis to analyze their outcomes which led us to interpret that privacy is not just an obstacle but can be a driver by unfolding an exploration of possible design spaces for data-enabled objects.","PeriodicalId":50917,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction","volume":"30 1","pages":"1 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49285590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Crane: An Integrated Computational Design Platform for Functional, Foldable, and Fabricable Origami Products Crane:一个集成的计算设计平台，用于功能性、可折叠和可制造的折纸产品
IF 3.7 2区 计算机科学
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction Pub Date : 2022-12-14 DOI: 10.1145/3576856
K. Suto, Yuta Noma, Kotaro Tanimichi, Koya Narumi, Tomohiro Tachi
{"title":"Crane: An Integrated Computational Design Platform for Functional, Foldable, and Fabricable Origami Products","authors":"K. Suto, Yuta Noma, Kotaro Tanimichi, Koya Narumi, Tomohiro Tachi","doi":"10.1145/3576856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3576856","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the recent trend of computational origami for human-computer interaction (HCI) and digital fabrication, it is still difficult for designers to complete a series of design, simulation, and fabrication of objects leveraging computational origami theory. In this paper, we propose Crane, an integrated origami design platform implemented with Grasshopper. With this platform, users can seamlessly (1) design the 2D and 3D crease pattern, (2) simulate 3D folding transformation from the given crease pattern, (3) inversely find a new pattern under design constraints, (4) thicken the 2D pattern into a 3D volume along with the appropriate hinge structures for different fabrication methods, and (5) optionally connect the resulting design to other Rhinoceros or Grasshopper plugins for post-processes. To help understand how to use our system and demonstrate its feasibility, we showed three examples of origami products designed using our system. We also reported user feedback from the workshop as an evaluation.","PeriodicalId":50917,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction","volume":" ","pages":"1 - 29"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45470323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Global Filter: Augmenting Images to Support Seeing the “Big Picture” for People with Local Interference 全球滤镜：增强图像以支持有局部干扰的人看到“大画面”
IF 3.7 2区 计算机科学
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction Pub Date : 2022-12-02 DOI: 10.1145/3571812
Louanne E. Boyd, Jazette Johnson, Franceli Linney Cibrian, Deanna Hughes, Eliza Delpizzo-Cheng, Karen Lotich, Sara A. Jones, Hollis E. Pass, Viseth Sean, Gillian R. Hayes
{"title":"Global Filter: Augmenting Images to Support Seeing the “Big Picture” for People with Local Interference","authors":"Louanne E. Boyd, Jazette Johnson, Franceli Linney Cibrian, Deanna Hughes, Eliza Delpizzo-Cheng, Karen Lotich, Sara A. Jones, Hollis E. Pass, Viseth Sean, Gillian R. Hayes","doi":"10.1145/3571812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3571812","url":null,"abstract":"Some neurodivergent people prioritize visual details over the “big picture”. While excellent attention to detail has many advantages, some contexts require the rapid integration of global and local information. A local processing style can be so strong that local details interfere with the fluid integration of global information required for processing of information rapidly displayed on user interfaces. This disconnect between context of an interaction and processing style can be termed local interference. Personalization of visual stimuli can promote a more accessible computing experience. We describe how technological interventions can support shifting of visual attention from local to global features to make them more accessible. We present two empirical studies. One study with one autistic adult revealed a significant shift in eye gaze fixation, and the other study with 20 autistic children revealed filters that visually emphasize primary aspects encouraged more global comments about the image content.","PeriodicalId":50917,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction","volume":"30 1","pages":"1 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43274433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Exploring Participants’ Representations and Shifting Sensitivities in a Hackathon for Dementia 探索参与者在痴呆症黑客马拉松中的表现和情感转变
IF 3.7 2区 计算机科学
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction Pub Date : 2022-11-29 DOI: 10.1145/3571814
James Hodge, Sarah Foley, Daniel Lambton-Howard, L. Booi, Kyle Montague, Sandra Coulter, David S. Kirk, K. Morrissey
{"title":"Exploring Participants’ Representations and Shifting Sensitivities in a Hackathon for Dementia","authors":"James Hodge, Sarah Foley, Daniel Lambton-Howard, L. Booi, Kyle Montague, Sandra Coulter, David S. Kirk, K. Morrissey","doi":"10.1145/3571814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3571814","url":null,"abstract":"Recent HCI research has addressed emerging approaches for public engagement. One such public-facing method which has gained popularity over the previous decade has been open design events, or hackathons. In this article, we report on DemVR, a hackathon event that invited designers, technologists, and students of these disciplines to design Virtual Reality (VR) environments for people with dementia and their care partners. While our event gained reasonable attraction from designers and developers, this article unpacks the challenges in representing and involving people with dementia in these events, which had multiple knock-on effects on participant's outputs. Our analysis presents insights into participants’ motivations, challenges participants faced when constructing their “absent user”, and the design features teams developed to address the social context of the user. We conclude the article by proposing a set of commitments for collaborative design events, community building through design, and reification in design.","PeriodicalId":50917,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction","volume":"30 1","pages":"1 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42417367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Holding AI to Account: Challenges for the Delivery of Trustworthy AI in Healthcare 追究人工智能的责任：在医疗保健领域交付值得信赖的人工智能面临的挑战
IF 3.7 2区 计算机科学
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction Pub Date : 2022-11-29 DOI: 10.1145/3577009
R. Procter, P. Tolmie, M. Rouncefield
{"title":"Holding AI to Account: Challenges for the Delivery of Trustworthy AI in Healthcare","authors":"R. Procter, P. Tolmie, M. Rouncefield","doi":"10.1145/3577009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3577009","url":null,"abstract":"The need for AI systems to provide explanations for their behaviour is now widely recognised as key to their adoption. In this article, we examine the problem of trustworthy AI and explore what delivering this means in practice, with a focus on healthcare applications. Work in this area typically treats trustworthy AI as a problem of Human–Computer Interaction involving the individual user and an AI system. However, we argue here that this overlooks the important part played by organisational accountability in how people reason about and trust AI in socio-technical settings. To illustrate the importance of organisational accountability, we present findings from ethnographic studies of breast cancer screening and cancer treatment planning in multidisciplinary team meetings to show how participants made themselves accountable both to each other and to the organisations of which they are members. We use these findings to enrich existing understandings of the requirements for trustworthy AI and to outline some candidate solutions to the problems of making AI accountable both to individual users and organisationally. We conclude by outlining the implications of this for future work on the development of trustworthy AI, including ways in which our proposed solutions may be re-used in different application settings.","PeriodicalId":50917,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction","volume":"30 1","pages":"1 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42210755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
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