Toxics Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010040

Aihua Li, Chaofei Wang, Chengjiang Qian, Jinfeng Wen, He Guo

{"title":"Safe Disposal of Accident Wastewater in Chemical Industrial Parks Using Non-Thermal Plasma with ZnO-Fe3O4 Composites","authors":"Aihua Li, Chaofei Wang, Chengjiang Qian, Jinfeng Wen, He Guo","doi":"10.3390/toxics12010040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010040","url":null,"abstract":"Chemical wastewater has a high concentration of toxic and hazardous antibiotic pollutants, which not only devastates the ecological environment and disrupts the ecological balance, but also endangers human health. This research proposed a non-thermal plasma (NTP) combined with a ZnO-Fe3O4 nano-catalyst system to achieve the efficient degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) in chemical wastewater. Firstly, ZnO-Fe3O4 composite materials were prepared using hydrothermal method and characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), etc. With the sole NTP, NTP/ZnO, and NTP/ZnO-Fe3O4 systems, the removal efficiency of CIP can reach 80.1%, 88.2%, and 99.6%, respectively. The optimal doping amount of Fe3O4 is 14%. Secondly, the capture agent experiment verified that ·OH, ·O2−, and 1O2 all have a certain effect on CIP degradation. Then, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to detect the intermediate and speculate its degradation pathway, which mainly included hydroxyl addition, hydroxyl substitution, and piperazine ring destruction. After treatment with the NTP/ZnO-Fe3O4 system, the overall toxicity of the product was reduced. Finally, a cyclic experiment was conducted, and it was found that the prepared ZnO-Fe3O4 catalyst has good reusability. The NTP/ZnO-Fe3O4 was also applied in practical pharmaceutical wastewater treatment and has practical applicability.","PeriodicalId":508978,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"39 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139385032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Practical Framework for Novel Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Evaluation: Chemical and Toxicological Characterization of JUUL2 Aerosol and Comparison with Reference Cigarettes 新型电子尼古丁释放系统评估的实用框架：JUUL2 气溶胶的化学和毒理学特征以及与参考香烟的比较

Toxics Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010041

David K. Cook, Guy Lalonde, Michael J. Oldham, Jiaming Wang, Austin L. Bates, Sifat Ullah, Christina Sulaiman, Karen Carter, Candice Jongsma, Gary Dull, I. G. Gillman

{"title":"A Practical Framework for Novel Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Evaluation: Chemical and Toxicological Characterization of JUUL2 Aerosol and Comparison with Reference Cigarettes","authors":"David K. Cook, Guy Lalonde, Michael J. Oldham, Jiaming Wang, Austin L. Bates, Sifat Ullah, Christina Sulaiman, Karen Carter, Candice Jongsma, Gary Dull, I. G. Gillman","doi":"10.3390/toxics12010041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010041","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDSs) are designed as a non-combustible alternative to cigarettes, aiming to deliver nicotine without the harmful byproducts of tobacco combustion. As the category evolves and new ENDS products emerge, it is important to continually assess the levels of toxicologically relevant chemicals in the aerosols and characterize any related toxicology. Herein, we present a proposed framework for characterizing novel ENDS products (i.e., devices and formulations) and determining the reduced risk potential utilizing analytical chemistry and in vitro toxicological studies with a qualitative risk assessment. To demonstrate this proposed framework, long-term stability studies (12 months) analyzing relevant toxicant emissions from six formulations of a next-generation product, JUUL2, were conducted and compared to reference combustible cigarette (CC) smoke under both non-intense and intense puffing regimes. In addition, in vitro cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and genotoxicity assays were conducted on aerosol and smoke condensates. In all samples, relevant toxicants under both non-intense and intense puffing regimes were substantially lower than those observed in reference CC smoke. Furthermore, neither cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, nor genotoxicity was observed in aerosol condensates generated under both intense and non-intense puffing regimes, in contrast to results observed for reference cigarettes. Following the proposed framework, the results demonstrate that the ENDS products studied in this work generate significantly lower levels of toxicants relative to reference cigarettes and were not cytotoxic, mutagenic, or genotoxic under these in vitro assay conditions.","PeriodicalId":508978,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139384405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessing Heavy Metals in the Sele River Estuary: An Overview of Pollution Indices in Southern Italy 评估塞勒河口的重金属：意大利南部污染指数概览

Toxics Pub Date : 2024-01-03 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010038

Fabiana Di Duca, P. Montuori, Elvira De Rosa, Bruna De Simone, I. Russo, Raffaele Nubi, Maria Triassi

{"title":"Assessing Heavy Metals in the Sele River Estuary: An Overview of Pollution Indices in Southern Italy","authors":"Fabiana Di Duca, P. Montuori, Elvira De Rosa, Bruna De Simone, I. Russo, Raffaele Nubi, Maria Triassi","doi":"10.3390/toxics12010038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010038","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid industrialization, coupled with a historical lack of understanding in toxicology, has led in an increase in estuary pollution, frequently resulting in unexpected environmental situations. Therefore, the occurrence of heavy metals (HMs) constitutes a major environmental issue, posing a serious risk both to aquatic ecosystems and public health. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of eight HMs (As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in water, suspended particles, and sediment near the Sele River estuary (Italy) in order to assess their environmental impacts on the sea and health risks for humans. The results revealed an increasing order of HM concentration according to the scheme suspended particulate matter (SPM) > sediment (SED) > dissolved phase (DP) and a moderate contamination status in sediment. The health risk assessment indicated that the non-carcinogenic risk was negligible. Carcinogenic risk, expressed as the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), was negligible for Cd and Ni and within tolerable limits for As, Pb, and Cr. The findings suggested that, even if there are currently no specific limits for chemical parameters in the transitional waters of Italy, monitoring systems should be implemented to determine pollution levels and implement effective steps to improve river water quality and reduce human health risks.","PeriodicalId":508978,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"122 33","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139387836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Photocatalytic Removal of Metronidazole Antibiotics from Water Using Novel Ag-N-SnO2 Nanohybrid Material 利用新型 Ag-N-SnO2 纳米杂化材料光催化去除水中的甲硝唑类抗生素

Toxics Pub Date : 2024-01-02 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010036

Md. Shahriar Hossain Shuvo, Rupna Akther Putul, Khandker Saadat Hossain, S. Masum, Md. Ashraful Islam Molla

{"title":"Photocatalytic Removal of Metronidazole Antibiotics from Water Using Novel Ag-N-SnO2 Nanohybrid Material","authors":"Md. Shahriar Hossain Shuvo, Rupna Akther Putul, Khandker Saadat Hossain, S. Masum, Md. Ashraful Islam Molla","doi":"10.3390/toxics12010036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010036","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we employed a straightforward synthetic approach using the sol-gel method to fabricate a novel photocatalyst, Ag and N co-doped SnO2 (Ag-N-SnO2). The synthesized photocatalysts underwent characterization through various techniques including XRD, FTIR, FESEM-EDS, TEM, UV-vis DRS, BET, and XPS. The UV-vis DRS results confirmed a reduction in the bandgap energy of Ag-N-SnO2, leading to enhanced absorption of visible light. Additionally, TEM data demonstrated a smaller particle size for Ag-N-SnO2, and BET analysis revealed a significant increase in surface area compared to SnO2.The efficiency of the Ag-N-SnO2 photocatalyst in degrading metronidazole (MNZ) under natural sunlight surpassed that of SnO2. Under optimal conditions (Ag-N-SnO2 concentration of 0.4 g/L, MNZ concentration of 10 mg/L, pH 9, and 120 min of operation), the highest MNZ photocatalytic removal reached 97.03%. The reaction kinetics followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.026 min−1. Investigation into the mineralization of MNZ indicated a substantial decrease in total organic carbon (TOC) values, reaching around 56% in 3 h of sunlight exposure. To elucidate the photocatalytic degradation mechanism of MNZ with Ag-N-SnO2, a scavenger test was employed which revealed the dominant role of •O2–. The results demonstrated the reusability of Ag-N-SnO2 for up to four cycles, highlighting its cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness as a photocatalyst.","PeriodicalId":508978,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"28 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139390794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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