Annals of Pure and Applied Logic最新文献

{"title":"Towards logical foundations for probabilistic computation","authors":"Melissa Antonelli ,&nbsp;Ugo Dal Lago ,&nbsp;Paolo Pistone","doi":"10.1016/j.apal.2023.103341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apal.2023.103341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The overall purpose of the present work is to lay the foundations for a new approach to bridge logic and probabilistic computation. To this aim we introduce extensions of classical and intuitionistic propositional logic with <em>counting quantifiers</em>, that is, quantifiers that measure <em>to which extent</em> a formula is true. The resulting systems, called <span><math><mi>cCPL</mi></math></span> and <span><math><mi>iCPL</mi></math></span>, respectively, admit a natural semantics, based on the Borel <em>σ</em>-algebra of the Cantor space, together with a sound and complete proof system. Our main results consist in relating <span><math><mi>cCPL</mi></math></span> and <span><math><mi>iCPL</mi></math></span> with some central concepts in the study of probabilistic computation. On the one hand, the validity of <span><math><mi>cCPL</mi></math></span>-formulae in prenex form characterizes the corresponding level of Wagner's hierarchy of counting complexity classes, closely related to probabilistic complexity. On the other hand, proofs in <span><math><mi>iCPL</mi></math></span> correspond, in the sense of Curry and Howard, to typing derivations for a randomized extension of the <em>λ</em>-calculus, so that counting quantifiers reveal the probability of termination of the underlying probabilistic programs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50762,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pure and Applied Logic","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168007223000982/pdfft?md5=1667c28a58bd5b8e526d000072ac7e9b&pid=1-s2.0-S0168007223000982-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42694674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Lindström theorem for intuitionistic first-order logic","authors":"Grigory Olkhovikov ,&nbsp;Guillermo Badia ,&nbsp;Reihane Zoghifard","doi":"10.1016/j.apal.2023.103346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apal.2023.103346","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We extend the main result of <span>[1]</span> to the first-order intuitionistic logic (with and without equality), showing that it is a maximal (with respect to expressive power) abstract logic satisfying a certain form of compactness, the Tarski union property and preservation under asimulations. A similar result is also shown for the intuitionistic logic of constant domains.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50762,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pure and Applied Logic","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49726141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Locally compact, ω1-compact spaces","authors":"Peter Nyikos ,&nbsp;Lyubomyr Zdomskyy","doi":"10.1016/j.apal.2023.103324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apal.2023.103324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>-compact space is a space in which every closed discrete subspace is countable. We give various general conditions under which a locally compact, <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>-compact space is <em>σ-countably compact, i.e.,</em> the union of countably many countably compact spaces. These conditions involve very elementary properties.</p><p>Many results shown here are independent of the usual (ZFC) axioms of set theory, and the consistency of some may involve large cardinals. For example, it is independent of the ZFC axioms whether every locally compact, <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>-compact space of cardinality <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ℵ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> is <em>σ</em>-countably compact. Whether <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ℵ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> can be replaced with <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ℵ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> is a difficult unsolved problem. Modulo large cardinals, it is also ZFC-independent whether every hereditarily normal, or every monotonically normal, locally compact, <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>-compact space is <em>σ</em>-countably compact.</p><p>As a result, it is also ZFC-independent whether there is a locally compact, <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>-compact Dowker space of cardinality <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ℵ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, or one that does not contain both an uncountable closed discrete subspace and a copy of the ordinal space <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>.</p><p>Set theoretic tools used for the consistency results include the existence of a Souslin tree, the Proper Forcing Axiom (PFA), and models generically referred to as “MM(S)[S]”. Most of the work is done by the P-Ideal Dichotomy (PID) axiom, which holds in the latter two cases, and which requires no large cardinal axioms when directly applied to topological spaces of cardinality <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ℵ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, as it is in several theorems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50762,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pure and Applied Logic","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41811248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurable cardinals and choiceless axioms","authors":"Gabriel Goldberg","doi":"10.1016/j.apal.2023.103323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apal.2023.103323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Kunen refuted the existence of an elementary embedding from the universe of sets to itself assuming the Axiom of Choice. This paper concerns the ramifications of this hypothesis when the Axiom of Choice is not assumed. For example, the existence of such an embedding implies that there is a proper class of cardinals <em>λ</em> such that <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> is measurable.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50762,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pure and Applied Logic","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47965741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Some simple theories from a Boolean algebra point of view","authors":"M. Malliaris ,&nbsp;S. Shelah","doi":"10.1016/j.apal.2023.103345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apal.2023.103345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We find a strong separation between two natural families of simple rank one theories in Keisler's order: the theories <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> reflecting graph sequences, which witness that Keisler's order has the maximum number of classes, and the theories <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, which are the higher-order analogues of the triangle-free random graph. The proof involves building Boolean algebras and ultrafilters “by hand” to satisfy certain model theoretically meaningful chain conditions. This may be seen as advancing a line of work going back through Kunen's construction of good ultrafilters in ZFC using families of independent functions. We conclude with a theorem on flexible ultrafilters, and open questions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50762,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pure and Applied Logic","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48165329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Some variations on the splitting number","authors":"Saharon Shelah ,&nbsp;Juris Steprāns","doi":"10.1016/j.apal.2023.103321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apal.2023.103321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Variations on the splitting number <span><math><mi>s</mi></math></span> are examined by localizing the splitting property to finite sets. To be more precise, rather than considering families of subsets of the integers that have the property that every infinite set is split into two infinite sets by some member of the family a stronger property is considered: Whenever an subset of the integers is represented as the disjoint union of a family of finite sets one can ask that each of the finite sets is split into two non-empty pieces by some member of the family. It will be shown that restricting the size of the finite sets can result in distinguishable properties. In §<span>2</span> some inequalities will be established, while in §<span>3</span> the main consistency result will be proved.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50762,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pure and Applied Logic","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44051107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternating (In)Dependence-Friendly Logic","authors":"Dylan Bellier,&nbsp;Massimo Benerecetti,&nbsp;Dario Della Monica,&nbsp;Fabio Mogavero","doi":"10.1016/j.apal.2023.103315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apal.2023.103315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hintikka and Sandu originally proposed <em>Independence Friendly Logic</em> (<figure><img></figure>) as a first-order logic of <em>imperfect information</em> to describe <em>game-theoretic phenomena</em> underlying the semantics of natural language. The logic allows for expressing independence constraints among quantified variables, in a similar vein to Henkin quantifiers, and has a nice <em>game-theoretic semantics</em> in terms of <em>imperfect information games</em>. However, the <figure><img></figure> semantics exhibits some limitations, at least from a purely logical perspective. It treats the players asymmetrically, considering only one of the two players as having imperfect information when evaluating truth, <em>resp.</em>, falsity, of a sentence. In addition, truth and falsity of sentences coincide with the existence of a uniform winning strategy for one of the two players in the semantic imperfect information game. As a consequence, <figure><img></figure> does admit undetermined sentences, which are neither true nor false, thus failing the law of excluded middle. These idiosyncrasies limit its expressive power to the existential fragment of <em>Second Order Logic</em> (<figure><img></figure>). In this paper, we investigate an extension of <figure><img></figure>, called <em>Alternating Dependence/Independence Friendly Logic</em> (<figure><img></figure>), tailored to overcome these limitations. To this end, we introduce a novel <em>compositional semantics</em>, generalising the one based on trumps proposed by Hodges for <figure><img></figure>. The new semantics (i) allows for meaningfully restricting both players at the same time, (ii) enjoys the property of game-theoretic determinacy, (iii) recovers the law of excluded middle for sentences, and (iv) grants <figure><img></figure> the full descriptive power of <figure><img></figure>. We also provide an equivalent <em>Herbrand-Skolem semantics</em> and a <em>game-theoretic semantics</em> for the prenex fragment of <figure><img></figure>, the latter being defined in terms of a determined infinite-duration game that precisely captures the other two semantics on finite structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50762,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pure and Applied Logic","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49726660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subadditive families of hypergraphs","authors":"Jindřich Zapletal","doi":"10.1016/j.apal.2023.103322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apal.2023.103322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>I analyze a natural class of proper forcings associated with actions of countable groups on Polish spaces, providing a practical and informative characterization as to when these forcings add no independent reals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50762,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pure and Applied Logic","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47335085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causal modeling semantics for counterfactuals with disjunctive antecedents","authors":"Giuliano Rosella,&nbsp;Jan Sprenger","doi":"10.1016/j.apal.2023.103336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apal.2023.103336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Causal Modeling Semantics (CMS, e.g., </span><span>[6]</span>, <span>[22]</span>, <span>[12]</span><span>) is a powerful framework for evaluating counterfactuals whose antecedent is a conjunction of atomic formulas. We extend CMS to an evaluation of the probability of counterfactuals with disjunctive antecedents, and more generally, to counterfactuals whose antecedent is an arbitrary Boolean combination of atomic formulas. Our main idea is to assign a probability to a counterfactual </span><figure><img></figure><span> at a causal model </span><span><math><mi>M</mi></math></span> as a weighted average of the probability of <em>C</em> in those submodels that <em>truthmake</em> <span><math><mi>A</mi><mo>∨</mo><mi>B</mi></math></span> <span>[1]</span>, <span>[3]</span>, <span>[4]</span>. The weights of the submodels are given by the inverse distance to the original model <span><math><mi>M</mi></math></span>, based on a distance metric proposed by Eva et al. <span>[2]</span>. Apart from solving a major problem in the epistemology of counterfactuals, our paper shows how work in semantics, causal inference and formal epistemology can be fruitfully combined.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50762,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pure and Applied Logic","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136184757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probing the quantitative–qualitative divide in probabilistic reasoning","authors":"Duligur Ibeling,&nbsp;Thomas Icard,&nbsp;Krzysztof Mierzewski,&nbsp;Milan Mossé","doi":"10.1016/j.apal.2023.103339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apal.2023.103339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper explores the space of (propositional) probabilistic logical languages, ranging from a purely ‘qualitative’ comparative language to a highly ‘quantitative’ language involving arbitrary polynomials over probability terms. While talk of qualitative vs. quantitative may be suggestive, we identify a robust and meaningful boundary in the space by distinguishing systems that encode (at most) additive reasoning from those that encode additive and multiplicative reasoning. The latter includes not only languages with explicit multiplication but also languages expressing notions of dependence and conditionality. We show that the distinction tracks a divide in computational complexity: additive systems remain complete for <span><math><mi>NP</mi></math></span>, while multiplicative systems are robustly complete for <span><math><mo>∃</mo><mi>R</mi></math></span>. We also address axiomatic questions, offering several new completeness results as well as a proof of non-finite-axiomatizability for comparative probability. Repercussions of our results for conceptual and empirical questions are addressed, and open problems are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50762,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pure and Applied Logic","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168007223000969/pdfft?md5=fe6c1d17dffc09f1f8840ad511ee381a&pid=1-s2.0-S0168007223000969-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88751018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}