Comptes Rendus Geoscience最新文献

{"title":"Les batteries sont-elles la bonne option pour un développement durable ?","authors":"Jean-Marie Tarascón","doi":"10.5802/crgeos.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.27","url":null,"abstract":"The challenges related to energy storage have led, over the past decade, to a scientific proliferation giving birth to spectacular innovations in battery research. They have contributed in making todays electric mobility a reality, and have been key enablers in the deployment of renewable energies. However, it is legitimate to wonder what will be the battery of the future and, in particular, if this battery will be the right option for sustainable development. This is what this manuscript addresses by discussing many aspects of battery research enlisting performances improvements in terms of autonomy, durability and safety. Moreover it presents on ongoing strategies aiming towards the development of more eco-compatible and smarter batteries, based either on new chemistries enlisting abundant metals (Na-ion), on innovative recycling processes or on the injections of smart sensing and self-healing functionalities. Such a diversity of fundamental scientific challenges emerging from concrete technological bottlenecks generates a myriad of fascinating opportunities to arouse new generation of talented students to take part in this exciting adventure. Mots-clés. Batteries, Énergie, Stockage, Lithium, CO2. ISSN (electronic) : 1778-7025 https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/ 402 Jean-Marie Tarascon","PeriodicalId":50651,"journal":{"name":"Comptes Rendus Geoscience","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48714264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quelles transitions pour l’atténuation du changement climatique ? Transformations globales, enjeux sociétaux, et leçons pour la décision","authors":"H. Waisman","doi":"10.5802/crgeos.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.18","url":null,"abstract":"The IPCC Special report on “Global Warming of 1.5 °C” identifies the greenhouse gas emissions trajectories compatible with the global mitigation goal of the Paris Agreement, presents the mitigation actions required to follow these trajectories and analyses the synergies and trade-offs with sustainable development objectives. The assessment highlights the necessity to implement drastic global carbon emissions reductions in the short term, to reach global carbon neutrality between 2050 and 2070 and to implement targeted actions to limit other greenhouse gases. To this aim, rapid and far-reaching transformations are required in energy, industrial, infrastructure and land-use systems. Adopting systemic strategies combining policy packages elaborated according to the specificities of each country context and with a long-term perspective is a requirement for ensuring that these ISSN (electronic) : 1778-7025 https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/","PeriodicalId":50651,"journal":{"name":"Comptes Rendus Geoscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44679279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Le rôle de l’énergie nucléaire dans la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique : atouts et faiblesses dans une approche intégrée","authors":"Y. Bréchet","doi":"10.5802/crgeos.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.21","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50651,"journal":{"name":"Comptes Rendus Geoscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46914088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Les villes et le climat : Bâtiments et urbanisme","authors":"V. Viguié","doi":"10.5802/crgeos.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.19","url":null,"abstract":"Urban policies and city inhabitants behaviors are at the forefront of global environmental issues. We live indeed in an urbanizing world, and cities are responsible for approximately two third of global energy consumptions. How buildings are built, and how cities are organized are both key drivers of greenhouse gases emissions. Making them coherent with environmental constraints often lead to co-benefits with other urban issues such as economic competitiveness or social inclusiveness. This explains why cities are globally active concerning climate change, even if much still needs to be","PeriodicalId":50651,"journal":{"name":"Comptes Rendus Geoscience","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41733325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Énergie et climat : défis et innovations","authors":"D. Roux","doi":"10.5802/crgeos.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.25","url":null,"abstract":"Access to energy is a key factor in the economic development of countries. We will first examine the evolution of different ways to access to energy and their correlations with world population and countries’ GDP. We will see that the objectives of reducing carbon dioxide emissions which require a profound transformation of our access to energy will be very difficult to achieve. We will also see that the thermal improvement of buildings, and in particular the renovation of existing housing, is one of the possible objective. Mots-clés. Énergie, Climat, Efficacité énergétique, Bâtiment, Rénovation.","PeriodicalId":50651,"journal":{"name":"Comptes Rendus Geoscience","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42251081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology from the Upper Carboniferous sediments of Benxi Formation in the North China Craton: implications for tectonic-sedimentary evolution","authors":"Wuling Mo, Fang Liyong, Wei Guoqi, Liu Xinshe, Zhang Chunlin, L. Mancang, Su Nan, Liu Yan, Wu Saijun, Xing Fengcun","doi":"10.5802/crgeos.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.17","url":null,"abstract":"The provenance of the Upper Carboniferous Benxi Formation in North China Craton (NCC) has been considered as the northern margin of the NCC, not the North Qinling Orogenic Belt. To understand the provenance and the tectonic-sedimentary evolution during the sedimentary period of the Benxi Formation, the zircon U–Pb geochronology analysis was conducted on eleven clastic sandstone samples. The south of the NCC received clastic sediments from the North Qinling Orogenic Belt. The orogenic movements around the NCC in the Late Carboniferous period had significant impacts on the changes in paleotopography. During the early sedimentary period of the Hutian member of the Benxi Formation, the north of the Qinling Orogenic Belt was rapidly uplifted, and paleotopography was south-uplifting and north-dipping; thus, the clastic source was the North Qinling Orogenic Belt. From the late sedimentary period of the Benxi Formation Hutian member to the sedimentary period of the Jinci member, paleotopography was reversed. The northern margin of the NCC quickly uplifted, and paleotopography was north-uplifting and south-dipping. Two distinct provenances were present in the sediments of the Benxi Formation. The sediments were supplied predominately by the provenance in the north.","PeriodicalId":50651,"journal":{"name":"Comptes Rendus Geoscience","volume":"352 1","pages":"169-184"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42512816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential-field geophysical data inversion for 3D modelling and reserve estimation (Example of the Hajjar mine, Guemassa massif, Morocco): magnetic and gravity data case","authors":"Saâd Soulaimani, S. Chakiri, A. Manar, Ayoub Soulaimani, A. Miftah, M. Bouiflane","doi":"10.5802/crgeos.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.10","url":null,"abstract":"Geophysical data inversion is a tool, which can be used to recover the subsurface distribution of physical properties from field data. Each type of geophysical data can be inverted using one or more inversion algorithms. In this paper, a set of geophysical magnetic and gravity data of the Hajjar area in Morocco, covering an extent of 3.2× 1.6 km2, were used to make a 3D model of an orebody and to estimate the mineral reserve by potential-field geophysical data inversion and excess mass estimation. We thus promote the development and application of potential-field geophysical data inversion using the softwares Geosoft Oasis Montaj and Voxi Earth ModellingTM and the evaluation of its power compared to the excess mass estimation method. The process of inversion begins with data processing, then moves to analysis and interpretation, and ends with unconstrained Cartesian cut cell inversion. The results show a variation of −0.22 mGal to 1.59 mGal for the gravity residual anomaly map, leading to have density variations from 2.45 g/cm3 to 4.22 g/cm3, and a variation of −232 nT to 1018 nT for the reduced magnetic anomaly map. Moreover, data inversion allowed us to create a 3D model of the orebody and of the adjacent geological formation, and to estimate the different parameters that characterize the orebody derived from the inversion results, which have been confirmed from survey data: (depth ≈ 160 m; maximum ∗Corresponding author. ISSN (electronic) : 1778-7025 https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/ 140 Saâd Soulaimani et al. density ≈ 4.22 g/cm3; minimum density ≈ 3 g/cm3; mean density ≈ 3.61 g/cm3; thickness of the overburden ≈120 m; dip ≈ 45◦; morphology ≈ lens; volume ≈ 4.8×106 m3). It was therefore possible to evaluate the reserve, and to validate the reliability of the inversion by having a root mean square error between the exploited reserve and the calculated reserve of 13.5%, i.e. an insignificant difference between the real and calculated magnetic and gravity orebody responses, which support the validity of the results.","PeriodicalId":50651,"journal":{"name":"Comptes Rendus Geoscience","volume":"352 1","pages":"139-155"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42713758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quelles transformations pour l’atténuation du changement climatique ? Des trajectoires d’émissions mondiales à la trajectoire française","authors":"C. Guivarch","doi":"10.5802/crgeos.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50651,"journal":{"name":"Comptes Rendus Geoscience","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43416741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Captage et Stockage du CO 2  : le puits de carbone géologique","authors":"Isabelle Czernichowski-Lauriol","doi":"10.5802/crgeos.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.20","url":null,"abstract":"The geological carbon sink consists of “putting back” the carbon into the subsurface from which it was extracted, in order to reduce incompressible residual CO2 emissions. Complementary to terrestrial (soils and forests) and oceanic carbon sinks, it is expected to play a key role in achieving carbon neutrality. 19 CO2 capture and storage (CCS) projects are already in operation worldwide. Major research and innovation efforts are being carried out to scale up and deploy this technology wherever it is needed. France, Europe and many countries believe that CCS will be essential to achieve the objectives of the Paris climate agreement and limit global warming to +1.5 ◦C. Mots-clés. Climat, Emissions, Neutralité carbone, CSC, CSCV.","PeriodicalId":50651,"journal":{"name":"Comptes Rendus Geoscience","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43530052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical volcanology and emplacement mechanism of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) lava flows from the Central High Atlas, Morocco","authors":"H. E. Hachimi, N. Youbi, J. Madeira, A. Marzoli, J. Mata, H. Bertrand, M. K. Bensalah, Moulay Ahmed Boumehdi, M. Doblas, F. Medina, M. Abbou, L. Martins","doi":"10.5802/crgeos.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.7","url":null,"abstract":"The best preserved and most complete lava flow sequences of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) in Morocco are exposed in the Central High Atlas and can reach up to 300 m in thickness. Four distinct formations, emplaced in subaerial environments, are classically recognized: the ∗Corresponding author. ISSN (electronic) : 1778-7025 https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/ 456 Hind El Hachimi et al. Lower, Intermediate, Upper and Recurrent formations. These formations are separated by paleosoils and sedimentary sequences (mudstones, siltstones, sandstones, limestones), that are in general less than two meter-thick and may exceptionally reach a thickness of 80 m, representing minor periods of volcanic quiescence. CAMP lava flows of the Central High Atlas can be grouped into two main categories: subaerial compound pahoehoe flows and simple flows. The former type is exclusively confined to the Lower and Intermediate Formations, while simple flows occur in the Upper and Recurrent Formations. The dominance of compound flows in the two lowermost units of the CAMP suggests a slow emplacement during successive sustained eruptive episodes. Instead the thick single flows characterizing the Upper and Recurrent units indicate higher effusive rates. Basaltic pillow lavas (always of short lateral extent: 10 to 100 m), showing radial jointing and vitreous rinds, identical to those found in the Western Meseta, are occasionally associated with hyaloclastites in the base of the Intermediate Formation, immediately above clastic sediments, or in the Upper Formation. The occurrence of pillow lavas does not imply a generalized subaqueous environment at the time of the lava emission. Instead, they represent subaerial flows that entered small lakes occupying depressions on the volcanic topography of the Lower and Intermediate Formations. The short lateral extent of the pillow lavas and their constant stratigraphic position, the existence of lava flows with unequivocal subaerial characteristics associated to sediments containing fossilized wood, clearly indicate onshore emplacement.","PeriodicalId":50651,"journal":{"name":"Comptes Rendus Geoscience","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41480326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}