IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of energy saving and CO2 emission mitigation of low-lift cooling in computer hardware manufacturing industry: A case study in Thailand","authors":"J. Nizigiyimana, P. Chaiwiwatworakul","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012062","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Released heat from production process contributes the largest proportion of cooling load in computer hardware manufacturing industry. According to traditional design practice, chiller plant produces chilled water at a temperature of 7°C to treat the entire load from the production process and from the comfort air-conditioning in buildings. However, the heat from the process is solely the sensible component where high-temperature chilled water (e.g., 15°C) can be used for the heat removal, the chillers equipped with low temperature-lift technology thus offer a great opportunity to improve the plant’s cooling performance. Under the critical global warming situation and the need of decarbonizing industry, this paper investigated the energy saving and CO2 emission mitigation potential of the low-lift technology by which the chiller plant of high-temperature chilled water (15°C) is dedicated for the production process cooling, and the traditional chiller plant of the low-temperature chilled water is used to serve the building air-conditioning. The study site was a large factory of computer hardware manufacturing in Thailand. Through detailed energy auditing, the cooling load profile of the production process was established, and it was used to design the low-lift chiller plant. The annual simulation results showed that in our study case the low-lift chiller plant together with variable motor speed control had 31.6% higher cooling performance than the traditional chiller plant. The plant could reduce the energy consumption by 5,550 MWhelec/year. As the CO2 emission of the grid power in Thailand was 0.47 kgCO2/kWh in 2023 and it was expected to reduce to 0.35 kgCO2/kWh in 2050, the CO2 emissions from implementing the low-lift cooling could be reduced by 49,400 TonCO2 over a course of the 20-year project lifetime. The study results encouraged the low-lift cooling technology as a practical energy efficiency measure in computer hardware manufacturing industry. To our knowledge, while past research focused on the low-lift cooling in building air-conditioning, the study was the first potential assessment project of the low-lift cooling as a deep decarbonization technology for the computer hardware manufacturing industry in Thailand.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"9 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141703584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal performance of the photovoltaic module with evaporative cooling ventilated cavity","authors":"Y H Liu, W. C. Yan, C J Yang, Y Zhang, C. W. He, X Cui, L W Jin","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012061","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Energy is indispensable in modern life, and solar photovoltaic technology stands out for its substantial advantages. However, the current conversion rate remains suboptimal, ranging from 15% to 20%. Compounding this, a portion of solar energy undergoes conversion into thermal energy, resulting in an elevation of the PV (photovoltaic) module’s temperature and a subsequent reduction in electricity generation efficiency. In response to this challenge, a solution was conceived—a design featuring an evaporative cooling ventilated cavity crafted to alleviate the operating temperature of the photovoltaic module. This innovative system integrates a photovoltaic facade with an evaporative cooling ventilation cavity, encompassing crucial components such as solar photovoltaic panels, an evaporative cooling layer, and a ventilated cavity equipped with thermal regulation. An experimental system was meticulously developed. The results illuminate the system’s efficacy in temperature reduction: approximately 5°C for the PV back sheet, 5°C for the cavity back sheet, and 5.2°C inside the cavity. Furthermore, the system achieves a noteworthy average operating temperature reduction of about 14.1%, 20.2%, and 20.4%, respectively. These findings underscore the substantial impact of the evaporative cooling system on regulating and enhancing the thermal performance of PV modules.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"51 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141713449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-oil production from the catalytic pyrolysis of raw and torrefied corn waste by using MgO and CaO catalysts","authors":"K. Thu, S. Fukuda, S. Krerkkaiwan","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012027","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This research investigates the influence of torrefaction and catalytic pyrolysis of raw corn waste (RCW) to upgrade the quality of bio-oil. RCW was torrefied at 280°C for 16 mins to produce torrefied corn waste (TCW). Natural basic oxides (CaO and MgO) catalysts were selected because of inexpensive and high catalytic performance. Pyrolysis experiments were conducted in a bench-scaled bubbling fluidized bed reactor at 500°C. The effects of torrefaction and the presence of a catalyst on the pyrolysis product both yield and composition were investigated. The results from non-catalytic pyrolysis revealed that TCW pyrolysis gave 15 wt.% lower in oil yield, and about 6.8 wt.% lower in gas yield but the char yield was approximately 22 wt.% higher compared to the pyrolysis of RCW. Considering the effect of catalyst, the yield of bio-oil reduced slightly, while the yield of char and gas increased compared to non-catalytic pyrolysis for both RCW and TCW. The bio-oil composition derived from TCW pyrolysis contained more phenolic and aromatic compounds and significantly lower oxygenated compounds when compared to that of RCW pyrolysis. Moreover, with the presence of the catalysts, the bio-oil composition and HHVs of bio-oil was also improved.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"126 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141692907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The determination of elements influencing successful collaboration factors in preventing oil spills during bunkering at port","authors":"I. C. Ishak, I. Charles, M. K. Ramli, A. M. Arof, H. S. Salleh, A. S. N. Isha","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012064","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study is concerned with the factors that could concern the successful collaboration in preventing oil spills during bunkering operations. This study encompasses individual staff at port and bunkering companies in Sabah, Malaysia. The oil spill incidents from bunkering activities are possible to occur while the ships are moving. The primary causes of bunker activities that could lead to the oil spill are overflow, leak incidents, inadequate planning, and human error. This study aims to validate the factors of successful collaboration toward preventing oil spills during bunkering operations. This study utilized a Delphi questionnaire survey distributed to respondents with working experiences between two years and more than 10 years of working experience. The data has been accumulated from the related departments within the individual staff at Jabatan Pelabuhan dan Dermaga Sabah (JPDS) and Kota Kinabalu Port. This study applied an online Delphi questionnaire survey from the required purposive sampling. The Delphi questionnaire survey assembles information about respondents and the importance of and factors influencing successful collaboration by applying Likert scale point of 5 ranging from not important to extremely important. This study has included 59 respondents from JPDS and related bunkering companies and bunkering operators. The data have been analysed using SPSS analysis tools such as Cronbach alpha and Correlation analysis. The result revealed that the Cronbach alpha value shows a high value of 0.960. Meanwhile, the correlation coefficient (r) shows at 0.775. It has shown a positive and strong relationship between the importance of successful collaboration and the factors influencing successful collaboration to prevent oil spills during bunkering. The recommendation of this study could facilitate other port authorities to collaborate or coordinate with other sectors or companies in bunkering operations to gain a successful collaboration in preventing oil spills during bunkering activities. It is also anticipated to contribute to the deficiency of literature on the determination of elements influencing successful collaboration factors in preventing oil spills during bunkering at port.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"34 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141699819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Effect of Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticle Additives on Biodiesel Combustion in Marine Diesel Engines","authors":"C. W. Mohd Noor, Amir Azfar Ismail, Amirah Nur Fhatihah, Mohammad Fadhli Ahmad, Mohammad Nor Khasbi Jarkoni, Horizon Gitano Briggs","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012029","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The increases in annual ship exhaust emissions have prompted the shift towards adopting alternative energy sources. Biodiesel is a suitable substitute fuel for marine engines that does not necessitate engine alterations. Biodiesel is renewable, environmentally friendly, and plant-based with biodegradable properties. The fuel is also non-toxic and oxygenated and shares similar characteristics with diesel fuel. Nonetheless, biodiesel fuel exhibits slightly reduced performance compared to diesel primarily due to its lower energy content. This study aims to evaluate the combustion attributes of a marine diesel engine employing palm biodiesel fuel incorporated with aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticle additives. A B20 biodiesel fuel was blended with 50, 100, and 150 ppm Al2O3 nano additives. The engine combustion parameters, in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate (HRR), mass fraction burned, and ignition delay were analysed and compared to the B20 fuel without additives. Adding Al2O3 nano additives to the B20 biodiesel blend improved the engine combustion characteristics. The optimal performance was recorded by the blend incorporating 150 ppm nanoparticles. The in-cylinder pressure and HRR peaks also improved by 5.41 to 15.1% and 4.69 to 16.9%, respectively, compared to the other B20 fuel blends. Furthermore, the B20 mixed with Al2O3 documented a more rapid mass fraction burned rate, resulting in a shorter ignition delay of approximately 5 CA°. In addition, the amount of oxygen in biodiesel blended with Al2O3 nano additives has improved engine combustion compared to B20 fuel. The present study demonstrated that adding Al2O3 nano additives to palm biodiesel fuel significantly enhanced engine combustion attributes, thus highlighting its potential to reduce reliance on petroleum-based fuels and provide sustainable fuel alternatives for marine diesel engines.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"8 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141700716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermoeconomic analysis of novel hydrogen liquefaction assisted by absorption refrigeration utilizing heat from Brayton cycle","authors":"L. Rahadiyan, M. Aziz, N. Nasruddin","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012102","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Current research presents a novel method for reducing the energy consumption of hydrogen liquefaction through heat recovery of hydrogen liquefier. An ammonia absorption refrigeration cycle on the hydrogen precooling utilizes the heat generated by the compressor intercooler and aftercooler of the reverse Brayton cycle of hydrogen liquefier to precool hydrogen feedstock. The system is analyzed from exergy, energy, and economic perspective. The results are compared with the reference case without a heat recovery system. The proposed system can reduce SEC (specific energy consumption) from 7.37 kWh/kgLH2 to 6.23 kWh/kgLH2 and exergy efficiency improvement from 55.2% to 60.90%. The economic analysis shows that the levelized cost of energy to produce 5.07 tons/day of liquid hydrogen for the reference and novel case is 5.88 USD/kgLH2 and 5.03 USD/kgLH2, respectively. The results imply that the proposed method can be a reference for designing an integrated hydrogen liquefaction system to minimize energy consumption.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"69 S6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141696138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable bio-jet fuel synthesis techniques for the aviation industry","authors":"C H Tan, C. T. Yaw, S. P. Koh, K. Kadirgama, A. M. Abed, H. S. Majdi","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012036","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the near future, the aviation industry is expected to significantly increase the usage of “drop-in” bio-jet fuel as the technologies in biofuel production advances and matures. Given the high rate of growth in the aviation sector, the demand for aerial transportation of passenger and cargo is projected to increase by two-fold in the next twenty years. This will raise the global aviation fuel consumption to an estimated 22.48 quadrillion British thermal unit (BTU) by 2040. To meet these high energy demands, it is necessary to develop alternative and sustainable methods to produce jet fuel. In light of this, intense research and numerous fundings have been allocated into developing efficient production methods for bio-jet fuel. Conventional jet fuel emits a considerable amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) when combusted, which contributes to global warming. Compared to traditional jet fuel, bio-jet fuel is a renewable energy source and regarded to emit less GHGs. Bio-jet fuel can be produced using a diverse range of both edible (food crops such as soybean, corn, and sugar cane) and inedible (such as energy crops, agricultural wastes, and lignocellulosic biomass) feedstocks. There are various promising technologies that can produce aviation biofuel, which includes oil-to-jet [hydroprocessed ester and fatty acids (HEFA)], alcohol-to-jet, sugar-to-jet [hydroprocessing of fermented sugars (HFS)], and syngas-to-jet [Fisher-Tropsch (FT)]. Compared to the other techniques, HEFA bio-jet fuel can be sold at a lower price because HEFA requires less capital investment, capital cost, and energy cost. Although FT technique require high capital investment, FT bio-jet fuel can be sold at medium price due to its matured technology. The breakeven cost of ATJ and HFS bio-jet fuel varies greatly due to the supply and cost of sugar-rich feedstocks, as well as short lifespan of enzymes. Although bio-jet fuel has the potential to replace petroleum jet fuel in the future, there are still many technological and socio-economic challenges that must be overcome. Therefore, this paper aims to highlight the current status, technological advances, and economic challenges of bio-jet fuel production for energy transition in the aviation industry.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"24 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141708920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance prediction and analysis of a solar assisted medium-deep geothermal heating system","authors":"Z B Zhang, Z. Y. Tao, Z. D. Ma, G. Jia, L. H. Saw, L W Jin","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012008","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The solar assisted medium-deep geothermal heating (SAMGH) system is a novel kind of heating system that can combine the benefits of geothermal and solar energy. However, the variations in borehole heat exchanger (BHE) performance and the intermittency of solar energy pose challenges for predicting the overall performance of the coupled system and designing the operational strategies. To conduct simulation on the SAMGH system for performance prediction and analysis, a coaxial medium-deep borehole heat exchanger coupled with the solar energy heating system for an office building in Xi’an was developed. The TRNSYS software was employed to establish the model of the coupled system. A ground source heat pump (GSHP) heating system was used for comparison. The simulation results showed that with the introduction of the solar energy and heat storage modules, the annual operating time of the geothermal system only accounts for 32.06%. The energy consumption of the coupled system can be reduced from 63585 kW to 44586 kW, and the energy consumption proportion of the geothermal system in total value decreased from 69.10% to 40.58%. Therefore, the average coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pump and the system were improved by 63.71% and 91.77%, respectively. Moreover, because the solar energy is beneficial to the ground heat recovery, the average ground temperature increased from 42.5 °C to 43.88 °C after ten years of operation. The proposed design method and simulation results can serve as a reference for design method and performance analysis of the geothermal and solar coupled system.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"20 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141704072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrochar production through co-hydrothermal carbonization of water hyacinth and plastic waste","authors":"M. Y. Ong, S. Nomanbhay, C. U. A. A. C. Rosman, T. Yusaf, A. S. Silitonga","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012034","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The global expansion of the economy and concerns about greenhouse gas emissions and climate change necessitate the exploration of sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. Water hyacinth (WH) is globally recognized as one of the most problematic aquatic weeds, posing significant challenges to urban management by clogging waterways, polluting water sources, and causing harm to ecosystems. However, water hyacinth is enriched with hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, making it a noteworthy and superior biomass resource. Hence, this study focuses on the hydrothermal carbonization of water hyacinth into a renewable fuel source, the hydrochar. Hydrothermal treatment was implemented in this work as it can treat wet biomass, in this case, the water hyacinth, without the need of energy-extensive drying process. Plastic waste (PW), or more specifically low-density polyethylene (LDPE), was added as the co-feedstock during the HTC process with the purpose to boost the higher heating value (HHV) of the end product. The co-hydrothermal carbonization (co-HTC) process of the mixture of WH and PW at various ratios and temperatures were conducted to investigate the optimal HTC condition for high hydrochar yields. As the result, the highest hydrochar yield of 29.23 wt% was obtained with 12.5% LDPE substitution percentage, at 200 °C after a holding time of 90 min. However, in term of energy recovery efficiency (ER), the highest efficiency (27.28%) was achieved with 12.5% LDPE substitution percentage at 260 °C. The HHV value of the hydrochar produced in this work is in the range of 17.71-24.69 MJ/kg. In summary, the co-HTC of WH and LDPE could definitely be a promising alternative to bridge the gap from solid waste to renewable fuels.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"42 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141713099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air quality monitoring using drones (UAV)","authors":"R. Alberto Bernabeo, Gianmarco D’Alessandro, Alessandro Ceruti, Laura Tositti, Nhan Nguyen, Thanh Phuoc Ho","doi":"10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012065","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Air pollution causes many diseases and is a major environmental threat, therefore, it is essential to monitor and improve the air quality. With this work, we aim to assess atmospheric pollution using drone-mounted air sensors, with specific applications in Vietnam. We aim to measure Green-House Gas (GHG) emissions and other pollutants in urban and non-urban areas of interest including, but not limited to landfills and airports, to evaluate the effects of pollution on climate and health. The project will use a novel and creative approach to collect three-dimensional atmospheric data using smart sensors mounted on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). UAVs have been extensively applied in recent years, both in Vietnam and on a global scale, to multiple fields and with different scopes. Surveying, crop monitoring, irrigation and fertilization, surveillance and rescue support, and 2D and 3D mapping, are just a few examples of how UAVs can be used for agriculture, archaeology, forestry, urban planning, and architecture. In this project, we develop an integrated system of UAVs and smart sensors for air quality monitoring. To develop mitigation and adaptation strategies for reducing the environmental impact of transport, it is imperative to assess the emission sources and trends. Therefore, we are developing a system able to collect comprehensive atmospheric data using remote aerosol sampling, and chemical speciation. Furthermore, the potential of using smart sensors on other flying devices is explored.","PeriodicalId":506254,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","volume":"8 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141699403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}