{"title":"Disturbance-rejection pressure control for integrated brake system based on improved non-singular fast terminal sliding mode","authors":"Jian Zhao, Ruijie Dang, Bing Zhu, Zhicheng Chen, Jiayi Han, Peixing Zhang, Dongjian Song, Shizheng Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.conengprac.2026.106811","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conengprac.2026.106811","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrated brake system (IBS) is a critical component of intelligent electric vehicle electronics. However, the pressure control of IBS is usually affected by lumped disturbance such as friction uncertainties, time-varying hydraulic characteristics and unmodeled dynamics, which present significant challenges to the pressure tracking. In order to achieve high-precision, fast-response, and robust pressure tracking performance, this article proposes a disturbance-rejection pressure control strategy. First, to improve the response rate, a non-singular fast terminal sliding mode control (NFTSMC) with finite-time convergence is applied in the basic pressure regulator. Subsequently, a super-twisting algorithm is used to reduce the control chattering in NFTSMC and enhance pressure tracking accuracy. On this basis, we design a finite-time extended state observer to estimate the lumped disturbance, which is then integrated into the NFTSMC to maintain the robustness with small control gains. This integration also reconciles the contradiction between control chattering and robustness in the NFTSMC. The finite-time convergence of the proposed strategy is rigorously validated during both the reaching and sliding phases of sliding mode control. Finally, hardware-in-the-loop experiments are performed. The experimental results demonstrate that compared to the baseline, the proposed strategy achieves at least a 28% improvement in pressure-tracking root mean square error and maximum error.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50615,"journal":{"name":"Control Engineering Practice","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 106811"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pengbo Zhao , Jien Ma , Lin Qiu , Xing Liu , Chenghao Liu , Zeyu Zhang , Youtong Fang
{"title":"An online data-driven model-free predictive control method with low computational burden for power converters","authors":"Pengbo Zhao , Jien Ma , Lin Qiu , Xing Liu , Chenghao Liu , Zeyu Zhang , Youtong Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.conengprac.2026.106836","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conengprac.2026.106836","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Finite-set model predictive control is widely used in power converter control due to its simple structure and superior performance, but its high sensitivity to system parameters restricts its popularization. To solve this problem, many model-free control methods are emerged. However, complex control algorithms are often accompanied by high computational burden, which affects their online application on low-power processors. Motivated by this, this paper proposes a novel online data-driven model-free predictive control method with low computational burden. The prediction module adopts the data-driven form of autoregressive exogenous model, which eliminates the dependence on physical parameters by information mining through system input and output data. In order to reduce the computational burden, this paper proposes a vector optimization method based on linear programming, which avoids the traversal optimization in the conventional finite-set model predictive control method and thus improves the computational efficiency. Meanwhile, a model-free midpoint voltage balancing solution is proposed, which utilizes the small vector redundancy feature to achieve accurate balancing. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method achieves excellent performance and computational efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50615,"journal":{"name":"Control Engineering Practice","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 106836"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A fully actuated system approach to event-triggered fault-tolerant control of a class of interconnected nonlinear systems","authors":"Tan Wang , Haowen Liu , He Kong , Guang-Ren Duan","doi":"10.1016/j.conengprac.2026.106832","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conengprac.2026.106832","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a novel event-triggered fault-tolerant control (FTC) strategy for interconnected nonlinear systems (INSs) using the fully actuated system (FAS) approach. The FAS model of INSs is derived through recursive transformations, enabling a more flexible and efficient controller design procedure compared to traditional backstepping methods. The proposed method explicitly accounts for modeling uncertainties, ensuring robustness without relying on neural networks or requiring exact knowledge of uncertainties. A switching-threshold mechanism, which combines fixed and relative thresholds, is introduced to balance communication overhead and system performance. The uniform ultimate boundedness of the tracking error under system faults is rigorously established. Moreover, the proposed framework is experimentally validated on a self-developed platform with two inverted pendulum systems connected via a spring, demonstrating its practical applicability and effectiveness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50615,"journal":{"name":"Control Engineering Practice","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 106832"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mats Versmissen , Maarten Vlaswinkel , Frank Willems
{"title":"Experimental demonstration of safe and automated in-cylinder pressure shaping using constrained extremum seeking","authors":"Mats Versmissen , Maarten Vlaswinkel , Frank Willems","doi":"10.1016/j.conengprac.2026.106834","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conengprac.2026.106834","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To support decarbonization of transport, research is focusing on advanced and highly efficient combustion concepts running on low-carbon fuels. Optimizing the performance of these complex engines over a wide range of operating conditions results in exploded control calibration efforts for traditional calibration methods. In this paper, an automated engine calibration framework based on constrained Extremum Seeking (ES) control is proposed to effectively reduce calibration times. Contrary to previous research that optimizes an efficiency metric, the proposed ES algorithm directly shapes the entire in-cylinder pressure trace by decomposing it into Principal Components (PCs) and controlling the associated weights towards their optimal reference, defined by an Ideal Thermodynamic cycle. This method finds an optimal trade-off between controllability of the PC weights and optimality, while explicitly addressing combustion safety constraints using a novel gradient based projection method for the PC weights. The proposed ES controller was successfully implemented for fuel path calibration on a single cylinder engine running in dual-fuel (diesel-gasoline) mode. Besides demonstrating optimality and convergence of the ES concept within 4 min, the handling of an arbitrary constraint on maximal in-cylinder pressure is validated. Despite the under-actuated nature of the control problem for the PC weights, the resulting ES optimal operating point is close to the actual maximal thermal efficiency point. This work highlights the practical viability of automated calibration methods through a model-free in-cylinder pressure shaping approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50615,"journal":{"name":"Control Engineering Practice","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 106834"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Formulation of MILP models to assess the techno-economic impact of district heating electrification in energy communities","authors":"Hussain Ahmed, Matti Vilkko","doi":"10.1016/j.conengprac.2026.106810","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conengprac.2026.106810","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transitioning district heating in energy communities (ECs) from fossil-fuel to electrification requires advanced analytical tools for long-term assessment and informed decision-making. This paper proposes two novel mixed-integer linear programming models for a Finnish EC with diverse power-generating and storage units, with gas boiler and electric boiler configurations to promote sector-coupling. Both models are simulated over a year using operational data to compare operating costs, carbon emissions, and reliance on local renewable electricity generation. Results show that the electric boilers configuration significantly reduces emissions, lowers costs, and improves local renewable energy utilization, highlighting the benefits of electrifying ECs for future sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50615,"journal":{"name":"Control Engineering Practice","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 106810"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenlong Lin , Wanquan Liu , Xiangxiang Zou , Deshan Meng , Hui-Jie Sun , Ping Wang , Muhammad Imran
{"title":"A novel model predictive control law for over-actuated space cable-driven manipulators","authors":"Wenlong Lin , Wanquan Liu , Xiangxiang Zou , Deshan Meng , Hui-Jie Sun , Ping Wang , Muhammad Imran","doi":"10.1016/j.conengprac.2026.106819","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conengprac.2026.106819","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, the fully-actuated model predictive control for the trajectory tracking of cable-driven manipulators is investigated. For the dynamic system of a cable-driven manipulator, the fully-actuated property is derived. Then, a novel trajectory tracking control law is designed by combining model predictive control technique and the fully-actuated system approach. The developed fully-actuated controller reduces the computational burden of predictive control for the cable-driven manipulator system, increases the response speed, and improves the performance of vibration suppression. The asymptotical stability of the closed-loop system is proven via the Lyapunov stability theory. Simulations and experiments are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control method, highlighting the advantages of the fully-actuated controller in computational efficiency and vibration suppression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50615,"journal":{"name":"Control Engineering Practice","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 106819"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
José González-Hernández , Laurent Dewasme , José Luis Guzmán , José Carlos Moreno , Alain Vande Wouwer
{"title":"Experimental evaluation of extremum seeking control in semi-industrial microalgae raceway ponds","authors":"José González-Hernández , Laurent Dewasme , José Luis Guzmán , José Carlos Moreno , Alain Vande Wouwer","doi":"10.1016/j.conengprac.2026.106835","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conengprac.2026.106835","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work presents the implementation and experimental evaluation of an extremum seeking control (ESC) strategy for pH regulation in semi-industrial microalgae raceway photobioreactors, where pH is one of the most critical variables to control for ensuring stable and productive operation. A model-free optimization approach is proposed based on the classical modulation-demodulation ESC scheme, particularly suited to bioreactors whose dynamics evolve slowly and vary over time due to irradiance, temperature, mixing and biomass growth. To enable within-day convergence, the dither frequency was deliberately placed outside the dominant bandwidth of the process, ensuring sufficient excitation cycles during daylight operation. The high-pass filter (HPF) cutoff was then tuned to reject slow diurnal drifts while providing the phase lead required by the out-of-band design, thus preserving an accurate gradient estimate. In addition, a static data-driven feedforward of solar irradiance was incorporated to cancel predictable disturbances associated with photosynthetic activity, improving transient response and reducing corrective effort from the ESC loop. The approach was deployed on full-scale 80 m<sup>2</sup> raceways under realistic outdoor and semi-industrial conditions. Results demonstrate robust pH regulation and fast daytime convergence toward the optimal operating region, with minimal modelling effort, highlighting ESC as a practical and effective tool for real-time pH control in microalgal bioprocesses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50615,"journal":{"name":"Control Engineering Practice","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 106835"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nonlinear voltage control of switched reluctance generators in low voltage DC microgrids","authors":"Qihao Guo , Jianwen Meng , Demba Diallo , Imen Bahri","doi":"10.1016/j.conengprac.2026.106806","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conengprac.2026.106806","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An output voltage control strategy for a switched reluctance generator in DC microgrid application is proposed to improve the regulation performance under load variations. First, a nonlinear model with state variables, i.e., the phase current and output voltage, is derived based on electromagnetic energy conversion principle. Then, the nonlinear system is linearized by applying the feedback linearization and a state feedback control law is obtained. For robust control to parameter variations, an integrator is added to the feedback control law and the controller parameters are appropriately tuned according to the desired dynamic performance. To handle the load variations in practical applications, an extended Kalman filter-based load observer is developed to estimate the load variation. The observer is designed for both constant power load and resistive load. Experimental results show the robustness to load variations improvement compared with classical method: the response time is reduced by 25 %, and the voltage overshoot is decreased from 3 to 2%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50615,"journal":{"name":"Control Engineering Practice","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 106806"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"HIL-validated coordinated P-Q regulation for integrated large-scale wind-PV power plants","authors":"Jiawei Zhou, Zhongwei Lin, Zihan Zhang, Renshi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.conengprac.2026.106842","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conengprac.2026.106842","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing scale of individual wind-PV power plant introduces a significant challenge in stability of low voltage side buses and suppression of wind-PV dynamic interactions. To cope with this issue, this paper was validated a bi-level model predictive control (MPC) strategy to address the real-time active-reactive power (P-Q) regulation challenge for integrated large-scale wind-PV power plant. The methodology introduces a voltage instability risk-based control strategy to optimize power distribution and enhance system stability under diverse operating conditions. A fast voltage sensitivity calculation method is developed using impedance-based sensitivity matrices to enable real-time nodal voltage variation assessment. The proposed strategy is validated through hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) tests on the Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) platform with actual plant configurations. Comparative experiments under three scenarios demonstrate that, the proposed control method significantly improves tracking accuracy and enhances the stability of internal nodes within the plant.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50615,"journal":{"name":"Control Engineering Practice","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 106842"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reachability -based benchmarking of physics-based and data-driven models for automated driving","authors":"Carlos Conejo , Vicenç Puig , Bernardo Morcego","doi":"10.1016/j.conengprac.2026.106817","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conengprac.2026.106817","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate vehicle models are essential for prediction and control in automated driving. Physics-based approaches provide interpretability and accuracy when system parameters are well captured, while data-driven models adapt to unmodeled dynamics at the cost of interpretability. This paper presents a systematic reachability-based benchmark comparing both approaches on a real autonomous platform. Models are evaluated under nominal, predefined safe state, and unexpected malfunction scenarios using accuracy, computational, and safety metrics. Results show that physics-based models excel in foreseen conditions, whereas data-driven models remain robust under unexpected disturbances. The study provides practical guidelines for model selection in safety-critical applications and motivates future hybrid strategies that combine accuracy with adaptability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50615,"journal":{"name":"Control Engineering Practice","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 106817"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}