Oceans Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.3390/oceans5010007

A. Bode, María Ángeles Louro, Elena Rey, Á. F. Lamas

{"title":"Continuous Zonal Gradients Characterize Epipelagic Plankton Assemblages and Hydrography in the Subtropical North Atlantic","authors":"A. Bode, María Ángeles Louro, Elena Rey, Á. F. Lamas","doi":"10.3390/oceans5010007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans5010007","url":null,"abstract":"The subtropical North Atlantic is a key region for understanding climate impact in the ocean. Plankton studies in this region have been generally framed in biogeographic provinces or focused on latitudinal gradients. In this study, we demonstrate the benefits of using empirically constructed continuous gradients versus the use of average values for biogeographical provinces to characterize plankton assemblages along a longitudinal transect at 24.5° N using an unprecedented array of stations including hydrographic observations, abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton, and plankton size spectra in the epipelagic layer (0–200 m). In addition, the variability of zooplankton assemblages was analyzed using detailed taxonomic identification at selected stations. We found significant gradients in most hydrographic and plankton variables. The former, including surface temperature and salinity, the depth of the upper mixing layer, and the depth of the chlorophyll maximum, displayed non-linear gradients with maximum or minimum values near the center of the transect. In contrast, most plankton variables showed linear zonal gradients. Phytoplankton, microzooplankton (<100 µm), and the slope and the intercept of the size spectra increased (and Trichodesmium decreased) to the west. Total mesozooplankton (>200 µm) did not show any significant zonal pattern, but the taxonomic assemblages were characterized by a gradual replacement of large Calanoids by small-bodied Cyclopoid copepods from east to west. The use of continuous gradients provides more detailed information on the zonal structure of subtropical plankton than the classical approach using discrete areas.","PeriodicalId":506146,"journal":{"name":"Oceans","volume":"112 37","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140091056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Blueprint for Blue Carbon: Lessons from Seychelles for Small Island States 蓝碳蓝图：塞舌尔为小岛屿国家提供的经验教训

Oceans Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.3390/oceans5010006

Michael Bennett, A. March, Jeremy Raguain, Pierre Failler

{"title":"Blueprint for Blue Carbon: Lessons from Seychelles for Small Island States","authors":"Michael Bennett, A. March, Jeremy Raguain, Pierre Failler","doi":"10.3390/oceans5010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans5010006","url":null,"abstract":"Blue carbon has been proposed as a nature-based solution for climate change mitigation; however, a limited number of published works and data and knowledge gaps hinder the development of small island developing states’ (SIDS) national blue carbon resources globally. This paper reviews the blue carbon ecosystems of Seychelles as a case study in the context of SIDS, comparing estimations by the Blue Carbon Lab and recent blue carbon (mangrove and seagrass) evaluations submitted to the Seychelles national government. Mangroves (2195 ha, 80% in Aldabra Atoll) and seagrasses (142,065 ha) dominate in Seychelles, with coral reefs having the potential for carbon sequestration (169,000 ha). Seychelles is on track to protecting its blue carbon, but these systems are threatened by rising sea levels, coastal squeeze, erosion, severe storms, and human activities. The importance of carbon inventories, accounting institutions, and continuous monitoring of blue carbon systems is discussed. Blue accounting is necessary for accurate accounting of carbon sequestration and carbon storage, generating carbon credits, and representing impactful reductions in greenhouse gases for NDCs. Challenges and opportunities include policy legislation regarding ownership rights, accreditation and certification for carbon credits, sustainable financing mechanisms like natural asset companies and blue tokens, local engagement for long-term success, and carbon market dynamics following COP27. The restoration and regulation of blue carbon resources for optimal ecosystem services delivery, carbon inventories, and blue carbon policy are recommended development priorities. Blue carbon ecosystems have the potential to contribute to NDCs of SIDS while simultaneously offering sustainable development pathways for local communities through the multiple ecosystem services they provide.","PeriodicalId":506146,"journal":{"name":"Oceans","volume":"62 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140444770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Artificial Reef Deployment Reduces Diving Pressure from Natural Reefs—The Case of Introductory Dives in Eilat, Red Sea 人工鱼礁的部署减轻了来自天然鱼礁的潜水压力--红海埃拉特的入门潜水案例

Oceans Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.3390/oceans5010005

N. Shashar, Asa Oren, Reem Neri, Omer Waizman, Natalie Chernihovsky, Jenny Tynyakov

引用次数: 0

Artificial Reef Deployment Reduces Diving Pressure from Natural Reefs—The Case of Introductory Dives in Eilat, Red Sea 人工鱼礁的部署减轻了来自天然鱼礁的潜水压力--红海埃拉特的入门潜水案例

Oceans Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.3390/oceans5010005

N. Shashar, Asa Oren, Reem Neri, Omer Waizman, Natalie Chernihovsky, Jenny Tynyakov

引用次数: 0

Baleen–Plastic Interactions Reveal High Risk to All Filter-Feeding Whales from Clogging, Ingestion, and Entanglement 须鲸与塑料的相互作用揭示了所有滤食性鲸鱼因堵塞、摄食和缠绕而面临的高风险

Oceans Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.3390/oceans5010004

Alexander J. Werth, S. Kahane‐Rapport, Jean Potvin, J. Goldbogen, M. Savoca

{"title":"Baleen–Plastic Interactions Reveal High Risk to All Filter-Feeding Whales from Clogging, Ingestion, and Entanglement","authors":"Alexander J. Werth, S. Kahane‐Rapport, Jean Potvin, J. Goldbogen, M. Savoca","doi":"10.3390/oceans5010004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans5010004","url":null,"abstract":"Baleen whales are ecosystem sentinels of microplastic pollution. Research indicates that they likely ingest millions of anthropogenic microparticles per day when feeding. Their immense prey consumption and filter-feeding behavior put them at risk. However, the role of baleen, the oral filtering structure of mysticete whales, in this process has not been adequately addressed. Using actual baleen tissue from four whale species (fin, humpback, minke, and North Atlantic right) in flow tank experiments, we tested the capture rate of plastics of varying size, shape, and polymer type, as well as chemical residues leached by degraded plastics, all of which accumulated in the baleen filter. Expanded polystyrene foam was the most readily captured type of plastic, followed by fragments, fibers, nurdles, and spherical microbeads. Nurdle and microbead pellets were captured most readily by right whale baleen, and fragments were captured by humpback baleen. Although not all differences between polymer types were statistically significant, buoyant polymers were most often trapped by baleen. Plastics were captured by baleen sections from all regions of a full baleen rack, but were more readily captured by baleen from dorsal and posterior regions. Baleen–plastic interactions underlie various risks to whales, including filter clogging and damage, which may impede feeding. We posit that plastics pose a higher risk to some whale species due to a combination of factors, including filter porosity, diet, habitat and geographic distribution, and foraging ecology and behavior. Certain whale species in specific marine regions are of the greatest concern due to plastic abundance. It is not feasible to remove all plastic from the sea; most of what is there will continue to break into ever-smaller pieces. We suggest that higher priorities be accorded to lessening humans’ dependence on plastics, restricting entry points of plastics into the ocean, and developing biodegradable alternatives.","PeriodicalId":506146,"journal":{"name":"Oceans","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139887681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Baleen–Plastic Interactions Reveal High Risk to All Filter-Feeding Whales from Clogging, Ingestion, and Entanglement 须鲸与塑料的相互作用揭示了所有滤食性鲸鱼因堵塞、摄食和缠绕而面临的高风险

Oceans Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.3390/oceans5010004

Alexander J. Werth, S. Kahane‐Rapport, Jean Potvin, J. Goldbogen, M. Savoca

{"title":"Baleen–Plastic Interactions Reveal High Risk to All Filter-Feeding Whales from Clogging, Ingestion, and Entanglement","authors":"Alexander J. Werth, S. Kahane‐Rapport, Jean Potvin, J. Goldbogen, M. Savoca","doi":"10.3390/oceans5010004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans5010004","url":null,"abstract":"Baleen whales are ecosystem sentinels of microplastic pollution. Research indicates that they likely ingest millions of anthropogenic microparticles per day when feeding. Their immense prey consumption and filter-feeding behavior put them at risk. However, the role of baleen, the oral filtering structure of mysticete whales, in this process has not been adequately addressed. Using actual baleen tissue from four whale species (fin, humpback, minke, and North Atlantic right) in flow tank experiments, we tested the capture rate of plastics of varying size, shape, and polymer type, as well as chemical residues leached by degraded plastics, all of which accumulated in the baleen filter. Expanded polystyrene foam was the most readily captured type of plastic, followed by fragments, fibers, nurdles, and spherical microbeads. Nurdle and microbead pellets were captured most readily by right whale baleen, and fragments were captured by humpback baleen. Although not all differences between polymer types were statistically significant, buoyant polymers were most often trapped by baleen. Plastics were captured by baleen sections from all regions of a full baleen rack, but were more readily captured by baleen from dorsal and posterior regions. Baleen–plastic interactions underlie various risks to whales, including filter clogging and damage, which may impede feeding. We posit that plastics pose a higher risk to some whale species due to a combination of factors, including filter porosity, diet, habitat and geographic distribution, and foraging ecology and behavior. Certain whale species in specific marine regions are of the greatest concern due to plastic abundance. It is not feasible to remove all plastic from the sea; most of what is there will continue to break into ever-smaller pieces. We suggest that higher priorities be accorded to lessening humans’ dependence on plastics, restricting entry points of plastics into the ocean, and developing biodegradable alternatives.","PeriodicalId":506146,"journal":{"name":"Oceans","volume":"147 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139827684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Size Effects on Pumping Rates in High Microbial versus Low Microbial Abundance Marine Sponges 高微生物丰度与低微生物丰度海洋海绵的大小对抽水速率的影响

Oceans Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.3390/oceans4040027

Michael P. Lesser

{"title":"Size Effects on Pumping Rates in High Microbial versus Low Microbial Abundance Marine Sponges","authors":"Michael P. Lesser","doi":"10.3390/oceans4040027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans4040027","url":null,"abstract":"Sponges are increasingly recognized as ecologically important on coral reefs as scleractinian corals decline. Most sponge species can be divided into two symbiotic phenotypes which are characterized as high microbial abundance (HMA) or low microbial abundance (LMA) sponges. Sponge species of HMA or LMA symbiotic phenotypes differ not just in their microbiomes, but in other characteristics, including that LMA sponges actively pump at higher rates than HMA sponges based on a standard normalization to size. This dichotomy has recently been questioned because the size range of LMA sponges used to quantify pumping rates during studies on their trophic ecology were exceedingly small, often less than an order of magnitude. Here, both HMA and LMA sponges, across two to three orders of magnitude in sponge volume (mL) or mass (g) were assessed for allometric relationships between sponge size and pumping rates (Q = mL s−1). The scaling analysis of all data sets combined reveals that HMA sponges scale their pumping rates isometrically with size, while LMA sponges scale their pumping rate allometrically. When HMA species are examined separately, however, tropical HMA sponges scaled isometrically, while temperate HMA sponges scaled allometrically. From an ecological perspective, to quantify differences between HMA and LMA sponges for rate functions of interest (e.g., feeding) it is important to remove the effects of size as a covariate, and adjust the Q values of sponges to a standard volume or mass. For multiple species and geographic locations, this analysis shows that LMA sponges always maintain higher Q values. On tropical coral reefs, the differences between HMA and LMA sponges are intrinsic and constrained by strong evolutionary selection resulting in fixed differences in Q, regardless of sponge size.","PeriodicalId":506146,"journal":{"name":"Oceans","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139201477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Stability of the Macrocyclic Gd-DOTA Contrast Agent (DOTAREM) under Different Estuarine Environmental Conditions 大环钆-DOTA 造影剂（DOTAREM）在不同河口环境条件下的稳定性

Oceans Pub Date : 2023-11-28 DOI: 10.3390/oceans4040026

Ana Guerreiro, Pedro Brito

{"title":"Stability of the Macrocyclic Gd-DOTA Contrast Agent (DOTAREM) under Different Estuarine Environmental Conditions","authors":"Ana Guerreiro, Pedro Brito","doi":"10.3390/oceans4040026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans4040026","url":null,"abstract":"Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA) are complexes, highly stable in vivo, used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), administered in patients and then eliminated via the renal system, passing through wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) before being discarded in the receiving medium, without apparent removal. In this study, it was examined whether different exposure periods to several environmental parameters (solar radiation, different salinities, temperatures and pH) will influence the stability of these complexes, namely, the Gd-DOTA. Gd-DOTA solutions were processed in a seaFAST-pico saline matrix pre-concentration and elimination system, and Gd concentrations were determined using ICP-MS. The results showed that the complex remained stable in fresh, brackish and saline water environments, even when exposed to extreme temperatures (40 °C) or slightly acidic to basic conditions (6–10), for an exposure period of 96 h. A small increase in the free Gd concentration was observed after 18 days when exposed to pH < 4, in all tested salinities (0, 18 and 36 PSU), with a degradation increase of up to 29%, after 5 weeks of exposure in freshwater. When exposed to direct solar radiation, a low Gd-DOTA degradation (4%) was observed after 24 h at salinity 18 PSU and remained constant until the end of the exposure period (96 h), while the remaining salinities showed negligible values.","PeriodicalId":506146,"journal":{"name":"Oceans","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139226680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Oceanic Environmental Impact in Seaports 海港的海洋环境影响

Oceans Pub Date : 2023-11-26 DOI: 10.3390/oceans4040025

N. Agarwala, Cherdvong Saengsupavanich

引用次数: 0

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