Current Zoology最新文献

{"title":"Wing morphology covaries with migration distance in a highly aerial insectivorous songbird.","authors":"Piotr Matyjasiak,&nbsp;Cosme López-Calderón,&nbsp;Roberto Ambrosini,&nbsp;Javier Balbontín,&nbsp;Alessandra Costanzo,&nbsp;Yosef Kiat,&nbsp;Andrea Romano,&nbsp;Diego Rubolini","doi":"10.1093/cz/zoac044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoac044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>According to classical prediction of aerodynamic theory, birds and other powered fliers that migrate over long distances should have longer and more pointed wings than those that migrate less. However, the association between wing morphology and migratory behavior can be masked by contrasting selective pressures related to foraging behavior, habitat selection and predator avoidance, possibly at the cost of lower flight energetic efficiency. We studied the handwing morphology of Eurasian barn swallows <i>Hirundo rustica</i> from four populations representing a migration distance gradient. This species is an aerial insectivore, so it flies extensively while foraging, and may migrate during the day using a 'fly-and-forage' migration strategy. Prolonged foraging flights may reinforce the effects of migration distance on flight morphology. We found that two wings' aerodynamic properties-isometric handwing length and pointedness, both favoring energetically efficient flight, were more pronounced in barn swallows from populations undertaking longer seasonal migrations compared to less migratory populations. Our result contrast with two recent interspecific comparative studies that either reported no relationship or reported a negative relationship between pointedness and the degree of migratory behavior in hirundines. Our results may thus contribute to confirming the universality of the rule that longer migrations are associated with more pointed wings.</p>","PeriodicalId":50599,"journal":{"name":"Current Zoology","volume":"69 3","pages":"255-263"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a9/25/zoac044.PMC10284055.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9710383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Declining metabolic scaling parallels an ontogenetic change from elongate to deep-bodied shapes in juvenile Brown trout.","authors":"Jorge-Rubén Sánchez-González,&nbsp;Alfredo G Nicieza","doi":"10.1093/cz/zoac042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoac042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Body shape and metabolic rate can be important determinants of animal performance, yet often their effects on influential traits are evaluated in a non-integrated way. This creates an important gap because the integration between shape and metabolism may be crucial to evaluate metabolic scaling theories. Here, we measured standard metabolic rate in 1- and 2-years old juvenile brown trout <i>Salmo trutta</i>, and used a geometric morphometrics approach to extricate the effects of ontogeny and size on the link between shape and metabolic scaling. We evidenced near-isometric ontogenetic scaling of metabolic rate with size, but also a biphasic pattern driven by a significant change in metabolic scaling, from positive to negative allometry. Moreover, the change in metabolic allometry parallels an ontogenetic change from elongate to deep-bodied shapes. This is consistent with the dynamic energy budget (DEB) and surface area (SA) theories, but not with the resource transport network theory which predicts increasing allometric exponents for trends towards more robust, three-dimensional bodies. In addition, we found a relationship between body shape and size independent metabolic rate, with a positive correlation between robustness and metabolic rate, which fits well within the view of Pace-of-Life Syndromes (POLS). Finally, our results align with previous studies that question the universality of metabolic scaling exponents and propose other mechanistic models explaining the diversity of metabolic scaling relationships or emphasizing the potential contribution of ecological factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":50599,"journal":{"name":"Current Zoology","volume":"69 3","pages":"294-303"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e1/3e/zoac042.PMC10284058.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9710389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual size monomorphism may evolve in lizards with a body size maximizing reproductive performance for both sexes.","authors":"Hong-Liang Lu,&nbsp;Jian-Fang Gao,&nbsp;Kun Guo,&nbsp;Xiang Ji","doi":"10.1093/cz/zoac033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoac033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We used <i>Takydromus septentrionalis</i>, a sexually size-monomorphic lacertid lizard, as a model system to test the hypothesis that sexual size monomorphism may evolve in lizards where reproductive performance is maximized at a similar body size for both sexes. We allowed lizards housed in laboratory enclosures to lay as many clutches (for females) as they could or to mate as many times (for males) as they could in a breeding season. Size-assortative mating was weak but evident in <i>T. septentrionalis</i>, as revealed by the fact that male and female snout-vent lengths (SVLs) in mating pairs were significantly and positively correlated. Mating frequency (indicative of male reproductive performance) varied from 1 to 8 per breeding season, generally increasing as SVL increased in adult males smaller than 67.4 mm SVL. Clutch frequency varied from 1 to 7 per breeding season, with female reproductive performance (determined by clutch frequency, annual fecundity, and annual reproductive output) maximized in females with a SVL of 68.0 mm. Accordingly to our hypothesis, the reproductive performance was maximized in the intermediate sized rather than the largest individuals in both sexes, and the body size maximizing reproductive performance was similar for both sexes. Future work could usefully investigate other lineages of lizards with sexually monomorphic species in a phylogenetic context to corroborate the hypothesis of this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":50599,"journal":{"name":"Current Zoology","volume":"69 3","pages":"277-283"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/03/3a/zoac033.PMC10284051.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9715684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unexpected complex horizontal gene transfer in teleost fish.","authors":"Zhiqiang Han,&nbsp;Shengyong Xu,&nbsp;Tianxiang Gao","doi":"10.1093/cz/zoac032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoac032","url":null,"abstract":"Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a common occurrence across all domains of life. However, most HGT events were reported between single-celled organisms or parasites and hosts (Van Etten and Bhattacharya 2020). A type II antifreeze protein (AFP) gene was the first and sole evidence of HGT direct vertebrate-to-vertebrate DNA transmission. AFP is only found in 3 widely separated branches of teleost fishes (herring, sea raven, and smelts), sharing amino acid similarity up to 80% (Graham et al. 2008). Therefore, HGT is the most acceptable mechanism to explain this high gene similarity (Graham et al. 2008). However, there are debates on the direction of AFP horizontal transfer between Atlantic herring and smelts (Japanese smelt and rainbow smelt). Previous phylogenetic analysis concluded the direction of transfer from smelts to Atlantic herring (Sorhannus 2012). In contrast, recent comparative analysis of transposable elements between Atlantic herring and smelts supported the opposite transfer direction (Graham and Davies 2021). Nowadays, the accumulated genome and transcriptome data provide chances for a deep study of the HGT between herring and smelts. In addition, the existence of AFP in Japanese surf smelt Hypomesus japonicus was previously confirmed by SDS-PAGE technology (Kamijima et al. 2013). These information should offer novel clues to explore the time frames, details, and even the numbers of HGT events of teleost fish species. In the present study, AFP genes were searched in 4 species from subfamily Clupeinae including Atlantic herring, Pacific herring, related sardine species (Sardina pilchardus and Sardinops melanostictus), and 8 species from order Osmeriformes covering 4 genera of family Osmeridae and 1 closely related family Plecoglossidae. Besides, AFP genes were also searched in other 47 related marine fish species by using genomic and transcriptomic data. Detailed materials and methods are described in Supplementary Materials. Excluding the previous reported species containing AFP, AFP genes were newly discovered in Pacific herring, European smelt Osmerus eperlanus, and delta smelt Hypomesus transpacificus through Blastp and Tblastn algorithms. The phylogenetic analysis of AFP gene indicated at least 3 HGT events (Figure 1). According to our phylogenetic topology, the latest HGT was from herrings to genus Osmerus (rainbow smelt and European smelt), and the time frame for this HGT was estimated after the divergence of genera Spirinchus and Thaleichthys from genus Osmerus (20.8–6.9 million years ago, Mya). According to the gene tree topology, the first earlier HGT event was from the sea raven Hemitripterus americanus—sea poacher Brachyopsis segaliensis group to genus Hypomesus (Japanese smelt, delta smelt, and Japanese surf smelt). Thus, the previous presumptive HGT from sea raven to Atlantic herring was not supported with the basal placement of Japanese smelt and delta smelt (Figure 1B). Considering the topology of family Osmeridae an","PeriodicalId":50599,"journal":{"name":"Current Zoology","volume":"69 2","pages":"222-223"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/3d/9e/zoac032.PMC10120958.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9388788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bigger or long-winged male common crossbills exhibit redder carotenoid-based plumage coloration.","authors":"Blanca Fernández-Eslava,&nbsp;Daniel Alonso,&nbsp;David Galicia,&nbsp;Juan Arizaga,&nbsp;Carlos Alonso-Alvarez","doi":"10.1093/cz/zoac038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoac038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carotenoid-based ornaments are often considered reliable (honest) individual condition signals because their expression implies physiological costs unaffordable for low-quality animals (handicap signals). Recently, it has been suggested that efficient cell respiration is mandatory for producing red ketocarotenoids from dietary yellow carotenoids. This implies that red colorations should be entirely unfalsifiable and independent of expression costs (index signals). In a precedent study, male common crossbills, <i>Loxia curvirostra</i>, showing a red plumage reported higher apparent survival than those showing yellowish-orange colors. The plumage redness in this species is due to ketocarotenoid accumulation in feathers. Here, we correlated the male plumage redness (a 4-level visual score: yellow, patchy, orange, and red) and the body morphology in more than 1,000 adult crossbills captured in 3 Iberian localities to infer the mechanisms responsible for color evolution. A principal component analysis summarized morphometry of 10 variables (beak, wing, tarsus length, etc.). The overall body size (PC1) and the length of flight feathers regarding body size (PC3) showed significant positive relationships with plumage redness. Plumage redness was barely correlated with bill shape measures, suggesting no constraint in acquiring carotenoids from pine cones. However, large body sizes or proportionally long flying feathers could help carotenoid acquisition via social competition or increased foraging ranges. Proportionally longer flight feathers might also be associated with a specific cell respiration profile that would simultaneously favor flying capacities and enzymatic transformations needed for ketocarotenoid synthesis. Such a phenotypic profile would agree with the hypothesis of ketocarotenoid-based colors acting as individual quality index signals.</p>","PeriodicalId":50599,"journal":{"name":"Current Zoology","volume":"69 2","pages":"165-172"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/58/eb/zoac038.PMC10120982.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9394150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Egg rejection based on egg size recognition as a specific strategy against parasitic cuckoos.","authors":"Ping Ye,&nbsp;Yan Cai,&nbsp;Neng Wu,&nbsp;Xiaogang Yao,&nbsp;Guangrong Li,&nbsp;Wei Liang,&nbsp;Canchao Yang","doi":"10.1093/cz/zoac037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoac037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the coevolutionary interactions between avian brood parasites and their hosts, egg recognition based on color and/or pattern is a common and effective defense to counter parasitism. However, for egg recognition based on size, only a few studies have found affirmative results, and they do not provide unambiguous evidence that egg size recognition in hosts has evolved as an important and specific anti-parasite adaptation against parasite eggs. We studied the brood parasite system between the Asian emerald cuckoo <i>Chrysococcyx maculatus</i> and its host, the chestnut-crowned warbler <i>Phylloscopus castaniceps</i>. The cuckoo parasitizes the warbler using non-mimetic and larger eggs at a parasitism rate of 12.9%. The warbler nests used in this experiment were built in a dark environment with the nest illuminance near 0 lux. Experiments with 2 types of model eggs with colors and patterns resembling cuckoo eggs of different sizes (cuckoo egg size or host egg size) showed that the warblers were able to reject 63.6% of cuckoo model eggs under these dim light conditions. However, model eggs with the same color and pattern similar to the warbler egg size were always accepted. This study provides strong evidence supporting the theory that egg size recognition can be evolved in hosts as a specific anti-parasite adaptation against cuckoos. We suggest that the egg size recognition of the warbler is an outcome of the tradeoff between the costs of violating the parental investment rule and suffering cuckoo parasitism.</p>","PeriodicalId":50599,"journal":{"name":"Current Zoology","volume":"69 2","pages":"156-164"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/9e/ec/zoac037.PMC10120945.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9388790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A practical approach with drones, smartphones, and tracking tags for potential real-time animal tracking.","authors":"Geison P Mesquita,&nbsp;Margarita Mulero-Pázmány,&nbsp;Serge A Wich,&nbsp;José Domingo Rodríguez-Teijeiro","doi":"10.1093/cz/zoac029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoac029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drones are increasingly used for fauna monitoring and wildlife tracking; however, their application for wildlife tracking is restricted by developing such systems. Here we explore the potential of drones for wildlife tracking using an off-the-shelf system that is easy to use by non-specialists consisting of a multirotor drone, smartphones, and commercial tracking devices via Bluetooth and Ultra-Wide Band (UWB). We present the system configuration, explore the operational parameters that can affect detection capabilities, and test the effectiveness of the system for locating targets by simulating target animals in savanna and forest environments. The self-contained tracking system was built without hardware or software customization. In 40 tracking flights carried out in the Brazilian Cerrado, we obtained a detection rate of 90% in savanna and 40% in forest areas. Tests for targets in movement (<i>N =</i> 20), the detection rates were 90% in the savanna and 30% in the forest areas. The spatial accuracy obtained by the system was 14.61 m, being significantly more accurate in savanna ( <math> <mstyle> <mrow><mover><mi>x</mi> <mo>¯</mo></mover> </mrow> </mstyle> </math> = 10.53) than in forest areas ( <math> <mstyle> <mrow><mover><mi>x</mi> <mo>¯</mo></mover> </mrow> </mstyle> </math> = 13.06). This approach to wildlife tracking facilitates the use of drones by non-specialists at an affordable cost for conservation projects with limited resources. The reduced size of the tags, the long battery life, and the lower cost compared to GPS-tags open up a range of opportunities for animal tracking.</p>","PeriodicalId":50599,"journal":{"name":"Current Zoology","volume":"69 2","pages":"208-214"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/89/eb/zoac029.PMC10120989.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9742673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allomaternal care and 'adoption' in an edge-of-range population of Taihangshan macaques in Northern China.","authors":"Yongman Guo,&nbsp;Cyril C Grueter,&nbsp;Jiqi Lu","doi":"10.1093/cz/zoac027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoac027","url":null,"abstract":"aSchool of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China, bInstitute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China, cSchool of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia, dCentre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia, eInternational Center of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali, 671003, China, fTaihangshan Macaque Research Center, Jiyuan, 459000, China *Address correspondence to Jiqi Lu. E-mail: lujq@zzu.edu.cn Handling Editor: Bao-Guo Li","PeriodicalId":50599,"journal":{"name":"Current Zoology","volume":"69 2","pages":"215-218"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e7/37/zoac027.PMC10120963.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9382387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The fecal shield is a double-edged sword for larvae of a leaf beetle.","authors":"Zheng-Zhong Huang,&nbsp;Ze-Qun Dong,&nbsp;Zu-Long Liang,&nbsp;Bin Zhang,&nbsp;Huai-Jun Xue,&nbsp;Si-Qin Ge","doi":"10.1093/cz/zoac026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoac026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Larvae of some leaf beetles carry masses of feces covering parts or all of the body, which is called a \"fecal shield\". In general, the shield is thought to be a defense structure against natural enemies. However, some studies have suggested that defense effectiveness varies depending on the natural enemy. In this study, we used a fecal retention leaf beetle <i>Ophrida xanthospilota</i> (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and 2 local generalist predators (an ant, <i>Camponotus japonicus</i> (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and a stinkbug, <i>Arma custos</i> [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae]) as a system to test the hypothesis that the fecal shield of <i>O. xanthospilota</i> plays different roles in predation behavior of different predators and can provide multiple chemical communication signals in predator-prey interactions. Prey bioassays showed that the fecal shield of <i>O. xanthospilota</i> larvae repelled the ant <i>C. japonicus</i> while attracting the stinkbug <i>A. custos.</i> The results also strongly demonstrated that hexane extracts of the fecal shield significantly repelled <i>C. japonicus</i>, while dichloromethane (DCM) extracts did not inhibit ant predation. Interestingly, DCM extracts attracted <i>A. custos</i>, but hexane extracts did not. Therefore, we suggest that the fecal shield is a double-edged sword for the larvae of <i>O. xanthospilota</i>. Our results also indicated that the risk-benefit tradeoff of an insect should be estimated at a community level involving multiple enemies (predators and parasites) and herbivores, rather than in a single prey-predator pair.</p>","PeriodicalId":50599,"journal":{"name":"Current Zoology","volume":"69 2","pages":"173-180"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/61/9b/zoac026.PMC10120987.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9390021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using a behavior random permutation model to identify displacement grooming in ungulates.","authors":"Yunchao Luo,&nbsp;Lin Wang,&nbsp;Le Yang,&nbsp;Xiao-Fen Li,&nbsp;Patrick Anselme,&nbsp;Xinxin Wang,&nbsp;Xingjun Tian,&nbsp;Zhongqiu Li","doi":"10.1093/cz/zoac035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoac035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Behavior affects an individual's life in all aspects, e.g., enhancing fitness, leveraging predation risk, and reducing competition with conspecifics. However, the sequential distribution of behaviors received less attention and is unclear what the function of displacement behavior is. Displacement activities can be found in vertebrate species but there is no formal method to determine whether a behavior is expressed as a displaced or normal activity. Analyzing the sequential distributions of behaviors in a natural setting may allow researchers to identify unexpected distributions as a possible signature of displacement activities. In this study, we used a behavior random permutation model to detect the presence of a displacement activity in the Tibetan antelope <i>Pantholops hodgsonii</i> and the Tibetan gazelle <i>Procapra picticaudata</i>. The results showed that grooming in both ungulates tended to be accompanied with vigilance, and the frequency of grooming after vigilance was significantly higher than before vigilance. A significant positive correlation between the scan rate and grooming rate in the 2 ungulates was obtained. We suggest that grooming could sometimes be expressed as a displacement activity in ungulates. In addition to providing a general method for further research on displacement activities in a variety of animal species, this study sheds light on the importance of a spectral analysis of sequential distribution of animal behaviors. Behavior random permutation models can be used to explore the relevance between any 2 behaviors in a specific sequence, especially to identify a myriad of unexpected behaviors relative to their normal context of occurrence.</p>","PeriodicalId":50599,"journal":{"name":"Current Zoology","volume":"69 2","pages":"200-207"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f8/83/zoac035.PMC10120960.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9390022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}